log10 P), where a is the altitude in meters and P is

the pressure in pascals (1 psi ≈ 6900 pascals). What

7-5 Properties of Logarithms is the air pressure at the summit in pascals for each
mountain listed in the table at the right?

Use log4 3 ≈ 0.7925 and log4 5 ≈ 1.1610 to

approximate the value of each expression.
1. log4 18

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
Substitute 8850 for a, then evaluate P.

2. log4 15

SOLUTION:

3.
The air pressure at the summit of Mt. Everest is
about 26,855.44 pascals.
SOLUTION:
Substitute 7074 for a, then evaluate P.

4.

SOLUTION:

The air pressure at the summit of Mt. Trisuli is about

34963.34 pascals.
5. MOUNTAIN CLIMBING As elevation increases, Substitute 6872 for a, then evaluate P.
the atmospheric air pressure decreases. The formula
for pressure based on elevation is a = 15,500(5 −
log10 P), where a is the altitude in meters and P is
the pressure in pascals (1 psi ≈ 6900 pascals). What
is the air pressure at the summit in pascals for each
mountain listed in the table at the right?

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

The air pressure at the summit of Mt. Bonete is

 The air pressure at the summit of Mt. Trisuli is about
34963.34 pascals.
7-5 Properties of Logarithms The air pressure at the summit of Mt. Logan is
Substitute 6872 for a, then evaluate P. 41261.82 pascals.

Given log3 5 ≈ 1.465 and log5 7 ≈ 1.2091,

approximate the value of each expression.
6. log3 25

SOLUTION:

The air pressure at the summit of Mt. Bonete is

about 36028.42 pascals. 7. log5 49
Substitute 6194 for a, then evaluate P.
SOLUTION:

Solve each equation. Check your solutions.

8. log4 48 − log4 n = log4 6

SOLUTION:

The air pressure at the summit of Mt. McKinley is

about 39846.22 pascals.
Substitute 5959 for a, then evaluate P.

9. log3 2x + log3 7 = log3 28

SOLUTION:

The air pressure at the summit of Mt. Logan is

41261.82 pascals. 10. 3 log2 x = log2 8
Given log3 5 ≈ 1.465 and log5 7 ≈ 1.2091, SOLUTION:
approximate the value of each expression.
6. log3 25

SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2

11. log a + log (a − 6) = 2

7-5 Properties of Logarithms

10. 3 log2 x = log2 8 13. log4 20

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

14.
11. log10 a + log10 (a − 6) = 2
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

15.

By quadratic formula: SOLUTION:

The logarithm is not defined for negative values. 16. log4 9

Therefore, the solution is 13.4403.
SOLUTION:
Use log4 2 = 0.5, log4 3 ≈ 0.7925 and log45 =
1.1610 to approximate the value of each
expression.
12. log4 30

SOLUTION:
17. log4 8

SOLUTION:

13. log4 20

SOLUTION:
18. SCIENCE The magnitude M of an earthquake is
measured on the Richter scale using the formula M
= log10 x, where x is the intensity of the seismic
wave causing the ground motion. In 2007, an
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero earthquake near San Francisco registered Page 3
approximately 5.6 on the Richter scale. The famous
14. San Francisco earthquake of 1906 measured 8.3 in
 18. SCIENCE The magnitude M of an earthquake is
measured on the Richter scale using the formula M
7-5 Properties of Logarithms
= log x, where x is the intensity of the seismic
10
wave causing the ground motion. In 2007, an
earthquake near San Francisco registered
approximately 5.6 on the Richter scale. The famous The ratio between the magnitudes is .
San Francisco earthquake of 1906 measured 8.3 in
magnitude.
0.4
a. How many times as intense was the 1906 Richter thought the earthquake was 10 or about
earthquake as the 2007 earthquake?
times more intense than it actually was.
b. Richter himself classified the 1906 earthquake as
having a magnitude of 8.3. More recent research
indicates it was most likely a 7.9. How many times
as great was the intensity of Richter's measure of the Given log6 8 ≈ 1.1606 and log7 9 ≈ 1.1292,
earthquake?
approximate the value of each expression.
19. log6 48

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
a. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on a
logarithmic scale called the Richter scale. The
magnitude M is given by M = log10 x, where x
represents the amplitude of the seismic wave causing
ground motion.
Substitute 8.3 and 5.6 for M , then evaluate the
corresponding values of x. 20. log7 81

SOLUTION:

21. log6 512

SOLUTION:

The ratio between the magnitudes is .

