File System
File System
File-System Interface
Operating System Concepts essentials – 8th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Chapter 9: File-System Interface
File Concept
Access Methods
Disk and Directory Structure
File-System Mounting
File Sharing
Protection
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Objectives
To explain the function of file systems
To discuss file-system design tradeoffs, including access methods, file sharing, file locking, and directory
structures
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Concept
Uniform logical view of information storage (no matter the medium)
OS abstracts from physical properties into a logical storage unit, the file
Files mapped onto physical devices, usually nonvolatile
File is a collection of related information
Smallest allotment of nameable storage
Contiguous logical address space
Types:
Data
numeric
character
binary
Program
May be free form or rigidly formed (structured)
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Structure
None - sequence of words, bytes
Simple record structure
Lines
Fixed length
Variable length
Complex Structures
Formatted document
Relocatable load file
Can simulate last two with first method by inserting appropriate control characters
Who decides:
Operating system
Program / programmer
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Attributes
Name – only information kept in human-readable form
Identifier – unique tag (number) identifies file within file system
Type – needed for systems that support different types
Location – pointer to file location on device
Size – current file size
Protection – controls who can do reading, writing, executing
Time, date, and user identification – data for protection, security, and usage monitoring
Information about files are kept in the directory structure, which is maintained on the disk
Typically file’s name and identifier
Identifier locates other file attributes
Attributes may be > 1KB
Directory structures may be > 1MB
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Operations
File is an abstract data type
Operations include the following (and usually more)
Create – find space, add entry to directory
Write – write data at current file position pointer location and update pointer
Read – read file contents at pointer location, update pointer
Reposition within file (seek) – change pointer location
Delete – free space and remove entry from directory
Truncate – delete data starting at pointer
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Open Files
Open(Fi) – allow process to access a file
Returns a file handle for system call reference to the file
Search the directory structure on disk for entry Fi, and move the content or cache some of entry to
memory
Close(file handle) – end processes’ access to the file
Move the content of entry Fi in memory to directory structure on disk
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Open File Data Structures
Usually a global table containing process-independent open file information
Size
Access dates
Disk location of the file: cache of data access information
File-open count: counter of number of times a file is open
To allow removal of data from open-file table when last processes closes it
Per-process open file table contains pertinent info, plus pointer to entry in global open file table
Current file position pointer: pointer to next read/write location
Access rights: per-process access mode information
read, write, append
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Open File Locking
Provided by some operating systems and file systems
Mandatory or advisory:
Mandatory – access is denied depending on locks held and requested
Advisory – processes can find status of locks and decide what to do
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Locking Example – Java API
import java.io.*;
import java.nio.channels.*;
public class LockingExample {
public static final boolean EXCLUSIVE = false;
public static final boolean SHARED = true;
public static void main(String arsg[]) throws IOException {
FileLock sharedLock = null;
FileLock exclusiveLock = null;
try {
RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile("file.txt", "rw");
// get the channel for the file
FileChannel ch = raf.getChannel();
// this locks the first half of the file - exclusive
exclusiveLock = ch.lock(0, raf.length()/2, EXCLUSIVE);
/** Now modify the data . . . */
// release the lock
exclusiveLock.release();
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Locking Example –
Java API (Cont.)
// this locks the second half of the file - shared
sharedLock = ch.lock(raf.length()/2+1, raf.length(),
SHARED);
/** Now read the data . . . */
// release the lock
sharedLock.release();
} catch (java.io.IOException ioe) {
System.err.println(ioe);
}finally {
if (exclusiveLock != null)
exclusiveLock.release();
if (sharedLock != null)
sharedLock.release();
}
}
}
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Types
Most operating systems recognize file types
Filename extension
I.e. resume.doc, server.java, readerthread.c
Most support them
Automatically open a type of file via a specific application (.doc)
Only execute files of a given extension (.exe, .com)
Run files of a given type via a scripting language (.bat)
Can get more advanced
If source code modified since executable compiled, if attempt made to execute, recompile and then execute
(TOPS-20)
Mac OS encodes creating program’s name in file attributes
Double clicking on file passes the file name to appropriate application
Unix has magic number stored in file at first byte indicating file type
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Types – Name, Extension
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Structure
Types can indicate internal file structure
Some Oses enforce, some use as hints, some ignore
But some most conform to OS-required format
I.e. executable file
Some support more formats
DEC VMS supported 3
The more that are supported, the more kernel code, etc
Some enforce access methods
Others allow arbitrary access
Unix supports directory files, executable files
But all files are strings of bytes
– Can open a directory file via a text editor
Files stored in fixed-size disk blocks
Can have internal fragmentation
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Access Methods
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Sequential-access File
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Simulation of Sequential Access on
Direct-access File
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Example of Index and Relative Files
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.19 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Disk Structure
Disk can be subdivided into partitions
Disks or partitions can be RAID protected against failure
Disk or partition can be used raw – without a file system, or formatted with a file system
Partitions also known as minidisks, slices
Entity containing file system known as a volume
Each volume containing file system also tracks that file system’s info in device directory or volume table
of contents or directory)
Records information for all files on the volume
As well as general-purpose file systems there are many special-purpose file systems, frequently all
within the same operating system or computer
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
A Typical File-system Organization
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File System Types
Operating systems have multiple file system types
One or more general-purpose (for storing user files)
One or more special-purpose, i.e.
