11.

ELLIPSE

1. INTRODUCTION
An ellipse is defined as the locus of a point which moves such that the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (called
focus) to its distance from a fixed straight line (called directrix, not passing through fixed point) is always constant
and less than unity. The constant ratio is denoted by e and is known as the eccentricity of the ellipse.
Ellipse can also be defined as the locus of a point such that the sum of distances from two fixed points (foci)
is constant. i.e. SP + S’P = constant where S1S' are foci (two fixed points), P being a point on it. It has a lot of
applications in various fields. One of the most commonly known applications is Kepler’s first law of planetary
motion, which says that the path of each planet is an ellipse with the sun at one focus.

Illustration 1: Find the equation of the ellipse whose focus is (1, 0) and the directrix x + y + 1 = 0 and eccentricity
1
is equal to .  (JEE MAIN)
2
Z
Sol: Using the definition of ellipse we can easily get the equation of ellipse.
Let S (1, 0) be the focus and ZZ’ be the directrix. Let P(x, y) be any point on the ellipse
and PM be the perpendicular drawn from P on the directrix. Then by definition
P(x,y)
M
1
SP = e. PM, where e = .
2
x + y + 1 = 10

2
2 2 2 2 2 1 x + y + 1
⇒ SP = e PM ⇒ (x − 1) + (y − 0) = 
2 1+1 
S (focus)
⇒ 4{(x − 1)2 + y 2 } = (x + y + 1)2

⇒ 4x2 + 4y 2 − 8x + 4 = x2 + y 2 + 1 + 2xy + 2x + 2y

⇒ 3x2 + 3y 2 − 2xy − 10x − 2y + 3 =0 Z’

Figure 11.1
2 2
Note: The general equation of a conic can be taken as ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c =0

This equation represents ellipse if it is non degenerate (i.e. eq. cannot be written into two linear factors)
 a h g
 
Condition: ∆ ≠ 0, h < ab. Where  ∆ = h b f 
2

 g f c 

1 1 . 2 | Ellipse

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

• The general equation ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 can be written in matrix form as

 a h g  x 
a h   x    
 x y      + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 and  x y 1 h b f   y  = 0
h b   y  g f c  1 
  
Degeneracy condition depends on determinant of 3x3 matrix and the type of conic depends on
determinant of 2x2 matrix.
•  Also the equation can be taken as the intersection of z =ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 and the plane
z= − ( 2gx + 2fy + c )
Vaibhav Gupta (JEE 2009, AIR 54)

2. STANDARD EQUATION OF ELLIPSE

Let the origin be the centre of the ellipse and the major and minor axis be on the x-axis and y-axis respectively. It
means foci lies on x-axis and the coordinates of F1 are (-c, o) and F2 be (c, o). Let P be any point (x, y) on the ellipse.
By the definition of the ellipse, the sum of the distances from any point P(x, y) to foci F1 and F2 = constant.
Let us consider this constant to be 2a for the sake of simplicity.
PF1 + PF2 = 2a …(i)

PF1 2 = (x + c)2 + (y –0) 2

⇒ PF1 = (x + c)2 + y 2  …(ii)

Similarly, PF2 = (x − c)2 + y 2  …(iii)

Putting the value of PF1 and PF2 in (i) from (ii) and (iii), we get

(x + c)2 + y 2 + (x − c)2 + y 2 =
2a ⇒ (x + c)2 + y 2 = 2a − (x − c)2 + y 2
On squaring, we get