2.7
The 1906 earthquake was 10 or about 500 times
more intense than the 2007 earthquake.
b. Substitute 8.3 and 7.9 for M then evaluate the
corresponding values of x. 22. log7 729

SOLUTION:

CCSS PERSEVERANCE Solve each equation.

The ratio between the magnitudes is
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
. Check your solutions. Page 4
23. log3 56 − log3 n = log3 7
0.4
Richter thought the earthquake was 10 or about SOLUTION:
7-5 Properties of Logarithms The logarithm is not defined for negative values.
Therefore, the solution is 4.
CCSS PERSEVERANCE Solve each equation. 27. PROBABILITY In the 1930s, Dr. Frank Benford
Check your solutions. demonstrated a way to determine whether a set of
23. log3 56 − log3 n = log3 7 numbers has been randomly chosen or manually
chosen. If the sets of numbers were not randomly
SOLUTION:
chosen, then the Benford formula, ,
predicts the probability of a digit d being the first digit
of the set. For example, there is a 4.6% probability
that the first digit is 9.
a. Rewrite the formula to solve for the digit if given
the probability.
b. Find the digit that has a 9.7% probability of being
24. log2 (4x) + log2 5 = log2 40 selected.
c. Find the probability that the first digit is 1 (log10 2
SOLUTION: ≈ 0.30103).
SOLUTION:
a. Rewrite the function d in terms of P.

25. 5 log2 x = log2 32

SOLUTION:

b. Substitute 0.097 for P and evaluate.

26. log10 a + log10 (a + 21) = 2

SOLUTION:

c. Substitute 1 for d in the formula

and evaluate.

By the Zero Product Property:

Use log5 3 ≈ 0.6826 and log5 4 ≈ 0.8614 to

The logarithm is not defined for negative values. approximate the value of each expression.
Therefore, the solution is 4. 28. log5 40

eSolutions Manual - PoweredIn

27. PROBABILITY by the
Cognero
1930s,
Dr. Frank Benford SOLUTION: Page 5

demonstrated a way to determine whether a set of

numbers has been randomly chosen or manually
7-5 Properties of Logarithms

Use log5 3 ≈ 0.6826 and log5 4 ≈ 0.8614 to 32. log5 9

approximate the value of each expression.
SOLUTION:
28. log5 40

SOLUTION:

33. log5 16

SOLUTION:

29. log5 30

SOLUTION:

34. log5 12

SOLUTION:

30.
35. log5 27
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

31.
Solve each equation. Check your solutions.
SOLUTION: 36. log3 6 + log3 x = log3 12

SOLUTION:

32. log5 9

SOLUTION:

37. log4 a + log4 8 = log4 24

SOLUTION:
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 6

33. log5 16
7-5 Properties of Logarithms

37. log4 a + log4 8 = log4 24

40.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:

38. log10 18 − log10 3x = log10 2

SOLUTION:

41.

SOLUTION:

39. log7 100 − log7 (y + 5) = log7 10

SOLUTION:
Solve for n.
42. loga 6n − 3 loga x = loga x

SOLUTION:

40.

SOLUTION:

43. 2 logb 16 + 6 logb n = logb (x − 2)

SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 7

41.
7-5 Properties of Logarithms

43. 2 logb 16 + 6 logb n = logb (x − 2) 2

46. log2 (15b − 15) – log2 (−b + 1) = 1
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:

Solve each equation. Check your solutions.

Substitute each value into the original equation.
44. log10 z + log10 (z + 9) = 1

SOLUTION:

log20, log2(–142.5), and log2(–71.25) are

undefined, so 1 and –8.5 are extraneous solutions.
Therefore, the equation has no solution.

