BEEI 2383

POWER SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY

(TECHNOLOGI SISTEM KUASA)

Semester 2, 2022/2023

Transformers

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 1 5/24/2023

 * Learning Outcome
 Understand basic principles of Power
Transformer
 Define the Power Transformers equivalent
circuits, losses and efficiency
 Express and analyze the power system model
(static parameters) for Power Transformer

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 2 5/24/2023

 * Transformer Basics
 Transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another through inductively coupled
conductors/coil
 It consists of one or more coil(s) of wire wrapped around a
common ferromagnetic core.
 Operation Principle : A varying current in the first or
primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
secondary winding by a process called “mutual induction”.
The only connection between the coils is the common
magnetic flux present within the core.
 1st development of commercial transformer started in 1885 by
William Stanley
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 3 5/24/2023
 * Transformer Basics

The first practical modern transformer, built by William Stanley in 1885.

Note that the core is made up of individual sheets of metal (laminations).
(Courtesy of General Electric Company.)
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 4 5/24/2023
 * Transformer Basics

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 5 5/24/2023

 * Transformer Basics
WHY TRANSFORMERS ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE
 The first power distribution system in the United States was a
120-V dc system invented by Thomas A. Edi son to supply power
for incandescent light bulbs in New York City in September
1882.
 Unfortunately, his power system generated and transmitted
power at such low voltages that very large currents were
necessary to supply significant amounts of power resulting in
huge voltage drops and power losses in the transmission lines,
severely restricting the service area of a generating station.
 The fact that power could not be transmitted far with low-
voltage dc power systems meant that generating stations had to
be small and localized and so were relatively inefficient.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 6 5/24/2023

 * Transformer Basics
WHY TRANSFORMERS ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE
 The invention of the transformer and the concurrent
development of ac power sources eliminated forever these
restrictions on the range and power level of power systems.
 A transformer ideally changes one ac voltage level to another
voltage level without affecting the actual power supplied. A
transformer steps up the voltage level of a circuit and decrease
its current.
 Therefore, ac electric power can be generated at one central
location, its voltage stepped up for transmission over long
distances at very low losses, and its voltage stepped down again
for final use.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 7 5/24/2023

 * Transformer Basics
WHY TRANSFORMERS ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE
 Since the transmission losses in the lines of a power system are
proportional to the square of the current in the lines, raising
the transmission voltage and reducing the resulting transmission
currents by a factor of 10 with transformers reduces power
transmission losses by a factor of 100.
 In a modern power system, electric power is generated at
voltages of 12 to 25 kV. Transformers step up the voltage to
between 110 kV and nearly 1000 kV for transmission over long
distances at very low losses. Transformers then step down the
voltage to the 11 to 33 kV range for local distribution and finally
permits the power to be used safely in homes, offices, and
factories at voltages of 415V and 240 V.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 8 5/24/2023

 * Type of Transformers
Power Transformers
- Unit transformer
•step up transformer - connected to generating house
•step up from 11/15kV to 220/400kV or as requirement
•Why unit transformer - connected to unit of the generating
house

- Substation transformer
- Distribution transformer

High Frequency Transformers

-DC-DC converter
-can only output at lower voltages from the input (linear
regulator)
- very inefficient
I out- 
voltage
Vdrop drop is large and the current is high
as they dissipate heat =

- Switching Mode Power Supply

• light weight
•switching regulator (dc – dc)
•highly efficient in the conversion of electrical power
•Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of SMPS
switches very quickly (typically between 50 kHz and 1 MHz)
SMPS for lab.
use Sensing (Instrument) Transformers
-Uninterruptible Power Supply
•An emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically mains power fails

- Potential Transformer
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 9 5/24/2023
- Current Transformer
 * Type of Transformers
Step-up transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is greater
than the primary voltage.

Step-down transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is less
than the primary voltage.

Isolation transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is equal to
the primary voltage.
- to isolate the power supply electrically from
the power line, which serves as a protection.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 10 5/24/2023
 * Type of Transformers
The picture can't be display ed.

