robots also called a droid

a machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically

programmable by a computer
can be guided by an external control device or the control may be embedded within
may be constructed to take on human form
can be autonomous or semi-autonomous
most robots are machines designed to perform a task with no regard to looks

characteristics of robots
movement sensing
to be able to move around its environment to be able to sense its surroundings

intelligence energy
a robot needs some kind of “smarts” to be able to have power

robotics applications
robots obtain information from its environment
robots exhibit a degree of intelligence
robots manipulate objects
they help simplify production tasks
logistics - for storage and delivery industrial robots
manufacturing - for welding and packaging
they assist humans in their tasks
meidcal - those used in surgery
home - those that help do chores like vacuum cleaners service robots
educational - those used to teach programming
defense - those used by the military like observation drones

microcontroller
a small computer (SoC) on a single integrated circut
contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals
serves as the brain of our robot
sends information programmed so different robotc parts can function

! a microcontroller is also called MCU;

short for microcontroller unit
parts of the microcontroller
GND pin
digital I/O pins
reset button

power in (USB port) power LED

troubleshooting LED
tx and rx LEDs

power in (barrel jack)

ATmega328
microcontroller

analog pins
reset pin GND pins

3.3V pin vin pin

5V pin

LED reset button

rx: receiving manually resets the Arduino
blinks when receiving data makes your code restart

tx: transmitting power in

blinks when transmitting data
barrel jack
on/off can be used with either a 9V or 12V supply
indicates if there is power
usb port - provides power
troubleshooting communicates with the board when
blinks when the program is running properly plugged into a computer via USB

pins power pins

digital pins (0-13) GND - used to ground the arduino board
can be used as input or output pins reset - used to connect the
pulse with modulation
PWm pins (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11) mircrocontroller to the reset circuitry
used to convert digital signals into analog 3.3V - used to provide a supply of 3.3V
generated from a voltage regulator on the
analog pins (A0 - A5)
board
used to provide analog input in the range of
5V - used as a regulater power supply
0-5V
voltage; gives supply to the board
vin - inputs voltage to arduino when using an
external power source
hardware specifications of
the microcontroller
microcontroller - ATmega328 DC current I/O per pin - 40 mA
operating voltage - 5V DC current for 3.3V pin - 50 mA
input voltage (recommended: 7-12V) flash memory - 32 kB (ATmega328)
input voltage (limits: 6-20V) SRAM - 2 KB (ATmega328)
digital I/O pins - 14 (6 provide PWM output) EEPROM - 1 KB (ATmega328)
analog input pins - 6 clock speed - 16 MHz

breadboard
used to create circuits and connect different sensors and actuators to the arduino board
refers to a solderless breadboard
terminal strips
found inside the breadboard
allows you to stick a wire or leg of any component into the exposed holes
clips the leg of the wire and holds it in place
trench
serves a very important purpose
if a DIP (dual-in-line package) chip is used, there is a separation of connection
if a connection is made on each side, there will be no interference
between the functionality of the leg on the opposite side
power rails
serial connection from positive 1-25
is used to connect the horizontal terminal strips
(found inside)
pins; power rails DIP
serial connection from A1, B1, C1, D1,
vertical pins
and E1 is used to connect the vertical
pins power rails
red - positive

prototyping blue - negative

the process of testing an idea by creating a preliminary model from which other forms are
developed or copied
one of the most common use of breadboards
types of circuit connection
parallel
an electrical connection that
has 2 or more paths for the
current to flow in which the
loads are parallel to each
other

series
an electrical connection
that is connected along a
single path where the
current flows in the same
direction

! difference of parallel and series:

series circuit only has one path to follow with only one load; the greater number of
resistors, the lesser energy will pass through it

switch
an electrical connection which is installed on one path that allows/disallows the flow
of current to a device from the source

LED light emitting diode

a semiconductor diode that converts electric energy into

electromagnetic radiationa t a visible and near infrared
frequencies when its pn junction is forward biased
they are tiny lightbulbs; requires less power to compare
short pin (cathode) - to be connected to GND
longer pin (anode) - to be connected to any of the digital
pins (2-13)
 switch ON/OFF
an electrical device having two states
has zero impendance when closed; infinite impendance when open

push button/tact switch

reacts to used interaction with the button when it makes contact with the control
panel beneath SPST
single pole single throw switch
a basic ON and OFF switch composing one input and one outpt contact SPDT

single pole double throw switch

a switch that has 3 terminals, one input and 2 output contacts DPDT
double pole double throw switch
a dual ON/OFF switch consisting 2 ON positions; 6 terminals, 2 input & 4 output
contacts
toggle switch
manually actuated by a mechanical handle, lever, or rocking emchanism
commonly used as light control swithces

potentiometer
a 3 terminal resistor with a sliding/rotating contact
forms an adjustable voltage divider - used for measuring electric potential (voltage)
commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment
! has 2 uses
1. rheostat
only the outside pin and center are used here
if you have a 10kΩ potentiometer, the resistance of the variable resistor is 0KΩ-10KΩ
you get a value between 0KΩ and 10KΩ when changing the wiper position
2. potentiometers
all three pins are connected; to be used as a voltage divider
outer pins: GND and VCC (interchangable)
middle pin: voltage output
voltage divider is used to turn a large voltage into a smaller one
types of potentiometer
rotary
most common of variable resistors or potentiometers

linear potentiometer
produces a resistance output that varies according to the
displacement or position of a slider/wiper

buzzer also called a beeper

an audo signaling device piezo for short

may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric
normally includes alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input

kinds of buzzer
active passive
generates a tone using an internal requires an AC signal to make a sound
oscillator changing input signal produces the sound rather
only needs DC voltages than producing a tone automatically
differentiates positive and negative doesn’t differentiate positive and negative polarity
polarity there is little similarity between passive buzzers

wirings
ultrasonic sensor
vcc - 5V pin
trig - any digital pin
echo - any digital pin
GND - GND pin

sound sensor
G - GND pin AO - any analog pin
+ - 5V pin