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File System

The document discusses the file system interface, including file concepts, access methods, disk and directory structures, file mounting, sharing, and protection. It covers objectives like explaining file system functions and interfaces, as well as design tradeoffs regarding access methods, sharing, locking, and directory structures. Key topics include file attributes, operations, open files and locking, and file types.

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Manish Kumawat
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views

File System

The document discusses the file system interface, including file concepts, access methods, disk and directory structures, file mounting, sharing, and protection. It covers objectives like explaining file system functions and interfaces, as well as design tradeoffs regarding access methods, sharing, locking, and directory structures. Key topics include file attributes, operations, open files and locking, and file types.

Uploaded by

Manish Kumawat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 9:

File-System Interface

Operating System Concepts essentials – 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Chapter 9: File-System Interface
 File Concept
 Access Methods
 Disk and Directory Structure
 File-System Mounting
 File Sharing
 Protection

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Objectives
 To explain the function of file systems

 To describe the interfaces to file systems

 To discuss file-system design tradeoffs, including access methods, file sharing, file locking, and directory
structures

 To explore file-system protection

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Concept
 Uniform logical view of information storage (no matter the medium)
 OS abstracts from physical properties into a logical storage unit, the file
 Files mapped onto physical devices, usually nonvolatile
 File is a collection of related information
 Smallest allotment of nameable storage
 Contiguous logical address space
 Types:
 Data
 numeric
 character
 binary
 Program
 May be free form or rigidly formed (structured)

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Structure
 None - sequence of words, bytes
 Simple record structure
 Lines
 Fixed length
 Variable length
 Complex Structures
 Formatted document
 Relocatable load file
 Can simulate last two with first method by inserting appropriate control characters
 Who decides:
 Operating system
 Program / programmer

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Attributes
 Name – only information kept in human-readable form
 Identifier – unique tag (number) identifies file within file system
 Type – needed for systems that support different types
 Location – pointer to file location on device
 Size – current file size
 Protection – controls who can do reading, writing, executing
 Time, date, and user identification – data for protection, security, and usage monitoring
 Information about files are kept in the directory structure, which is maintained on the disk
 Typically file’s name and identifier
 Identifier locates other file attributes
 Attributes may be > 1KB
 Directory structures may be > 1MB

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Operations
 File is an abstract data type
 Operations include the following (and usually more)
 Create – find space, add entry to directory
 Write – write data at current file position pointer location and update pointer
 Read – read file contents at pointer location, update pointer
 Reposition within file (seek) – change pointer location
 Delete – free space and remove entry from directory
 Truncate – delete data starting at pointer

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Open Files
 Open(Fi) – allow process to access a file
 Returns a file handle for system call reference to the file
 Search the directory structure on disk for entry Fi, and move the content or cache some of entry to
memory
 Close(file handle) – end processes’ access to the file
 Move the content of entry Fi in memory to directory structure on disk

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Open File Data Structures
 Usually a global table containing process-independent open file information
 Size
 Access dates
 Disk location of the file: cache of data access information
 File-open count: counter of number of times a file is open
 To allow removal of data from open-file table when last processes closes it

 Per-process open file table contains pertinent info, plus pointer to entry in global open file table
 Current file position pointer: pointer to next read/write location
 Access rights: per-process access mode information
 read, write, append

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Open File Locking
 Provided by some operating systems and file systems

 Mediates access to a file


 shared
 exclusive

 Mandatory or advisory:
 Mandatory – access is denied depending on locks held and requested
 Advisory – processes can find status of locks and decide what to do

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Locking Example – Java API
import java.io.*;
import java.nio.channels.*;
public class LockingExample {
public static final boolean EXCLUSIVE = false;
public static final boolean SHARED = true;
public static void main(String arsg[]) throws IOException {
FileLock sharedLock = null;
FileLock exclusiveLock = null;
try {
RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile("file.txt", "rw");
// get the channel for the file
FileChannel ch = raf.getChannel();
// this locks the first half of the file - exclusive
exclusiveLock = ch.lock(0, raf.length()/2, EXCLUSIVE);
/** Now modify the data . . . */
// release the lock
exclusiveLock.release();

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Locking Example –
Java API (Cont.)
// this locks the second half of the file - shared
sharedLock = ch.lock(raf.length()/2+1, raf.length(),
SHARED);
/** Now read the data . . . */
// release the lock
sharedLock.release();
} catch (java.io.IOException ioe) {
System.err.println(ioe);
}finally {
if (exclusiveLock != null)
exclusiveLock.release();
if (sharedLock != null)
sharedLock.release();
}
}
}

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Types
 Most operating systems recognize file types
 Filename extension
 I.e. resume.doc, server.java, readerthread.c
 Most support them
 Automatically open a type of file via a specific application (.doc)
 Only execute files of a given extension (.exe, .com)
 Run files of a given type via a scripting language (.bat)
 Can get more advanced
 If source code modified since executable compiled, if attempt made to execute, recompile and then execute
(TOPS-20)
 Mac OS encodes creating program’s name in file attributes
 Double clicking on file passes the file name to appropriate application
 Unix has magic number stored in file at first byte indicating file type

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Types – Name, Extension

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Structure
 Types can indicate internal file structure
 Some Oses enforce, some use as hints, some ignore
 But some most conform to OS-required format
 I.e. executable file
 Some support more formats
 DEC VMS supported 3
 The more that are supported, the more kernel code, etc
 Some enforce access methods
 Others allow arbitrary access
 Unix supports directory files, executable files
 But all files are strings of bytes
– Can open a directory file via a text editor
 Files stored in fixed-size disk blocks
 Can have internal fragmentation