tmpfs—“temporary” file system in volatile main memory, contents erased if the system reboots or
crashes
objfs—a “virtual” file system (essentially an interface to the kernel that looks like a file system) that
gives debuggers access to kernel symbols
ctfs— a virtual file system that maintains “contract” information to manage which processes start when
the system boots and must continue to run during operation
lofs—a “loop back” file system that allows one file system to be accessed in place of another one
procfs—a virtual file system that presents information on all processes as a file system
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Directory Overview
Directory similar to symbol table translating file names to their directory entries
Can be organized in many ways
Organization needs to support operations including:
Search for a file or multiple files
Create a file
Delete a file
List a directory
Rename a file
Traverse the file system
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Directory Organization
Grouping – logical grouping of files by properties, (e.g., all Java programs, all games, …) or
arbitrarily
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Single-Level Directory
Naming problem
Grouping problem
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Two-Level Directory
Separate directory for each user
Path name
Can have the same file name for different users
Efficient searching
No grouping capability
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.26 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Added Directory Concepts
Many variations, but some components essential
Idea of current directory – default location for activities
Now need a path specification
If file is in current directory, just name it
If in another directory, must specify by more detailed name
Also need way to specify different filesystems
MS-DOS gives letter to each volume, “\” separates directory name from file name – C:\userb\test
VMS uses letter for volume and “[]” for directory specification – u:[sst.jdeck]login.com;1
Note the support for versions via the trailing number
Unix treats volume name as part of directory name - /u/pbg/test
Many Oses search a set of paths for command names
“ls” might search in current directory then in system directories
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.27 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Tree-Structured Directories
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Tree-Structured Directories (Cont.)
Most common
For example, allows users to can create directories within their directory
Directory can then contain files or other directories
Directory can be another file with defined formatting and attribute indicating its type
Separate system calls to manage directory actions
Absolute path is full specification of file local - /foo/bar/baz
Relative path is location relative to current directory - ../baz
Efficient searching
Search path
Grouping Capability
Current directory (working directory)
cd /spell/mail/prog
type list
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Tree-Structured Directories (Cont)
Creating a new file is done in current directory mail
Delete a file
prog copy prt exp count
rm <file-name>
Deleting “mail” ⇒ deleting the entire subtree
Creating a new subdirectory is done in current directory rooted by “mail”?
mkdir <dir-name>
Example: if in current directory /mail • Make users manually delete contents (and
subcontents) first (MS-DOS)
mkdir count
• Provide an option to delete all contents (Unix)
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.30 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Acyclic-Graph Directories
Have shared subdirectories and files
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.31 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Acyclic-Graph Directories (Cont.)
Adds ability to directly share directories between users
But can now have multiple absolute paths to the same file
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.32 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
General Graph Directory
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.33 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
General Graph Directory (Cont.)
How do we guarantee no cycles?
Allow only links to file not subdirectories
Garbage collection
Every time a new link is added use a cycle detection algorithm to determine whether it is OK
Or just bypass links during directory traversal
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.34 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File System Mounting
A file system must be mounted before it can be accessed
Privileged operation
First check for valid file system on volume
Kernel data structure to track mount points
Some systems have separate designation for mount point (i.e. “c:”)
Others integrate mounted file systems into existing directory naming system
In separate space (i.e. /volumes) or within current name space
A unmounted file system on /device/dsk (i.e., Fig. 11-11(b)) is mounted at a mount point
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.35 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
(a) Existing (b) Unmounted Partition
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.36 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
Mount Point
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.37 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Sharing
Sharing of files on multi-user systems is desirable
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.38 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011
File Sharing – Multiple Users
User IDs identify users, allowing permissions and protections to be per-user
Operating System Concepts Essentials – 8th Edition 9.39 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2011