(x + c)2 + y 2 = 4a2 − 4a (x − c)2 + y 2 + (x − c)2 + y 2

Y
x2 + 2cx + c2 + y 2 = 4a2 − 4a (x − c)2 + y 2 + x2 − 2cx + c2 + y 2
C P(x,y)
⇒ 4cx = 4a2 − 4a (x − c)2 + y 2
A O B
⇒ 4a (x − c)2 + y 2 = 4a2 − 4cx X’ X
F₁(-c,0) F₂(c,0)
c
⇒ (x − c)2 + y 2 =a − x D
a
Squaring both sides, we get
2 Y’
c 
(x − c)2 + y 2 = a2 − 2cx +  x  Figure 11.2
a 
c2
⇒ x2 − 2cx + c2 + y 2 =a2 − 2cx + x2
2
a
 M a them a ti cs | 11.3

 c2 
⇒  1 − 2  x2 + y 2 = a2 − c2
 a 


 a2 − c2  2
⇒   x + y 2 = a2 − c2
 a2 
 

x2 y2 x2 y 2
+ 1
= + 1
= …(iv)
2
a a2 − c2 a2 b2
2
[taking b= a2 − c2 ]
This is the standard form of the equation of an ellipse

x2 y2
+ = b2 a2 (1 − e2 ) i.e. b > a
1 , Where =
2 2
a b

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

x2 y2
Domain and range of an ellipse + 1 are [–a, a] and [–b, b] respectively.
=
a2 b2
Vaibhav Krishnan (JEE 2009, AIR 22)

3. TERMS RELATED TO AN ELLIPSE

Vertices: The points A and A’, in the figure where the curve meets the line joining the foci S and S’, are called the
vertices of the ellipse. The coordinates of A and A’ are (a, 0) and (–a, 0) respectively.

Major and Minor Axes: In the figure, the distance AA’= 2a and BB’= 2b are called the major and minor axes of the
b2 a2 (1 − e2 ) . Therefore a > b ⇒ AA’ > BB’.
ellipse. Since e<1 and =

Foci: In figure, the points S (ae, 0) and S’ (–ae, 0) are the foci of the ellipse.

Directrix: ZK and Z’K’ are two directrix of the ellipse and their equations are x = a/e and x=– a/e respectively.

Centre: Since the centre of a conic section is a point which bisects every chord passing through it. In case of the
x2 y2
ellipse + 1 every chord is bisected at C (0, 0). Therefore, C is the centre of the ellipse in the figure and C is
=
a2 b2
the mid-point of AA’.
2 2
x2 y2  Minor axis  b
Eccentricity of the Ellipse: The eccentricity of ellipse + 1 , a > b is e =
= 1− 1− 
 =
 Major axis  a
2 2
a b

Ordinate and Double Ordinate: Let P be a point on the ellipse and let PN be
perpendicular to the major axis AA’ such that PN produced meets the ellipse at M L
P’. Then PN is called the ordinate of P and PNP’ the double ordinate of P.

Latus Rectum: It is a double ordinate passing through the focus. In Fig. 3, LL’ S S’

is the latus rectum and LS is called the semi-latus rectum. MSM’ is also a latus
M’ L’
2b2 x2 y2
rectum. The length of latus rectum of the ellipse + 1 , is = 2a(1 − e2 ) .
=
a2 b2 a
Figure 11.3
1 1 . 4 | Ellipse

x2 y 2
Focal Distances of a Point on the Ellipse: Let P(x, y) be any point on the ellipse + 1 as shown in Fig. 11.4.
=
Then, by definition, we have a2 b2

SP= ePN and S’P = e PN’

Y
⇒ SP = eP’Q and S’P = e (P’Q‘)
⇒ SP = e (CQ – CP) and S’P = e (CQ’ + CP’) P
N’ N
a  a 
⇒ SP = e  − x  S’P = e  + x 
e  e  P S X
Q’ S’ C Q
⇒ SP = a – ex and S’P = a + ex
Thus, the focal distances of a point P(x, y) on the ellipse
x2 y2
+ =1 are a –ex and a + ex.
a2 b2
Also, SP + S’P= a – ex + a + ex = 2a = Major axis (constant) Figure 11.4
Hence, the sum of the focal distances of a point on the ellipse is constant and is equal to the length of the major
axis of the ellipse.