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Access Methods

 Sequential Access – tape model of a file


read next
write next
reset
no read after last write
(rewrite)
 Direct Access – random access, relative access
read n
write n
position to n
read next
write next
rewrite n
n = relative block number
 Can accommodate structured data in file by mapping record number to block
number
 Oses usually support both kinds, sometimes require access method declaration
during create()

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Sequential-access File

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Simulation of Sequential Access on
Direct-access File

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Example of Index and Relative Files

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Disk Structure
 Disk can be subdivided into partitions
 Disks or partitions can be RAID protected against failure
 Disk or partition can be used raw – without a file system, or formatted with a file system
 Partitions also known as minidisks, slices
 Entity containing file system known as a volume
 Each volume containing file system also tracks that file system’s info in device directory or volume table
of contents or directory)
 Records information for all files on the volume
 As well as general-purpose file systems there are many special-purpose file systems, frequently all
within the same operating system or computer

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
A Typical File-system Organization

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File System Types
 Operating systems have multiple file system types
 One or more general-purpose (for storing user files)
 One or more special-purpose, i.e.
 tmpfs—“temporary” file system in volatile main memory, contents erased if the system reboots or
crashes
 objfs—a “virtual” file system (essentially an interface to the kernel that looks like a file system) that
gives debuggers access to kernel symbols
 ctfs— a virtual file system that maintains “contract” information to manage which processes start when
the system boots and must continue to run during operation
 lofs—a “loop back” file system that allows one file system to be accessed in place of another one
 procfs—a virtual file system that presents information on all processes as a file system

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Directory Overview
 Directory similar to symbol table translating file names to their directory entries
 Can be organized in many ways
 Organization needs to support operations including:
 Search for a file or multiple files
 Create a file
 Delete a file
 List a directory
 Rename a file
 Traverse the file system

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Directory Organization

 Should have the features

 Efficiency – locating a file quickly

 Naming – convenient to users


 Two users can have same name for different files
 The same file can have several different names

 Grouping – logical grouping of files by properties, (e.g., all Java programs, all games, …) or
arbitrarily

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Single-Level Directory

 A single directory for all users

Naming problem

Grouping problem

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Two-Level Directory
 Separate directory for each user

 Path name
 Can have the same file name for different users
 Efficient searching
 No grouping capability

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.26 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Added Directory Concepts
 Many variations, but some components essential
 Idea of current directory – default location for activities
 Now need a path specification
 If file is in current directory, just name it
 If in another directory, must specify by more detailed name
 Also need way to specify different filesystems
 MS-DOS gives letter to each volume, “\” separates directory name from file name – C:\userb\test
 VMS uses letter for volume and “[]” for directory specification – u:[sst.jdeck]login.com;1
 Note the support for versions via the trailing number
 Unix treats volume name as part of directory name - /u/pbg/test
 Many Oses search a set of paths for command names
 “ls” might search in current directory then in system directories

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.27 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Tree-Structured Directories

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Tree-Structured Directories (Cont.)
 Most common
 For example, allows users to can create directories within their directory
 Directory can then contain files or other directories
 Directory can be another file with defined formatting and attribute indicating its type
 Separate system calls to manage directory actions
 Absolute path is full specification of file local - /foo/bar/baz
 Relative path is location relative to current directory - ../baz
 Efficient searching
 Search path
 Grouping Capability
 Current directory (working directory)
 cd /spell/mail/prog
 type list

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Tree-Structured Directories (Cont)
 Creating a new file is done in current directory mail

 Delete a file
prog copy prt exp count
rm <file-name>
Deleting “mail” ⇒ deleting the entire subtree
 Creating a new subdirectory is done in current directory rooted by “mail”?
mkdir <dir-name>
Example: if in current directory /mail • Make users manually delete contents (and
subcontents) first (MS-DOS)
mkdir count
• Provide an option to delete all contents (Unix)

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.30 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Acyclic-Graph Directories
 Have shared subdirectories and files

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.31 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Acyclic-Graph Directories (Cont.)
 Adds ability to directly share directories between users
 But can now have multiple absolute paths to the same file

 Two different names (aliasing)

 If dict deletes list ⇒ dangling pointer


Solutions:
 Backpointers, so we can delete all pointers
Variable size records a problem
 Entry-hold-count solution

 New directory entry type


 Link – another name (pointer) to an existing file
 Indirect pointer
 Delete link separate from the files
 Hard and symbolic
 Resolve the link – follow pointer to locate the file

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.32 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
General Graph Directory

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.33 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
General Graph Directory (Cont.)
 How do we guarantee no cycles?
 Allow only links to file not subdirectories
 Garbage collection
 Every time a new link is added use a cycle detection algorithm to determine whether it is OK
 Or just bypass links during directory traversal

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.34 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File System Mounting
 A file system must be mounted before it can be accessed
 Privileged operation
 First check for valid file system on volume
 Kernel data structure to track mount points

 Some systems have separate designation for mount point (i.e. “c:”)

 Others integrate mounted file systems into existing directory naming system
 In separate space (i.e. /volumes) or within current name space

 A unmounted file system on /device/dsk (i.e., Fig. 11-11(b)) is mounted at a mount point

 What if the mount point already has contents?

 Configuration file or data structure to track default mounts


 Used at reboot or to reset mounts

 What if files are open on a device that is being unmounted?

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.35 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
(a) Existing (b) Unmounted Partition

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.36 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Mount Point

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.37 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Sharing
 Sharing of files on multi-user systems is desirable

 Sharing may be done through a protection scheme

 On distributed systems, files may be shared across a network

 Network File System (NFS) is a common distributed file-sharing method

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.38 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Sharing – Multiple Users
 User IDs identify users, allowing permissions and protections to be per-user

 Group IDs allow users to be in groups, permitting group access rights

Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.39 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011

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