Pole-mounted transformer Household transformer Dry type distribution

transformer

Current transformer (CT)

Power transformer
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 11 5/24/2023
 Ideal Transformer Model

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 12 5/24/2023

 * Ideal Transformer
 An ideal transformer has:
– no real power losses (no winding resistance)
– magnetic core has infinite permeability (no core reluctance,
similar to resistance in electric circuit)
– no leakage flux (all flux is confined in the core & links both
primary & secondary windings)
– No core losses

 We will define the “primary” side of the transformer as the

side that usually takes power, and the “secondary” as the side
that usually delivers power.
– primary is usually the side with the higher voltage, but may be the
low voltage side on a generator step-up transformer.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 13 5/24/2023

 * Ideal Transformer

Physical Model

 Made up of inductors/coils
 Not electrically connected.
 An AC voltage applied to
 the primary induces an AC
 voltage in the secondary.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 14 5/24/2023

 * Voltage Polarity & Current Direction
Ip Is

Dot Convention/standard:
1. If the primary voltage is positive at the dotted end of winding
with respect to undotted end, then the secondary voltage will
be positive at the dotted end also. Voltage polarities are the
same with respect to the dots on each of the core
2. If primary current of the transformer flows into the dotted end
of the primary winding, the secondary current will flow out
the dotted end of the secondary winding
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 15 5/24/2023
 * Voltage Polarity & Current Direction
The direction of the windings determines the polarity
of the voltage across the secondary winding with
respect to the voltage across the primary. Phase dots
are sometimes used to indicate polarities.

In phase Out of phase

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 16 5/24/2023

 * 2 winding, 1Φ Transformer

Notation:
1=primary
2=secondary

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 17 5/24/2023

 * 2 winding, 1Φ Transformer

From Faradays Law & Lenz’s law, the turns ratio of a transformer is
equal to the voltage ratio of the component:

V1 N1 N1
 and we a
V2 N 2 define also N2
Where a is defined as turn ratio
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 18 5/24/2023
 * 2 winding, 1Φ Transformer

For example:

N2 1
V2  V1  (120Vac )  30Vac
N1 4

N1 V1
a  4
N 2 V2
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 19 5/24/2023
 * 2 winding, 1Φ Transformer

Assuming the transformer is 100% efficient, then the power

delivered & received from winding 1 to winding to is SAME, thus:

V1
S1  V I  V I  S 2
* *
and I 2  I1
1 1 2 2
V2

N1
Therefore: I 2  I1  at I1
N2
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 20 5/24/2023
 * 2 winding, 1Φ Transformer

Consider the source, transformer, and load shown in the circuit

below. Determine the rms values of the currents and voltages
(a) with the switch open and
(b) with the switch closed.

240Vrms
50Hz

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 21 5/24/2023

 * 2 winding, 1Φ Transformer

Solution

Given V1 = 240 Vrms

Voltage applied to the load is
N2 1
V2  V1  (240)  48V
N1 5
(a) With the switch open, the secondary current is zero. Hence, the
primary current is also zero. Why?. Because no power transfer between
the two “circuit” (remember : S=VI*).
(b) With the switch closed: V2 48
 I2    4 .8 A
RL 10
N2 1
and I1  I 2  (4.8)  0.96 A
N1 5
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 22 5/24/2023
 * Transformer rating
 The rating of a transformer is stated as Volt Ampere (VA)
 The transformer rating can be calculated as either V1I1 or V2I2
where I2 is the full load secondary current.
 E.g. transformer is rated(nameplate) at 500kVA, 11kV/415V,
50Hz :
 Means: “This transformer is capable of transferring a
normal/nominal of up to 500kVA of complex power
between primary & secondary winding. Its primary &
secondary winding is capable of having a nominal/normal
voltage of up to 11kV & 415V respectively. The whole
transformer can only be placed at a system with
frequency of 50Hz.”

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 23 5/24/2023

 * Power in an ideal transformer
Assuming that 1 and 2 are the angles between voltages and
currents on the primary and secondary windings respectively, the
power supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit is:

Pin = V1 I1 cos1
The power supplied to the output circuit is:

Pout = V2 I2 cos2
Since ideal transformers do not affect angles between voltages
and currents:
1 = 2 = 
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 24 5/24/2023
 * Power in an ideal transformer
Since for an ideal transformer the following holds:

V1
V2  ; I 2  aI1
a
Therefore:
V1
Pout  aI1 cos   V1 I1 cos   Pin
a
The output power of an ideal transformer equals to its input
power – to be expected since assumed no loss. Similarly, for
reactive and apparent powers:

Qout  V2 I 2 sin   V1 I1 sin   Qin

S out  V2 I 2  V1 I1  Sin

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 25 5/24/2023

 * Impedance Transformation

The impedance is defined as a following ratio of phasors:

ZL = VL/IL
A transformer changes voltages and currents and, therefore, an
apparent impedance of the load that is given by
ZL = V2/I2
The secondary impedance referred to primary is:
aV2 2 V2
Z  V1 / I1 
'
L a  a2ZL
I2 / a I2
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 26 5/24/2023
 * Impedance Transformation

Using the same argument, the impedance in primary as seen

from the secondary is defined as:
Z1 = V1/I1
The primary impedance referred to secondary is:

V1 / a 1 V1 1
Z  V2 / I 2 
"
1  2  2 Z1
I 1a a I1 a

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 27 5/24/2023

 * Impedance Transformation

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 28 5/24/2023

 Example 1.2 (Glover, pg100)

A single phase , 2 winding transformer is rated at 20kVA,

480/120V, 60Hz. A source connected to the 480V winding supplies
an impedance load connected to the secondary winding. When
the secondary voltage is at 118V, The load absorbs 15kVA at 0.8pf
lagging.(assume ideal transformer & select 118 V as reference)
Calculate:
a) Voltage applied across the primary winding (V1)
b) The actual load impedance (Z2)
c) The load impedance referred to the primary winding
(Z’2)
d) The real & reactive power supplied at the primary
winding

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 29 5/24/2023

 Solution
* Step1 : draw & label equivalent diagram (picture tells a 1000
words!!) & write down all information given!.
info given :
N1 480
1. at   4
N 2 120
2. S2  15kVA @ 0.8pf lag  S 2  15 cos 1 (0.8) kVA
3. f  60Hz

* Part a : V1  atV2  4(1180o )  4720o

* Part b: S 2  V2 I 2*  (11800 ) I 2*  1536.87 o kVA
S V
 I 2*  2  12736.87 o  I 2  127  36.87 o A  2
V2 Z2
V2
 Z2   0.9336.87 o 
I2

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 30 5/24/2023

 Part c :  Z '
2  a Z
t 2  4 2
( 0 .9336. 87 o
)  14.8536. 87 o


Part d: S 2  S1  1536.87 o kVA  12000  j 9000  P  jQ

 P  12000 W
 Q  9000 Var

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 31 5/24/2023

 Example 2

Consider the circuit shown below. Find the phasor currents and
voltages at both primary & secondary winding. Also, find the real &
reactive power delivered to the load.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 32 5/24/2023

 Solution

Step1: Impedance at the Z L  (10  j 20)

secondary:
2
 N1 
Z L  a Z L    Z L
Step 2: Load Impedance ' 2
reflected/referred at the
primary:
 N2 
2
 10 
   (10  j 20)  (1000  j 2000)
1

'
Step 3: Total Z T  R1  Z L  1000  1000  j 2000
impedance (all
referred at primary)  (2000  j 2000)  282845

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 33 5/24/2023

 Solution

Step 4: Primary current and voltage (refer equivalent circuit referred to primary):

VS 10000
I1    0.3536  45 A
Z T 282845
'
V1  I1Z L  (0.3536  45)(1000  j 2000)
 (0.3536  45)(223663.43)  790.618.43V

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 34 5/24/2023

 Solution

Step 5: Secondary current and voltage (refer original circuit):

N1  10 
I2  I1   (0.3536  45)  3.536  45 A
N2 1
N2 1
V2  V1   (790.618.43)  79.0618.43V
N1  10 

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 35 5/24/2023

 Solution

Step 6: Real & Reactive Power delivered to the load:

S1  S 2  V2 I 2*  (79.0618.43)(3.53645)
 27963.4
 124.9  j 249.5

Since S2 = PL +jQL
PL = 124.9 W QL = 249.5 VAR

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 36 5/24/2023

 * Rule of Thumb

 If given the turns ratio & you know the voltage or current of winding 1,
you can always find V&I for winding 2 by only using the turns ratio
relationship.
 If only given : turn ratio, impedances for winding 1 & 2, & source
voltage (Vs) of winding 1, then…
To calculate V & I at winding 1
1. Reflect all impedance from winding 2 to 1
2. Use Ohms law to calculate the V & I of winding 1 using the total
impedance (Total impedance = impedance at winding 1 plus the ones
reflected at winding 1)
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 37 5/24/2023
 * Rule of Thumb