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

The above property of an ellipse gives us a mechanical method of tracing an ellipse as explained below:
Take an inextensible string of a certain length and fasten its ends to two fixed knobs. Now put a pencil
on the string and turn it round in such a way that the two portions of the string between it and the fixed
knobs are always tight. The curve so traced will be an ellipse having its foci at the fixed knobs.

Shrikant Nagori (JEE 2009, AIR 30)

4. PROPERTIES OF ELLIPSE

 x2 y 2 
Ellipse  2 + 2 = 1
Important Terms  a b 

For a > b For b > a

Centre (0, 0) (0, 0)
Vertices (±a, 0) (0, ±b)
Length of major axis 2a 2b
Length of minor axis 2b 2a
Foci (±ae, 0) (0, ± be)
Equation of directrices x = ±a/e y = ±b/e
Relation in a, b and e b2 = a2 (1 –e2) a2=b2 (1–e2)
Length of latus rectum
2b2 2a2
a b
 M a them a ti cs | 11.5

Ends of latus rectum   a2 

b2 
 ±ae, ±   ± , ± be 
 a   b 
  

Parametric equations (a cos φ, b sinφ) (a cos φ, b sin φ)

(Discussed later) (0 ≤ φ < 2π) (0 ≤ φ < 2π)

Focal radii SP = a – ex1 SP = b –ey1

S’P = a + ex1 S’P = b + ey1

Sum of focal radii 2a 2b

SP + S’P =
Distance between foci 2ae 2be
Distance between directrices 2a/e 2b/e
Tangents at the vertices x = –a, x = a y = b, y = –b

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

The vertex divides the join of the focus and the point of intersection of directrix with the axis internally
and externally in the ratio e: 1
Misconceptions: If a>b it is a horizontal ellipse, if b > a it is a vertical ellipse unlike hyperbola.

Nitish Jhawar (JEE 2009, AIR 7)

Illustration 2: Find the equation of the ellipse whose foci are (4, 0) and (–4, 0) and whose eccentricity is 1/3.
 (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Use the property of the centre of an ellipse and the foci to find the equation.
Clearly, the foci are on the x-axis and the centre is (0, 0), being midway between the foci. So the equation will be
in the standard form.
x2 y2
Let it be + 1.
=
a2 b2
Foci are (acos θ, bsin θ) . Here they are ( ±4,0) .
∴ ae = 4
1
Given e=
3
1
∴ a. = 4 , i.e., a = 12
3
b2 a2 (1 − e2 )
Again, =

 1  8
⇒ b2= 122.  1 − = 122. = 128
2
 3  32
x2 y2
P(acos θ, bsin θ) . The equation of the ellipse is + 1
=
144 128
1 1 . 6 | Ellipse

Illustration 3: From a point Q on the circle x2 + y2 = a2 perpendicular QM is drawn to x-axis, find the locus of point
‘P’ dividing QM in ratio 2 : 1. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Starting from a point on the circle find the foot of the perpendicular on the X-axis and hence find the locus.
Let by secφ + ax cosec φ + (a2 + b2 ) = 0 , M ≡ (acos θ,0) and P ≡ (h,k)
2 2
asin θ  3k   h 
∴
= h acos θ , k = ⇒   +  = 1
3  a  a
x2 y2
⇒ Locus of P is + 1.
=
a2 (a/ 3)2

Illustration 4: Draw the shape of the given ellipse and find their major axis, minor axis, value of c, vertices, directrix,
foci, eccentricity and the length of the latus rectum.  (JEE MAIN)
(i) 36x2 + 4y 2 =
144 (ii) 4x2 + 9y 2 =
36

Sol: Using the standard form and basic concepts of curve tracing, sketch the two ellipses.

