CALORIMETRY: DETERMINATION OF HEATS OF SOLUTION

Date submitted: 05-22-2021

By: Danya Labash (10118905)
Lab section: A2
TA: Fiona EBanks

Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the measure of heats of the
solutions using a calorimeter.

Procedure:
1. Top-loading balance, sodium acetate anhydrous salt, sodium acetate trihydrate
salt, spatulas for each salt, calorimeter, 50 ml plastic tube, a rubber stopper with
a hole on the top for the thermometer, 50 ml graduated cylinder, distilled water
bottle, two weighing bottles one for each salt, 250 ml beaker and a hot plate were
used.
2. Using the 50 ml graduated cylinder 15 ml of room temperature was measured
out, this was added to the calorimeter, the stopper was placed on the
thermometer securely, the calorimeter was shaked for 60 seconds back to front
or side to side, after shaking it the calorimeter was waited to take a rest for
another 60 seconds before recording the initial temperature T1.
3. Using the hot plate 250 ml beaker which contained 60 to 100 ml of distilled water
was heated to a minimum temperature of 75 degrees celsius.
4. Using the 50 ml graduated cylinder 20 ml of distilled water was poured to record
T2.
5. The 20 ml of hot water was quickly added to the calorimeter and then the
calorimeter was shaked for 60 seconds and the calorimeter was rested for
another 60 seconds to record Tf. This was repeated twice to tri replicate the data.
6. By measuring the change of heat, the molar heat of solution was calculated for
anhydrous sodium acetate. Using the 35 ml graduated cylinder of distilled water
at room temperature was added to the calorimeter. The calorimeter was shaked
for 60 seconds and took a rest for another 60 seconds before the T1 was
recorded.
7. Using the weighing bottle 1.50 grams of sodium acetate anhydrous was
measured on the top-loading balance, a small amount of salt was scooped until
the 1.50 grams was acheived.
8. 1.50 grams of sodium acetate anhydrous salt was added to the calorimeter. This
was shaked for 60 seconds and took a rest for another 60 seconds to take Tf.
The weighing bottle was cleaned out using a kleenex, before measuring the 2.00
g, 2.50g, 3.00g of sodium acetate anhydrous salt.
9. By measuring the change of heat, the molar heat of solution was calculated for
sodium acetate trihydrate. Using the 35 ml graduated cylinder of distilled water at
room temperature was added to the calorimeter. The calorimeter was shaked for
60 seconds and took a rest for another 60 seconds before the T1 was recorded.
10. Using the weighing bottle 1.50 grams of sodium acetate trihydrate was
measured on the top-loading balance, a small amount of salt was scooped until
the 1.50 grams was acheived.
 11. 1.50 grams of sodium acetate trihydrate was added to the calorimeter. This was
shaked for 60 seconds and took a rest for another 60 seconds to take Tf. The
weighing bottle was cleaned out using a kleenex, before measuring the 2.00 g,
2.50g, 3.00g of sodium acetate trihydrate.

Data and Observations:

Table 1: The theoretical molar heat of the solution for sodium acetate trihydrate
NaC H O . 3H20 and sodium acetate anhydrous NaC H O
2 3 2 2 3 2

Compound Theoretical Molar Heat (KJ/mol)

NaC H O . 3H20
2 3 2 +19.66

NaC H O 2 3 2 - 17.32

Specific heat of water = 4.184 J/g º

Density of water = 1.00 g/mL

Table 2: The Volume (mL) and temperature changes (ºC) of distilled water used to
calibrate the calorimeter

Trial Volume cold water (± 0.2 Volume hot water T1 T2 Tf

mL) (± (±0.2ºC) (±0.2ºC) (±0.2ºC)
0.2 mL)

1 15.0 20.0 19.1 55.4 34.5

2 15.0 20.0 20.0 57.0 37.8

3 15.0 20.0 20.1 57.0 34.8

Table 3: The ∆Tcool water and the ∆Twarm water

Trial Mass cold water Mass hot water ∆Tcool water ∆Twarm water
(g) (g) (±0.4ºC) (±0.4ºC)

1 15.0 20.0 15.4 -20.9

2 15.0 20.0 17.8 -19.2

3 15.0 20.0 14.7 -22.2

ml = g
∆Tcool water = Tf - T1

∆Twarm water = Tf - T2

Calculations:

1.Calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter of each trial (Ccal) for each trial.
Ccal= -[ (mcool water) (ƿ water) (∆Tcool water ) + (mwarm water) (ƿ water) (∆Twarm
water )] / ∆Tcool water

Units (g) (J/g°C) (°C) + (g) (J/g°C) (°C) / (°C) = J/°C

qcool =(m cool water) (ƿwater) (ΔTcool water) =

=( 15.0 g) (1.00 g/ml)(15.4ºC) = 231

qwarm =(m warm water) (ƿwater)(ΔTwarm) =

=(20.0) (1.00 g/mL)(-20.9ºC) = -418

qCal =-(qcool+ qwarm)