 If given the turns ratio & you know the voltage or current of winding 1,
you can always find V&I for winding 2 by only using the turns ratio
relationship.
 If only given : turn ratio, impedances for winding 1 & 2, & source
voltage (Vs) of winding 1, then…
To calculate V & I at winding 2
1. Convert V & I at winding 1 to winding 2 using the turns ratio relationship
To calculate power
Power at winding 1 = power at winding 2

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 38 5/24/2023

 * Real Transformer
Real transformer differs from the
ideal transformer:
 The windings have resistance.
 The core permeability c is finite
 The magnetic flux is not entirely
confined to the core
 There are Real Power losses
— core losses due to eddy currents
and hysteresis
— resistance in windings (i2 R)
 Reactive Power Loses – magnetization
& flux leakages

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 39 5/24/2023

 * Transformer Core Losses
Eddy currents arise because of changing flux in core.
Eddy currents are reduced by laminating the core

Hysteresis losses are proportional to area of BH curve

and the frequency
These losses are
reduced by using
material with a
thin BH curve

© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights

Reserved. 40 Chapter 3: Power Transformers
 * Transformer Core Losses

Mutual & Leakage flux of a transformer core

© 2012 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights

Reserved. 41 Chapter 3: Power Transformers
 * Transformer Losses

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 42 5/24/2023

 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit

 R1 : primary winding resistance I2R losses (real power loss)

 R2 : secondary winding resistance I2R losses (real power loss)
 X1 : primary winding leakage reactance I2X loss (reactive power
loss)
 X2 : secondary winding leakage reactance I2X loss (reactive
power loss)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 43 5/24/2023

 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit

 Ie = excitation current
I e  I c  I m  (Gc  jBm ) E1
 Im = magnetizing
 N1 
I m  I1    I1   jBm E1
 N2 
 R 
where Bm   c 2   shunt inductor susceptance
 N1 
 Ic= core loss current (GC is core loss current conductance)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 44 5/24/2023

 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit

Ideal
transformer

E1  4.44 fN1 max I 2' N1  I 2 N 2

E2  4.44 fN 2  max E1 I 2 N1
 
E2 I1 N 2

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 45 5/24/2023

 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit
Referred to Primary

Ideal
transformer
2 2
 N1   N1 
R  
'
2
 R2  a 2 R2 and X  
'
2
 X 2  a 2 X 2
 N2   N2 
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 46 5/24/2023
 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit
Referred to Primary

E2  V2  Z 2 I 2 , E2  ( N 2 / N1 ) E1 and I 2  ( N1 / N 2 ) I 2'
2
N1  N1 
 E1  V2    Z 2 I 2' Z 2'  R2'  jX 2'
N2  N2  2 2
 N1   N1 
 E1  V2'  Z 2' I 2'  Z  
'
2
 R2  j   X 2
 N2   N2 
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 47 5/24/2023
 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit
Referred to Primary - neglect core losses (ignore shunt branch)

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit
Referred to Primary - neglect core losses (ignore shunt branch)
& ignore resistive winding losses )

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit
Approximate equivalent circuit referred to the Primary.
(R1, X1 << Rc, Xm)
 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit
Approximate equivalent circuit referred to the Secondary.
(R1, X1 << Rc, Xm)
 * Transformer Equivalent Circuit
Further approximation of equivalent circuit – normal
transformer with high permeability & small core losses
* Determination of Transformer Parameter
Open-circuit test (no load) : to find the shunt
admittance (Y)

Where P0 is the
transformer core loss and
Xm1 is the magnetizing
reactance

Io = open circuit current

* Determination of Transformer Parameter
Short-circuit test : to find the series impedances (Z)

Where PSC , VSC and ISC are

short circuit power,
voltage and current. Ze1 is
the equivalent leakage
impedance
 * Example
A single-phase two-winding transformer is rated 20 kVA, 480/120
volts, 60 Hz is being tested. During a short-circuit test, where
rated current at rated frequency is applied to the 480-volt
winding (denoted winding 1), with the 120-volt winding (winding
2) shorted, the following readings are obtained:
V1 = 35 volts, P1 = 300 W.
During an open-circuit test, where rated voltage is applied to
winding 2, with winding 1 open, the following readings are
obtained:
I2 = 12 A, P2 = 200 W.