1. Ellipse 36x2 + 4y2 = 144 4x2 + 9y2 = 36

x2 y 2 x2 y 2
or + 1
= or + 1
=
4 36 9 4

2. Shape y2 x2
Since the denominator of is larger then Since the denominator of is greater than
36 9
x2 y2
the denominator of , so the major axis lies the denominator of , so the major axis lies
4 4
along y-axis along x-axis

Directrix
Y
Y

Directrix
Directrix

X’ O X

X’ X
O
x2 y2
+ =1
b2 a2 x2 + y2 =1
Y’ b2 a2
Y’
Directrix

Figure 11.5 Figure 11.6

3. Major axis 2a = 2 × 6 = 12 2a = 2 × 3 = 6
4. Minor axis 2b = 2 × 2 = 4 2b = 2 ×2 =4
5. Value of c a2 = 36, b2 = 4
a2 = 9, b2 = 4 c = a2 − b2 = 9−4 = 5
c= a2 − b2 = 36 − 4= 4 2

6. Vertices (0, –a) and (0, a) (–a, 0) and (a, 0)

(0, –6) and (0, 6) (–3, 0) and (3, 0)

7. Directrices
a2 36 9 a2 9
y=
± =
± =
± x=
± =
±
c 4 2 2 c 5
 M a them a ti cs | 11.7

8. Foci (0, –c), (0, c) (–c, 0) and (c, 0)

(0, –4 2 ), (0, 4 2) (– 5 , 0) and ( 5 , 0)

9. Eccentricity
c 4 2 2 2 c 5
e= = = e= =
a 6 3 a 3

10. Length of latus

2b2 2× 4 4 2b2 2× 4 8
rectum 2l = = = 2l = = =
a 6 3 a 3 3

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

The semi-latus rectum of an ellipse is the harmonic mean of the segments of its focal chord.

Shivam Agarwal (JEE 2009, AIR 27)

Illustration 5: Show that x2 + 4y 2 + 2x + 16y + 13 = 0 is the equation of an ellipse. Find its eccentricity, vertices,
foci, directrices, length of the latus rectum and the equation of the latus rectum. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Represent the equation given in the standard form and compare it with the standard form to get the eccentricity,
vertices etc.
We have,
x2 + 4y 2 + 2x + 16y + 13 =
0 ⇒ (x2 + 2x + 1) + 4(y 2 + 4y + 4) =
4

(x + 1)2 (y + 2)2
⇒ (x + 1)2 + 4(y + 2)2 =
4 ⇒ + 1
= … (i)
22 12
Shifting the origin at (–1, –2) without rotating the coordinate axes and denoting the new coordinates with respect
to the new axes by X and Y,
we have x= X − 1 and y= Y − 2  … (ii)
Using these relations, equation (i) reduces to

X2 Y2
+ 1 , where 
= … (iii)
2
2 12
X2 Y2
This is of the form + 1 , where a = 2 and b = 1.
=
a2 b2
Thus, the given equation represents an ellipse.
Clearly a > b, so, the given equation represents an ellipse whose major and minor axes are along the X and Y axes respectively.
b2 1 3
Eccentricity: The eccentricity e is given by e = 1− = 1− =
a 2 4 2
Vertices: The vertices of the ellipse with respect to the new axes are (X = 0) i.e. (X =
±a, Y = 0) .
±2, Y =
So, the vertices with respect to the old axes are given by
( ± 2–1, –2) i.e., (–3, –2) and (1, –2) [Using (ii)]
Foci: The coordinates of the foci with respect to the axes are given by
(X = 0) i.e. (X =
±ae, Y = 0) .
± 3, Y =
1 1 . 8 | Ellipse

So, the coordinates of the foci with respect to the old axes are given by
( ± 3 − 1, − 2) [Putting X = 0 in (ii)]
± 3, Y =
Directrices: The equations of the directrices with respect to the new axes are

a  b2 
X= ± i.e. ea2  1 −=  4a2e2 cos2 θ
e  2 
d 


So, the equations of the directrices with respect to the old axes are

4 4 4  4 
x=
+ − 1 i.e.=
x − 1 and x =
− −1 Putting X = ± in (ii)
3 3 3  3 

2b2 2
Length of the latus rectum: The length of the latus rectum = = = 1.
a 2
Equation of latus rectum: The equations of the latus rectum with respect to the new axes are
X = ±ae i.e. X = ± 3
So, the equations of the latus rectum with respect to the old axes are
± 3 − 1
x= [Putting X = ± 3 in (ii)]
i.e., =
x 3 − 1 and x =
− 3 −1 .

