1) Newton's law of universal gravitation describes how every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets around the sun, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, a line from the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun.
3) A body in orbit around a massive body like a planet orbiting the sun has a total mechanical energy that is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies,
1) Newton's law of universal gravitation describes how every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets around the sun, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, a line from the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun.
3) A body in orbit around a massive body like a planet orbiting the sun has a total mechanical energy that is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies,
1) Newton's law of universal gravitation describes how every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets around the sun, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, a line from the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun.
3) A body in orbit around a massive body like a planet orbiting the sun has a total mechanical energy that is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies,
1) Newton's law of universal gravitation describes how every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Kepler's laws describe the motion of planets around the sun, including that planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, a line from the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times, and the square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun.
3) A body in orbit around a massive body like a planet orbiting the sun has a total mechanical energy that is the sum of its kinetic and potential energies,
GRAVITATION Newton Law of Universal Gravitation ◼ “Every particle in the Universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.” Newton Law of Universal Gravitation ◼ Mathematically, Newton’s law of universal gravitation can be expressed as
◼ G is the universal gravitational constant
◼ It is a form of an inverse square law
Newton Law of Universal Gravitation ◼ Example: ◼ Three 0.300-kg billiard balls are placed on a table at the corners of a right triangle, as shown from overhead in on next slide. (a) Find the net gravitational force on the cue ball (designated as m1) resulting from the forces exerted by the other two balls. (b) Find the components of the gravitational force of m2 on m3. Newton Law of Universal Gravitation Newton Law of Universal Gravitation ◼ a) Newton Law of Universal Gravitation ◼ b) Newton Law of Universal Gravitation ◼ If an object of mass m is on the Earth’s surface then the magnitude of the force that the Earth exerts on the object becomes
◼ ME is Earth’s mass, RE is Earth’s
radius. This force is directed towards the Earth’s center. Newton Law of Universal Gravitation ◼ If an object of mass m is at the height h from the Earth’s surface then the magnitude of the force that the Earth exerts on the object becomes
◼ Here r = ME + h Newton Law of Universal Gravitation ◼ From Newton’s second law of motion,
◼ Therefore acceleration due to gravity g
decreases with hieght Newton Law of Universal Gravitation Gravitational Potential Energy ◼ Potential energy associated with an object could be calculated from the equation PE = mgh, where h is the height of the object above or below some reference level.
◼ This equation, however, is valid only
when the object is near Earth’s surface. Gravitational Potential Energy ◼ For objects high above Earth’s surface, such as a satellite, an alternative must be used, because g varies with distance from the surface. ◼ The gravitational potential energy associated with an object of mass m at a distance r from the center of Earth is Gravitational Potential Energy ◼ EXAMPLE ◼ An asteroid with mass m =1.00 x 109 kg comes from deep space, effectively from infinity, and falls toward Earth. (a) Find the change in potential energy when it reaches a point 4.00 x 108 m from Earth (just beyond the Moon), assuming it falls from rest at infinity. In addition, find the work done by the force of gravity. Gravitational Potential Energy ◼ Solution Escape speed (velocity) ◼ If an object is projected upward from Earth’s surface with a large enough speed, it can soar off into space and never return. This speed is called Earth’s escape speed.
◼ Earth’s escape speed can be found by
applying conservation of energy. Escape speed (velocity) ◼ Suppose an object of mass m is projected vertically upward from Earth’s surface with an initial speed vi. The initial mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential energy) of the object–Earth system is given by Escape speed (velocity)
◼ We neglect air resistance and
assume that the initial speed is just large enough to allow the object to reach infinity with a speed of zero. This value of vi is the escape speed vesc. Escape speed (velocity)
◼ When the object is at an infinite
distance from Earth, its kinetic energy is zero, because vf = 0, and the gravitational potential energy is also zero, because 1/r goes to zero as r goes to infinity Escape speed (velocity)
◼ Hence the total mechanical energy
is zero, and the law of conservation of energy gives Escape speed (velocity)
◼ The escape speed for Earth is about
11.2 km/s. ◼ Note that the expression for vesc doesn’t depend on the mass of the object projected from Earth, so a spacecraft has the same escape speed as a molecule. Escape speed (velocity) Kepler’s Laws
◼ Kepler’s laws describe the motion
of planets around the sun.. Kepler’s First Law ◼ “All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.”
◼ The first law arises as a natural
consequence of the inverse-square nature of Newton’s law of gravitation. Any object bound to another by a force that varies as 1/r2 will move in an elliptical orbit. Kepler’s First Law ◼ An ellipse is a curve drawn so that the sum of the distances from any point on the curve to two internal points called focal points or foci (singular, focus) is always the same. Kepler’s First Law ◼ The semimajor axis a is half the length of the line that goes across the ellipse and contains both foci. For the Sun– planet configuration, the Sun is at one focus and the other focus is empty. Because the orbit is an ellipse, the distance from the Sun to the planet continuously changes. Kepler’s Second Law ◼ “A line drawn from the Sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.”
◼ In a given period t, the planet moves from
point A to point B. The planet moves more slowly on that side of the orbit because it’s farther away from the sun. Kepler’s Second Law ◼ On the opposite side of its orbit, the planet moves from point C to point D in the same amount of time, t, moving faster because it’s closer to the sun.
◼ Kepler’s second law says that any two
wedges formed as in the Figure on the previous slide will always have the same area Kepler’s Third Law ◼ “The square of the orbital period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the average distance from the planet to the Sun.”
◼ The derivation of Kepler’s third law is
simple enough to carry out for the special case of a circular orbit Kepler’s Third Law ◼ Consider a planet of mass Mp moving around the Sun, which has a mass of MS , in a circular orbit. Because the orbit is circular, the planet moves at a constant speed v. Newton’s second law, his law of gravitation, and centripetal acceleration then give the following equation: Kepler’s Third Law ◼ The speed v of the planet in its orbit is equal to the circumference of the orbit divided by the time required for one revolution, T, called the period of the planet, so v = 2πr/T. Substituting, the preceding expression becomes Kepler’s Third Law ◼ EXAMPLE ◼ From a telecommunications point of view, it’s advantageous for satellites to remain at the same location relative to a location on the Earth. This can occur only if the satellite’s orbital period is the same as the Earth’s period of rotation, 24.0 h. (a) At what distance from the center of the Earth can this geosynchronous orbit be found? (b) What’s the orbital speed of the satellite? Kepler’s Third Law ◼ Solution ◼ (a)
◼ (b) Energy in Planetary and Satellite Motion ◼ Consider a body of mass m moving with a speed v in the vicinity of a massive body of mass M, where M˃˃m
◼ The system might be a planet moving
around the Sun, a satellite (including artificial satellites) in orbit around the Earth, or a comet making a one-time flyby of the Sun. Energy in Planetary and Satellite Motion ◼ If we assume that the body of mass M is at rest in an inertial reference frame, then the total mechanical energy E of the two-body system when the bodies are separated by a distance r is the sum of the kinetic energy of the body of mass m and the potential energy of the system, given by Energy in Planetary and Satellite Motion ◼ This equation shows that E may be positive, negative, or zero, depending on the value of v.
◼ Newton’s second law applied to the
body of mass m gives Energy in Planetary and Satellite Motion ◼ Multiplying both sides by r and dividing by 2 gives
◼ Therefore, Energy in Planetary and Satellite Motion ◼ This result clearly shows that the total mechanical energy is negative in the case of circular orbits.
◼ Note that the kinetic energy is
positive and equal to one-half the absolute value of the potential energy.