47. log4 (2y + 2) − log4 (y − 2) = 1

SOLUTION:

2
45. log3 (a + 3) + log3 3 = 3

SOLUTION:

48. log6 0.1 + 2 log6 x = log6 2 + log6 5

SOLUTION:

2
46. log2 (15b − 15) – log2 (−b + 1) = 1

SOLUTION:

Logarithms are not defined for negative values.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Therefore, the solution is 10. Page 8

49.
7-5 Properties of Logarithms

48. log6 0.1 + 2 log6 x = log6 2 + log6 5 50. CCSS REASONING The humpback whale is an
endangered species. Suppose there are 5000
SOLUTION: humpback whales in existence today, and the
population decreases at a rate of 4% per year.
a. Write a logarithmic function for the time in years
based upon population.
b. After how long will the population drop below
1000? Round your answer to the nearest year.
SOLUTION:
a. It’s more natural to write an exponential function
of population as a function of time. That would be:
Logarithms are not defined for negative values.
Therefore, the solution is 10.
Rewrite this as a log function.
49.

SOLUTION:

b. Substitute 1000 for p .

50. CCSS REASONING The humpback whale is an It will take about 39 years for the population to drop
endangered species. Suppose there are 5000 below 1000.
humpback whales in existence today, and the
population decreases at a rate of 4% per year. State whether each equation is true or false .
a. Write a logarithmic function for the time in years 51. log8 (x − 3) = log8 x − log8 3
based upon population.
b. After how long will the population drop below SOLUTION:
1000? Round your answer to the nearest year.
SOLUTION:
a. It’s more natural to write an exponential function Therefore, the equation is false.
of population as a function of time. That would be:
52. log5 22x = log5 22 + log5 x

Rewrite this as a log function. SOLUTION:

Therefore, the equation is true.

53. log10 19k = 19 log10 k

b. Substitute 1000 for p .
SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Therefore, the equation is false. Page 9

5
It will take about 39 years for the population to drop 54. log2 y = 5 log2 y
 SOLUTION:

7-5 Properties of Logarithms

Therefore, the equation is true. Therefore, the equation is true.

53. log10 19k = 19 log10 k 59. PARADE An equation for loudness L, in decibels, is
L = 10 log10 R, where R is the relative intensity of the
SOLUTION:
sound.
a. Solve 120 = 10 log10 R to find the relative intensity
of the Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade with a
Therefore, the equation is false.
loudness of 120 decibels depending on how close you
5 are.
54. log2 y = 5 log2 y b. Some parents with young children want the
decibel level lowered to 80. How many times less
SOLUTION:
intense would this be? In other words, find the ratio
of their intensities.
SOLUTION:
Therefore, the equation is true.
a. Solve for R.

55.

SOLUTION:

b. Substitute 80 for L and solve for R.

Therefore, the equation is true.

56. log4 (z + 2) = log4 z + log4 2

SOLUTION: The ratio of their intensities is .

4
Therefore, the ratio is 10 or about 10,000 times.
Therefore, the equation is false.
60. FINANCIAL LITERACY The average American
4 4 carries a credit card debt of approximately $8600
57. log8 p = (log8 p ) with an annual percentage rate (APR) of 18.3%.
SOLUTION:
The formula can be used to

Therefore, the equation is false.

compute the monthly payment m that is necessary to
pay off a credit card balance b in a given number of
58. years t, where r is the annual percentage rate and n
is the number of payments per year.
SOLUTION: a. What monthly payment should be made in order to
pay off the debt in exactly three years? What is the
total amount paid?

b. The equation can be used to

Therefore, the equation is true.

59. PARADE An equation for loudness L, in decibels, is calculate the number of years necessary for a given
L = 10 log10 R, where R is the relative intensity of the payment schedule. Copy and complete the table.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero c. Graph the information in the table from part b.
Page 10
sound.
d. If you could only afford to pay $100 a month, will
a. Solve 120 = 10 log10 R to find the relative intensity
you be able to pay off the debt? If so, how long will it
 b. The equation can be used to

7-5 Properties of Logarithms

calculate the number of years necessary for a given d. Logarithm is not defined for negative values.
payment schedule. Copy and complete the table.
c. Graph the information in the table from part b.
d. If you could only afford to pay $100 a month, will So,
you be able to pay off the debt? If so, how long will it
take? If not, why not?
e . What is the minimum monthly payment that will
work toward paying off the debt?
SOLUTION:
a. Substitute 8600, 0.183, 3 and 12 for b, r, t and n
respectively then evaluate.
No. The monthly interest is $131.15, so the payments
do not even cover the interest.

e . Since m >131.15, the minimum monthly payment

should be $131.16.