Illustration 6: A straight rod of given length slides between two fixed bars which include an angle of 90º. Show
that the locus of a point on the rod which divides it in a given ratio is an ellipse. If this ratio is 1/2, show that the
eccentricity of the ellipse is 3 / 2 . (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: Consider a rod of particular length and write the coordinates of the point in terms of the parameter. Elliminate
the parameters to get eccentricity equal to 3 / 2 .
Let the two lines be along the coordinate axes. Let PQ be the rod of length a such that ∠OPQ = θ . Then, the
coordinates of P and Q are (acos θ, 0) and (0, asinθ) respectively. Let R(h,k) be the point dividing PQ in the ratio

acos θ λ asin θ
λ : 1 . Then, h = and k = .
λ +1 λ +1
h k
⇒ cos θ= (λ + 1) and sin=
θ (λ + 1)  Q
a aλ
h2 k2
⇒ cos2 θ + sin2=
θ (λ + 1)2 + (λ + 1)2 a
2 2 2
a aλ
h2 k2
⇒ + 1.
=
((a / (λ + 1)) ( aλ / (λ + 1))
2 2 
O P
x2 y2
Hence, the locus of R (h, k) is + 1
=
( a / (λ + 1)) ( aλ / (λ + 1))
2 2
Figure 11.7

 1 − λ2 if λ < 1

which is an ellipse of eccentricity given by e = 
2
 1 − (1 / λ ) if λ > 1

1 1 3
When λ = , we have e = 1− = .
2 4 2
 M a them a ti cs | 11.9

Illustration 7: A man running a race course notes that the sum of the distances from the two flag posts from him
is always 10 metres and the distances between the flag posts is 8 metres. Find the equation of the path traced by
the man. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Use the basic definition of an ellipse. Clearly, the path traced by the man is an ellipse having its foci at two flag
posts. Let the equation of the ellipse be

x2 y2
+ = b2 a2 (1 − e2 )
1 , where =
a2 b2
Y
It is given that the sum of the distances of the man from the two flag
posts is 10 metres. This means that the sum of the focal distances of
P
a point on the ellipse is 10 m.
⇒ PS + PS’ = 2a = 10 ⇒ a = 5 …(i)
ae ae
It is also given that the distance between the flag posts is 8 metres. X’ X
S O S’
∴ 2ae = 8 ⇒ ae = 4 …(ii)
2 2 2 2 2 2
Now, b =a (1 − e ) =a − a e =25 − 16
⇒ b2 = 9 ⇒ b = 3 [Using (i) and (ii) ] Y’

x2 y 2 Figure 11.8
Hence, the equation of the path is + 1.
=
25 9

5. AUXILIARY CIRCLE
A circle with its centre on the major axis, passing through the vertices of the ellipse is called an auxiliary circle.
x2 y2
If + 1 is an ellipse, then its auxiliary circle is x2 + y 2 =
= a2 .
a2 b2

Figure 11.9

x2 y2
Eccentric angle of a point: Let P be any point on the ellipse = 1 . Draw PM perpendicular from P on the
+
a2 b2
major axis of the ellipse and produce MP to meet the auxiliary circle in Q. Join OQ. The angle ∠QOM = φ is called
the eccentric angle of the point P on the ellipse.
Note that the angle ∠XOP is not the eccentric angle of point P.