= -(-418 + 231) = 187
CCal= qCal/ΔTcool== 187/15.4 = 12.1

The heat capacity of sample 2:

qcool =(m cool water) (ƿwater) (ΔTcool water) =
=( 15.0 g) (1.00 g/ml)(17.8ºC) = 267

qwarm =(m warm water) (ƿwater)(ΔTwarm) =

=(20.0) (1.00 g/mL)(-19.2ºC) = -384

qCal =-(qcool+ qwarm)

= -(-384+267) = 117
CCal= qCal/ΔTcool== 117/17.8 = 6.57

The heat capacity of sample 3:

qcool =(m cool water) (ƿwater) (ΔTcool water) =

=( 15.0 g) (1.00 g/ml)(14.7ºC) = 220

qwarm =(m warm water) (ƿwater)(ΔTwarm) =

=(20.0) (1.00 g/mL)(-22.2ºC) =-444

qCal =-(qcool+ qwarm)

= -(-444+220) =224
CCal= qCal/ΔTcool== 224/14.7ºC= 15.2
The average of heat capacity of the calorimeter:

Average c Cal =(15.2+ 6.57 + 12.1) / 3 = 11.3 kJ/C

Table 4: The initial and final temperatures for sodium acetate anhydrous NaC H O 2 3 2

dissolved in water. The molar mass of NaC H O is 82.034 g/mol

2 3 2

Trial number Mass (g ± 0.02) Initial temp (± 0.2ºC) Final temp (± 0.2ºC)

1 1.50 20.0 21.6

2 2.00 19.1 22.0

3 2.50 19.5 22.8

4 3.00 19.5 23.5

Table 5: The ΔT of (NaC H O ) and the mass of the solution in (g)

2 3 2

Trial number Mass (g ± 0.02) Mass of solution(g) ΔT (± 0.4 ºC)

1 1.50 36.50 1.60

2 2.00 37.0 2.90

3 2.50 37.5 3.30

4 3.00 38.0 4.00

ΔT = Tf– Ti=

The molar heat of the 4 trials

ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

ΔTsoln= ΔTcal

Trial 1. n= 1.50 / 82.034 g/mole =0.01840 mol

msoln= 1.50 g (salt) +35.0g(water) =36.50g
ΔT = Tf– Ti= 21.6 - 20.0 = 1.60 ºC
qsoln = mcΔT
= (1.50 g)(4.184 J/g º)(1.60ºC)
= 10.0 kJ
ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

= 10.0 kJ/ 0.01840 mol

= 543 kJ/mol
Trial 2. n= 2.00 / 82.034 g/mole =0.0244 mol
msoln= 2.00 g (salt) +35.0g(water) =37.0g
ΔT = Tf– Ti= 22.0 - 19.1 = 2.90 ºC
qsoln= (2.00 g) (4.184 J/g º)( 2.90 ºC)
= 24.3 kJ
ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

= 24.3kJ/ 0.0244 mol

= 995kJ/mol

Trial 3. n= 2.50 / 82.034 g/mole =0.0305 mol

msoln= 2.50 g (salt) +35.0g(water) =37.5g
ΔT = Tf– Ti= 22.8 - 19.5 = 3.30 ºC
qsoln=( 2.50 g) (4.184 J/g º)(3.30 ºC)
= 34.5 kJ

ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

= 34.5 kJ/ 0.0305 mol

= 1.13 x 10 kJ/mol
3

Trial 4.n= 3.00 / 82.034 g/mole =0.0366 mol

msoln= 3.00g (salt) +35.0g(water) =38.0g
ΔT = Tf– Ti= 23.5 - 19.5 = 4.00 ºC
qsoln= (3.00 g) (4.184 J/g º)(4.00 ºC)
= 50.2 kJ
ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

= 50.2kJ/ 0.0366 mol

= -1.14 x 10 kJ/mol
3

ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

ΔTsoln= ΔTcal

Table 6: The molar heat of solution of (NaC H O ) and the amount of moles
2 3 2
 Trial Mass (g ± 0.02) n (mole) ΔHsoln KJ/mol

1 1.50 0.01840 -543

2 2.00 0.0244 -995

3 2.50 0.0305 -1.13 x 10 3

4 3.00 0.0366 -1.14 x 10 3

Average ΔHsoln KJ/mol = (-543 KJ/mol + -995KJ/mol + -1.13 x 10 KJ/mol +-1.14 x 10

3 3

KJ/mol ) /4 = -953 KJ/mol

Relative spread = (highest value - lowest value) / average unknowns x 1000

= (0.0366 - 0.01840 ) / -953 x 1000
= -0.0191 ppt

Relative error = ((Experiment average result - Accepted Value)/ Accepted value) X 100
= (-953 KJ/mol - (-17.32 KJ/mol) / -17.32 KJ/mol x 100
= 5.60 x 10 %
3

Table 7 :The initial and final temperatures for sodium acetate trihydrate
(NaC2H3O2•3H2O) dissolved in water.
Trial number Mass (g ± 0.02) Initial temp (± 0.2ºC) Final temp (± 0.2ºC)

1 1.50 19.6 18.0

2 2.00 20.0 18.0

3 2.50 20.0 17.9

4 3.00 20.0 17.0

Table 8: The ΔT of (NaC2H3O2•3H2O) and the mass of the solution in (g)