Questions:
1. From the short circuit test, find the equivalent series
impedances (neglect shunt admittances)
2. From open circuit test, determine the shunt admittances (Ym)
referred to winding 1. neglect the series impedances.
 * Example
Solution
Part a: step 1 draw equivalent circuit of SC test & write down all
info given:

OR

Srated 20kVA
Given : I rated    41.667 A
V1 = 35V V1, rated 480V
P1 = 300W
P 300
R eq    0.173
I 2rated 41.667 2

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Example
Solution

Given :
V1 = 35V
P1 = 300W

V1 35
Zeq    0.84
I rated 41.667
2 2
 X eq  Zeq  R eq  0.84 2  0.1732  0.822
 Z eq  R eq  jX eq  0.173  j 0.822   0.84078.13

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Example
Solution
* Part b: step 1 draw equivalent circuit of OC test & write down all
info given: V2 = 120V P2 = 200W
OR

480
V1  at V2rated  120  480V
120
1 1 1
Re member : Y m G c  jBm , where Y m , Gc  , Bm 
Zm Rc Xm
P2 200
Gc  2
 2
 0.000868 S
V1 480

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Example
Solution
* Part b: step 1 draw equivalent circuit of OC test & write down all
info given: V2 = 120V P2 = 200W

 N2 
 I 2
I1 N
V1  I1Z m   1
Ym Ym
 N2 
 I 2  120  12
 N1  480 
Ym    0.00625 S
V1 480
2 2
B m  Y m  G c  0.006252  0.0008682  0.00619 S
Y m G c  jB m  0.000868  j 0.00619 S  0.00625  82.02 o S

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Transformer Performance
Efficiency of a transformer in percent is given by
output power
 100%
input power

Voltage Regulation – the change in the magnitude of the secondary

terminal voltage from no-load to full-load.

no load voltage  full load voltage

Voltage regulation   100%
no load voltage
 * Transformer Performance
Example

A 5MVA, 1kV/400V, single-phase transformer has a secondary terminal

voltage of 387.6 V when loaded. Determine the regulation of the
transformer

Solution

400  387 .6
 100 %  3 .1 %
400
 * Autotransformers
 An autotransformer is an electrical
transformer with only one winding
 the windings are both electrically
and magnetically coupled
 Some portions of the same winding
act as both the primary and
secondary.
 Same operation as two windings
transformer, but sliding connection
allows for variable voltage

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Autotransformers

 An example of a variable
autotransformer is known
as a Variac.
 A Variac is a single coil
with a sweeping arm for
the center common, this
allows the ratio of primary
turns and secondary turns
to be altered easily.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Autotransformers

* The voltages and currents are related by the same turns ratio
as in a two-winding transformer:

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Autotransformers
 Advantages
— The autotransformer has smaller per-unit leakage
impedances than the usual transformer, this results in both
smaller series voltage drops
— has lower per-unit losses (higher efficiency)
— lower exciting current
— lower cost if the turns ratio is not too large
 Disadvantages
— higher short-circuit currents
— electrical connection of the windings allows transient over
voltages to pass through the autotransformer more easily.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
 * Example
* A 1, 100 kVA, 2000/200 V two-winding transformer is
connected as an autotransformer as shown in Figure
below such that more than 2200 V is obtained at the
secondary. The portion ab is the 200 V winding, and
the portion bc is the 2000 V winding. Compute the
kVA rating as an autotransformer

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 Solution
* The current rating of the winding are:

* Therefore, for full-load operation of

the autotransformer, the terminal
currents are:

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 Solution

* Now, VL = 2000V and VH = 2200V. Therefore:

2000  550
KVAL   1100 KVA
1000
2200  500
KVAH   1100 KVA
1000

* Note: A 1φ, 100 kVA, two-winding transformer when

connected as an autotransformer can deliver 1100 kVA of
apparent power.

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Applications of autotransformer
 Boosting or bucking of a supply voltage by a small amount.
(The smaller difference voltage between the output and
input voltages the greater is the saving of winding material.)
 Starting of ac machines, e.g. induction motor, where the
voltage is raised in two or more steps from a small value to
the full supply voltage.
 Continuously variable ac supply voltages, normally
connected between a low voltage supply in and a high
voltage supply out.
 Production of very high voltages, e.g. 275kV and 400kV grid
system

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

 * Three-phase Transformer

a. Three
one-phase transformers are b. Three-phasetransformer
composed to be a three-phase wrapped around single three-
transformer bank legged core
 * Three-phase Transformer
Connection technique
a
Wye (star) c
 Connect the end
of each winding
at a common
point b

Delta a

 Connect the end

of a winding with
the begining of
another winding c
b
 * Three-phase Transformer
Three-Phase Transformer Connections.
 End

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA 73 5/24/2023