Introduction

Instructor: Dr. Vinicius Prado da Fonseca ([email protected])

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Outline
● Loosely following the textbook
○ What Operating Systems Do?
○ 1.2 Computer-System Organization
○ 1.3 Computer-System Architecture
○ 1.4 Operating-System Operations
○ 1.5 Resource Management
○ 1.6 Security and Protection
○ 1.7 Virtualization
○ 1.8 Distributed Systems
○ 1.10 Computing Environments

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What Operating Systems Do?
● User view
○ PC, mouse, keyboard, touch
screen, buttons…
○ Connected, Networks
○ Voice recognition
○ OS maximizes the work (or play)
user is performing
○ No user view
■ Embedded computers
■ Smart lamps
■ Smart power outlets

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What Operating Systems Do?
● System View
○ Operating system as a resource
allocator
○ Many resources may be required
to solve a problem
■ CPU time
■ memory space
■ storage space
■ I/O devices
○ The operating system acts as the
manager of these resources

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What Operating Systems Do?
● Defining Operating Systems
○ Everything that comes with the
computer
○ The one program running at all
times on the computer
■ Kernel
■ Microkernel
■ Multikernel
■ System programs and application
programs
○ Mobile, middleware
○ Firmware

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What Operating Systems Do?
● Defining Operating Systems
○ No completely adequate
definition of an operating system
○ Create a usable computing system
○ Execute programs
○ Make solving user problems
easier
● Study OS is important
● Every software will probably run
in a OS

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1.2 Computer-System Organization
● A modern general-purpose computer system
○ One or more CPUs
○ A number of device controllers
○ Connected through a common bus
○ Provides access between components and shared memory
● I/O structure, Storage, and Interrupts

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Computer-System Organization - I/O Structure
● Device driver for each device controller
○ Understands the device controller
○ Provides a uniform interface to the device
■ Linux: /dev/sdXY, sda1, sdb3

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Computer-System Organization - I/O Structure
● A large portion of operating system
code is dedicated to managing I/O
● Multiple devices exchange data via
a common bus
● Interrupt-driven I/O
○ moving small amounts of data
● Direct memory access ( DMA )
○ An entire block of data
○ Directly to or from the device and
main memory
○ No intervention by the CPU
○ Only one interrupt is generated per
block

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Computer-System Organization - Storage
● The CPU can only load
instructions from memory
● Any programs must first be
loaded into memory to run
○ RAM
○ DRAM
○ Volatile
● CPU place instructions in
registers, fast
● Secondary storage
○ Hold large quantities of data
○ Permanently

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Computer-System Organization - Interruptions
● Key part of how operating systems
and hardware interact
● It stops what it is doing and
immediately
● Transfers execution to a fixed
location
○ Starting address where the service
routine for the interrupt is located.
● Interrupt service routine executes
● CPU resumes the interrupted
computation

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Computer-System Organization - Interruptions
● Must be handled quickly
● A table of pointers to interrupt
routines, low memory
○ Hold the addresses of the interrupt
service routines for the various
devices
● Operating systems as different as
Windows and UNIX dispatch
interrupts in this manner
● If the interrupt routine needs to
modify the processor state
○ Register values
○ It must explicitly save the current
state, registers

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1.3 Computer-System Architecture
● Single-Processor Systems
○ Old organization, one CPU with a single processing core
○ The core is the component that executes instructions and registers for storing
data locally
○ These systems have other special-purpose processors as well
○ They may come in the form of device-specific processors
■ disk, keyboard, and graphics controllers
○ Not considered multiprocessor

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1.3 Computer-System Architecture
● Multiprocessor Systems
○ Now dominate the landscape of computing
○ Two (or more) processors, each with a single or multi-core CPU
○ Share the bus, and sometimes the clock, memory, and peripheral devices
○ Increased throughput
■ Get more work done in less time
■ Speed-up ratio with N processors is not N, however; it is less than N
■ Overhead
■ Contention for shared resources
○ Asymmetric multiprocessing
○ Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) most common

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Computer-System Architecture
● Multiprocessor has evolved over time and now includes multicore
systems
○ Multiple computing cores reside on a single chip
○ On-chip communication is faster than between-chip communication
○ Appears to the OS as processors

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Clustered Systems, Distributed Systems
● Interconnected via I/O
components, Network
● Do not share resources via bus
● Sharing a resource is more
complicated
● Requires cooperation
● Cooperate to accomplish
network-wide objective
● Also called nodes

