CE511 Lecture #2
CE511 Lecture #2
M12
Row number
Column number
What is a vector?
a1 a2 a3 a4
A column vector of length ‘m’ is a mx1 matrix
a1
a
2
a 3
Special matrices
0 0 0 0
03x 4 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Identity matrix: A square matrix which has ‘1’ s on the
diagonal and zeros everywhere else.
1 0 0
I3x 3
0 1 0
0 0 1
Matrix operations
Equality of matrices
1 2 4 a b c
A 3 0 7
B d e f
9 1 5 g h i
a 1, b 2, c 4,
A B d 3, e 0, f 7,
g 9, h 1, i 5.
Matrix operations Addition of two
matrices
1 2 4
A 3
0 7 c 3
9 1 5
3 6 12
cA 9 0 21
27 3 15
Multiplication by a
scalar
Matrix operations
Special case
1 2 4
A 3 0 7 c 1
9 1 5
1 2 4
cA -A 3 0 7
9 1 5
Matrix operations Subtraction
1 2 4 1 3 10
A 3 0 7 B 3 1 0
9 1 5 1 0 6
2 1 6
C A B 0 1 7
8 1 1
Note that A - A 0 and 0 - A -A
Transpose
Special
operations
If A is an mxn matrix, then the transpose of A
is the nxm matrix whose first column is the first
row of A, whose second column is the second
column of A and so on.
1 2 4 1 3 9
A 3 0 7 A 2 0 1
T
9 1 5 4 7 5
Transpose
Special
operations
AA T
Matrix operations Scalar (dot) product of
two vectors
If a and b are two vectors of the same size
a1 b1
a a 2 ; b b 2
a3 b3
The scalar (dot) product of a and b is a scalar
obtained by adding the products of
corresponding entries of the two vectors
a b a1b1 a 2 b2 a 3 b3
T
Matrix operations Matrix multiplication
A B = AB
mxr rxn mxn
inside
outside
Matrix operations Matrix multiplication
A B BA I
Then
(a)The matrix A is called invertible, and
(b) the matrix B is the inverse of A and is
denoted as A-1.
AB BA I
AC CA I
(BA)C IC C
B(AC) BI B
BC
Hence a matrix cannot have two or more
inverses.
Some properties
Inverse of a
matrix
1 -1
k A 1
A
k
Inverse of a Properties
matrix
Property 3: If A and B are invertible square
matrices then
1
A B 1 -1
B A
(AB) AB
1
I
Premultiplying both sides by A-1
A (AB) AB A 1
-1 1
A ABAB
-1 1
A 1
BAB A 1
1
a11 a12
A ; det( A) a11a 22 a12a 21
a 21 a 22
1 3
det( A ) 1 7 3 5 8
5 7
2 4 - 3 2 4 3 2 4
A 1 0 4
1 0
4 1 0
2 - 1 2
2 1 2 2 1
0 -8 8 0 32 3
2 7 8
3 2 4 0
2 7 8
a 21 a 23 a 21 a 23
M12 a 21a 33 a 23a 31 C12 M12
a 31 a 33 a 31 a 33
What is a cofactor?
Sign of cofactor -
- -
-
Find the minor and cofactor of a33
2 4 - 3
A 1 0 4
Minor 2 4
2 - 1 2 M 33 2 0 4 1 4
1 0
A= 3 4 0 1
det(A) = a11C11 +a12C12 + a13C13 +a14C14
-1 5 2 -2
0 1 1 3
4 0 1 3 0 1 3 4 1
det(A)=(1) 5 2 -2 - (0) -1 2 -2 +2 -1 5 -2
1 1 3 0 1 3 0 1 3
3 4 0
- (-3) -1 5 2 = (1)(35)-0+(2)(62)-(-3)(13)=198
0 1 1
Example : evaluate
1 5 -3
det(A)= 1 0 2
3 -1 2
By a cofactor along the third column
det(A)=a13C13 +a23C23+a33C33
-3* (-1)4 1 0 1 5 1 5
det(A)= +2*(-1)5 +2*(-1)6
3 -1 3 -1 1 0
= det(A)= -3(-1-0)+2(-1)5(-1-15)+2(0-5)=25