Trial number Mass (g ± 0.02) ΔT (± 0.4 ºC) Mass of solution (g)

1 1.50 -1.60 36.5

2 2.00 -2.00 37.0

 3 2.50 -2.10 37.5

4 3.00 -3.00 38.0

ΔT = Tf– Ti=

The molar heat of the 4 samples

ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

ΔTsoln= ΔTcal

Trial 1. n= 1.50 / 136 g/mole =0.01110 mol

msoln= 1.50g (salt) +35.0g(water) =36.50g
ΔT = Tf– Ti= 18.0 - 19.6 = -1.6 ºC
qsoln = mcΔT
= (1.50g)(4.184 J/g º)(-1.6ºC)
= -10.0kJ
ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

= -10.0kJ / 0.01110mol
= 9.00 x 10 kJ/mol
2

Trial 2. n= 2.00 / 136 g/mole =0.0147 mol

msoln= 2.00g (salt) +35.0g(water) =37.0g
ΔT = Tf– Ti= 18.0 - 20.0= -2.00 ºC

qsoln = mcΔT
= (2.00 g)(4.184 J/g º)(-2.00ºC)
= -16.7 kJ
ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

= -16.7 kJ/ 0.0147 mol

= 1.14 x 10 kJ/mol
3

Trial 3. n= 2.50 / 136 g/mole =0.0184 mol

msoln= 2.50g (salt) +35.0g(water) =37.0g
ΔT = Tf– Ti= 17.9 - 20.0 =-2.10 ºC

qsoln = mcΔT
= (2.50 g)(4.184 J/g º)(-2.10ºC)
= -22.0kJ
ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

= -22.0 kJ/ 0.0184 mol

 = 1.19 x 10 kJ/mol
3

Trial 4. n= 3.00 / 136 g/mole =0.0220 mol

msoln= 3.00g (salt) +35.0g(water) =38.0g
ΔT = Tf– Ti= 17.0 - 20.0 = -3.00 ºC

qsoln = mcΔT
= (3.00 g)(4.184 J/g º)(-3.00ºC)
= 37.6kJ
ΔHsoln= qsoln/n = - [(m soln) (psoln) (ΔTsoln)+(Ccal) (ΔTcal)] / nsoln

= -37.6 kJ/ 0.0220 mol

= 1.17 x 10 kJ/mol
3

Table 9: The molar heat of sodium acetate trihydrate (NaC2H3O2•3H2O) The molar
mass of NaC2H3O2•3H2O is 136 g/mol

Trial Mass (g ± 0.02) n (mole) ΔHsoln KJ/mol

1 1.50 0.01110 9.00 x 10 2

2 2.00 0.0147 1.14 x 10 3

3 2.50 0.0184 1.19 x 10 3

4 3.00 0.0220 1.17 x 10 3

Average ΔHsoln KJ/mol = 9.00 x 10 kJ/mol + 1.14 x 10 kJ/mol + 1.19 x 10 kJ/mol +

2 3 3

1.17 x 10 kJ/mol /4 = 1.1 x 10 kJ/mol

3 3

Relative spread = (highest value - lowest value) / average x 1000

= (0.0220 - 0.0110 ) / 1.1 x 10 x 1000
3

= 1.0 x 10 ppt4

Relative error = = (Experiment average result - Accepted Value)/ Accepted value) X

100
= (1.1 x 10 kJ/mol - (19.66 KJ/mol) / 19.66kJ/mol x 100
3

= 5.70 x 10 % 3

Discussion:
In this experiment, the results for the sodium acetate anhydrous NaC H O the molar
2 3 2

heat is -953 KJ/mol which is lower than the expected value -17.32kJ/mol. Sodium
acetate anhydrous NaC2H3O2 is negative which means it is exothermic and it needs
more time to dissolve. One reason for this could be the heat measurement taken
throughout the experiment could be a reason for this lower value because this affects
the molar heat of the solution. However, the molar heat of sodium acetate trihydrate
NaC2H3O2•3H2O is 1.1 x 10 kJ/mol which is higher than the expected value
3

19.66kJ/mol. It is positive so it is endothermic which means it absorbs energy from the

surrounding which makes the bond to be broken easily that makes it dissolve faster.
One reason for this could be the heat measurement taken throughout the experiment
could be a reason for this higher value because this affects the molar heat of the
solution.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the heat capacity is 11.3 kJ/C, molar heat of sodium acetate
anhydrous NaC H O is -953 KJ/mol , the molar heat of sodium acetate trihydrate
2 3 2

NaC2H3O2•3H2O is 1.1 x 10 kJ/mol, the relative error of sodium acetate anhydrous

3

NaC H O is 5.60 x 10 %, the relative spread of sodium acetate anhydrous NaC H O is

2 3 2
3
2 3 2

-0.0191 ppt, the relative error of sodium acetate trihydrate NaC2H3O2•3H2O is 5.70 x
10 %, the relative spread of sodium acetate trihydrate NaC2H3O2•3H2O is 1.0 x 10
3 4

ppt.