61. OPEN ENDED Write a logarithmic expression for

each condition. Then write the expanded expression.
The monthly payment should be $312.21. a. a product and a quotient
The total amount paid is $11,239.56. b. a product and a power
c. a product, a quotient, and a power
b. Substitute 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 for m
then solve for t. SOLUTION:

a. Sample answer:
4 6
b. Sample answer: logb m p = 4 logb m + 6 logb p
c. Sample answer:

62. CCSS ARGUMENTS Use the properties of

exponents to prove the Power Property of
Logarithms.
c. Graph the information in the table from part b.
SOLUTION:

63. WRITING IN MATH Explain why the following

are true.
a. logb 1 = 0
d. Logarithm is not defined for negative values.
b. logb b = 1
x
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eSolutions c. logb b = x Page 11

SOLUTION:
0
 SOLUTION:
logb 24 ≠ logb 20 + logb 4
7-5 Properties of Logarithms
All other choices are equal to logb 24.

63. WRITING IN MATH Explain why the following 66. REASONING Use the properties of logarithms to
are true.
a. logb 1 = 0 prove that

b. logb b = 1 SOLUTION:
x
c. logb b = x

SOLUTION:
0
a. logb 1 = 0, because b = 1.
1
b. logb b = 1, because b = b.
x x x 67. Simplify to find an exact numerical value.
c. logb b = x, because b = b .
SOLUTION:
64. CHALLENGE Simplify to find an exact
numerical value.
SOLUTION:

68. WRITING IN MATH Explain how the properties

of exponents and logarithms are related. Include
examples like the one shown at the beginning of the
lesson illustrating the Product Property, but with the
Quotient Property and Power Property of
Logarithms.
SOLUTION:
Since logarithms are exponents, the properties of
65. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG? Find the logarithms are similar to the properties of exponents.
expression that does not belong. Explain. The Product Property states that to multiply two
powers that have the same base, add the exponents.
Similarly, the logarithm of a product is the sum of the
logarithms of its factors.
The Quotient Property states that to divide two
powers that have the same base, subtract their
exponents. Similarly the logarithm of a quotient is the
difference of the logarithms of the numerator and the
denominator.
The Power Property states that to find the power of
a power, multiply the exponents. Similarly, the
logarithm of a power is the product of the logarithm
and the exponent. Answers should include the
SOLUTION: following.
logb 24 ≠ logb 20 + logb 4
All other choices are equal to logb 24. •

66. REASONING Use the properties of logarithms to

prove that
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12

SOLUTION:
 a power, multiply the exponents. Similarly, the
logarithm of a power is the product of the logarithm D There is no mode.
and the exponent. Answers should include the SOLUTION:
following.
7-5 Properties of Logarithms None of the data are repeated more than once.
Therefore, option D is correct.
•
70. SAT/ACT What is the effect on the graph of y =
2 2
4x when the equation is changed to y = 2x ?
F The graph is rotated 90 degrees about the origin.
G The graph is narrower.
H The graph is wider.
J The graph of y = 2x2 is a reflection of the graph y
2
= 4x across the x-axis.
K The graph is unchanged.
SOLUTION:
The graph is wider.
Option H is the correct answer.
x
71. SHORT RESPONSE In y = 6.5(1.07) , x
So, represents the number of years since 2000, and y
represents the approximate number of millions of
4 2 4 Americans 7 years of age and older who went
Power Property: log3 9 = log3 (3 ) Replace 9 with camping two or more times that year. Describe how
2 the number of millions of Americans who go camping
3.
(2 · 4) is changing over time.
= log3 3 Power of a
SOLUTION:
Power
= 2 · 4 or 8 Inverse Since x represents the number of years since 2000,
Property of Exponents and Logarithms the value of the exponent is always positive.
Therefore, it is growing exponentially.
4 log3 9 = (log3 9) · 4 Commutative Property ( ) 2
72. What are the x-intercepts of the graph of y = 4x −
2 2
= (log3 3 ) · 4 Replace 9 with 3 . 3x − 1?
= 2 · 4 or 8 Inverse Property of Exponents A.
and Logarithms

4
B.
So, log3 9 = 4 log3 9.
C. −1 and 1
• The Product of Powers Property and Product D.
Property of Logarithms both involve the addition of
exponents, since logarithms are exponents. SOLUTION:
69. Find the mode of the data. 22, 11, 12, 23, 7, 6, 17, 15, Substitute 0 for y and solve for x.
21, 19
A 11
B 15
C 16
D There is no mode.
SOLUTION:
None of the data are repeated more than once. By the Zero Product Property:
Therefore, option D is correct.