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1.4 Operating-System Operations
● We need an initial program to run
○ bootstrap program, simple
○ stored within the computer hardware in firmware
○ how to load the operating system
○ start executing that system
○ locate the operating-system kernel and load it into memory

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1.4 Operating-System Operations
● Daemons
○ System programs that are loaded into memory at boot time
● The OS will sit quietly
○ No processes to execute
○ No I/O devices to service
○ No users to whom to respond something to happen, events
● Events
○ Interruption
○ Trap (or exception)
■ software-generated interrupt caused either by an error
○ System call
■ specific request from a user program

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1.4 Operating-System Operations
● Multiprogramming and Multitasking
○ User run multiple programs
○ A program in execution is a process
○ OS keeps several processes in memory
simultaneously
○ OS picks one and begins to execute
○ The process may have to wait
■ such as an I/O operation
○ In a multiprogrammed system
■ OS simply switches to, and executes, another
process
○ As long as at least one process needs
to execute, the CPU is never idle

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1.4 Operating-System Operations
● Multiprogramming and Multitasking
○ Memory management
○ CPU scheduling
○ Virtual memory

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1.4 Operating-System Operations
● Dual-Mode and Multimode Operation
○ Distinguish between the execution of OS code and user-defined code
○ Two modes of operation
○ User mode and kernel mode (also called supervisor mode, system mode, or privileged mode)
○ A bit, called the mode bit, is added to the hardware of the computer to indicate the current
mode: kernel (0) or user (1)
○ User request a service from the operating system (via a system call)
○ Timers

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1.5 Resource Management
● OS is a resource manager
● Process Management
○ Creating and deleting both user and system processes
○ Scheduling processes and threads on the CPUs
○ Suspending and resuming processes
○ Providing mechanisms for process synchronization
○ Providing mechanisms for process communication

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1.5 Resource Management
● Memory Management
○ Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and which
process is using them
○ Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed
○ Deciding which processes (or parts of processes) and data to move into and
out of memory

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1.5 Resource Management
● File-System Management
○ Creating and deleting files
○ Creating and deleting directories to organize files
○ Supporting primitives for manipulating files and directories
○ Mapping files onto mass storage
○ Backing up files on stable (nonvolatile) storage media

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1.5 Resource Management
● Mass-Storage Management
○ Mounting and unmounting
○ Free-space management
○ Storage allocation
○ Disk scheduling
○ Partitioning
○ Protection

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1.5 Resource Management
● Cache Management
○ Hierarchical storage structure
○ Cache coherency

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1.5 Resource Management
● I/O System Management
○ A memory-management component that includes buffering, caching, and
spooling
○ A general device-driver interface
○ Drivers for specific hardware devices

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1.6 Security and Protection
● User, group, others (file access)
● Privileges

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1.7 Virtualization
● Abstract the hardware of a single
computer into several different execution
environments
● Guest/host systems
● Advantage:
○ Complete protection/isolation of system
resources between VMs
○ Perfect vehicle for operating-systems
research and development
○ If the OS you are developing crashes, just
restart the VM
○ Useful when you have applications for
different OSs
● Disadvantage
○ No direct sharing of resources between
different VMs
○ Difficult to implement completely

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1.8 Distributed Systems
● Collection of physically separate, possibly heterogeneous computer
systems that are networked to provide users with access to the
various resources that the system maintains
● Access to a shared resource increases computation speed,
functionality, data availability, and reliability
● Operating systems generalize network access as a form of file access
● Networks are characterized based on the distances between their
nodes
○ Local-area network ( LAN )
○ Wide-area network ( WAN )
○ Metropolitan-area network ( MAN ) could link buildings within a city
○ Personal-area network ( PAN ) Bluetooth
● Network operating system
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1.10 Computing Environments
● How operating systems are used in a variety of computing
environments
● Traditional Computing
○ “typical office environment” is kind of blurry
○ web technologies are stretching the boundaries of traditional computing
● Mobile Computing
○ smartphones and tablet computers
○ Apple iOS and Google Android
● Client – Server Computing
○ compute-server system (API) and file-serve system (docs, videos)

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1.10 Computing Environments
● Peer-to-Peer Computing
○ Torrent, blockchain
○ No centralized node
● Cloud Computing
○ Amazon, SaaS
● Real-Time Embedded Systems
○ IoT
○ Linux, specific OS, application-specific integrated circuits ( ASIC s)

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Questions?

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