70. SAT/ACT What is the effect on the graph of y =

2 2
4x when the equation is changed to y = 2x ?
eSolutions
F The Manual
graph- Powered by Cognero
is rotated 90 degrees about the origin. Page 13

G The graph is narrower.

H The graph is wider. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
 SOLUTION:
Since x represents the number of years since 2000,
the value ofof
7-5 Properties theLogarithms
exponent is always positive.
Therefore, it is growing exponentially. Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
2 Solve each equation. Check your solutions.
72. What are the x-intercepts of the graph of y = 4x −
2
3x − 1? 73. log5 (3x − 1) = log5 (2x )
A. SOLUTION:

B.
C. −1 and 1
D.

SOLUTION:
Substitute 0 for y and solve for x.

By the Zero Product Property:

By the Zero Product Property:

Therefore, the solutions are 1 and .

2
74. log10 (x + 1) = 1

SOLUTION:
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.

Solve each equation. Check your solutions.

2
73. log5 (3x − 1) = log5 (2x )

SOLUTION:

Therefore, the solutions are .

2
75. log10 (x − 10x) = log10 (−21)

SOLUTION:
is not defined.
Therefore, there is no solution.

By the Zero Product Property: Evaluate each expression.

76. log10 0.001

SOLUTION:

Therefore, the solutions are 1 and .

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 14

2 x
74. log10 (x + 1) = 1 77. log4 16
 75. log10 (x − 10x) = log10 (−21)

SOLUTION:
7-5 Properties is
ofnot defined.
Logarithms
Therefore, there is no solution.

Evaluate each expression. Determine whether each pair of functions are

76. log10 0.001 inverse functions. Write yes or no.
80. f (x) = x + 73
SOLUTION: g(x) = x − 73
SOLUTION:

x
77. log4 16

SOLUTION:

Since , they are inverse

functions.

x
78. log3 27
81.
SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

79. ELECTRICITY The amount of current in amperes

I that an appliance uses can be calculated using the

formula , where P is the power in watts

and R is the resistance in ohms. How much current
does an appliance use if P = 120 watts and R = 3
ohms? Round to the nearest tenth.
SOLUTION:
Substitute 120 and 3 for P and R and evaluate.

Since , they are not inverse

functions.

82. SCULPTING Antonio is preparing to make an ice

sculpture. He has a block of ice that he wants to
eSolutions Manual - Powered
Determine whether by Cognero
each pair
of functions are Page 15
reduce in size by shaving off the same amount from
inverse functions. Write yes or no. the length, width, and height. He wants to reduce the
80. f (x) = x + 73 volume of the ice block to 24 cubic feet.
 The expression is a prime.

Since
7-5 Properties of Logarithms , they are not inverse So, x = 1.
functions. He should take 1 ft from each dimension.

82. SCULPTING Antonio is preparing to make an ice Solve each equation or inequality. Check your
sculpture. He has a block of ice that he wants to solution.
reduce in size by shaving off the same amount from 4x 3−x
83. 3 = 3
the length, width, and height. He wants to reduce the
volume of the ice block to 24 cubic feet. SOLUTION:

The solution is .
a. Write a polynomial equation to model this situation.
b. How much should he take from each dimension?
84.
SOLUTION:
a. The dimensions of the ice block is 3 ft, 4 ft and 5 SOLUTION:
ft.
Let x be the shaving off the amount of ice in a side.
The equation representing this situation is:

b. Solve the above equation.

The solution region is n ≤ –1.

5x 1−x x−3
85. 3 · 81 =9
SOLUTION:

By the Zero Product Property:

The expression is a prime.

So, x = 1. The solution is 10.

He should take 1 ft from each dimension.
86.
Solve each equation or inequality. Check your
solution. SOLUTION:
4x 3−x
83. 3 = 3
SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 16

7-5 Properties of Logarithms
The solution is 10.

86.
SOLUTION:

By the Zero Product Property:

Therefore, the solutions are –3 and 5.

87. log2 (x + 6) > 5

SOLUTION:

The solution region is x > 26.

88. log5 (4x − 1) = log5 (3x + 2)

SOLUTION:

The solution is 3.

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