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

A circle defined on the minor axis of an ellipse as diameter x2 + y 2 =

b2 is called a minor auxiliary circle.
Ravi Vooda (JEE 2009, AIR 71)
1 1 . 1 0 | Ellipse

6. PARAMETRIC FORM

6.1 Parametric Co-Ordinates of a Point on an Ellipse

x2 y2
Let P(x, y) be a point on an ellipse. + 1 and Q be the corresponding
= Y
a2 b2
Q
point on the auxiliary circle x2 + y 2 =
a2 .
P

φ.
Let the eccentric angle of P be φ. Then ∠XCQ = 
X
C M
Now, x = CM
⇒ x = CQ cos f [ CQ = radius of x2 + y 2 =
a2 ]

x2 y2 a2 cos2 φ y2
Since P(x, y) lies on + 1 ⇒
= + 1.
=
a2 b2 a2 b2 Figure 11.10
2
⇒ y= b2 (1 − cos2 =
φ) b2 sin2 φ ⇒ =y bsin φ .

Thus, the coordinates of point P having eccentric angle φ can be written as (a cosφ, b sin φ) and are known as the
parametric coordinates of an ellipse.

6.2 Parametric Equation of an Ellipse

x2 y 2
The equations x = acosφ, y = bsinφ taken together are called the parametric equations of the ellipse + 1,
=
where φ is the parameter. a2 b2

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Always remember that θ is not the angle of P with x-axis. It is the angle of corresponding point Q.
Rohit Kumar (JEE 2012, AIR 79)

x2 y2
Illustration 8: Find the distance from the centre to the point P on the ellipse + 1 which makes an angle α
=
a2 b2
with x-axis. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Establish a relation between the angle α and the eccentric angle. Use parametric coordinates of an ellipse and
the distance formula to find the distance.
Let P ≡ (acos θ,bsin θ) ∴ (b / a) tan=
θ tan α ⇒ tan θ
= ( a / b ) tan α

a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ = a2 cos2 θ + b2 sin2 θ

OP =  sin2 θ + cos2 θ =1
2 2
sin θ + cos θ

a2 + b2 tan2 θ a2 + b2 × (a2 / b2 )tan2 α

= =
1 + tan2 θ 1 + (a2 / b2 )tan2 α
 M a them a ti cs | 11.11

7. SPECIAL FORMS OF AN ELLIPSE

(a) If the centre of the ellipse is at point (h, k) and the directions of the axes are parallel to the coordinate axes,
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
then its equation is + 1.
=
a2 b2
(lx + my + n)2 (mx − ly + p)2
(b) If the equation of the curve is + 1 , where x2 + 2y 2 − 6x − 12y + 23 =
= 0 and
a2 b2
lx + my + n mx − ly + p
mx – ly + p =are
0 perpendicular lines, then we substitute =X, = Y , to put the equation
l2 + m2 l2 + m2
in the standard form.

Illustration 9: Find the equation to the ellipse whose axes are of lengths 6 and e2 cos2 φ + cos φ − 1 = 0 and their
equation are x − 3y + 3 = 0 and 3x + y − 1 = 0 respectively. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Given the equation of the axis, we can find the centre. Use the length of the axes of the ellipse to find
the required equation of the ellipse. Let P (x, y) be any point on the ellipse and let p1 and p2 be the lengths of
perpendiculars drawn from P on the major and minor axes of the ellipse.
x − 3y + 3 3x + y − 1
Then, p1 = and p2= .
1+9 9 +1
Let 2a and 2b be the lengths of major and minor axes of the ellipse respectively. We have, 2a = 6 and 2b= 2 6 .
p12 p22
⇒ a = 3 and b = 6 . The equation of the ellipse is + 1
=
b2 a2
(x − 3y + 3)2 (3x + y − 1)2
⇒ + 1 ⇒ (x − 3y + 3)2 + 2(3x + y − 1)2
=
60 90
⇒ 21x2 − 6xy + 29y 2 + 6x − 58y − 151 =
0

8. EQUATION OF A CHORD
x2 y2
Let P (acos α , bsin α ), Q (acos β , bsin β ) be any two points of the ellipse + 1.
=
a2 b2
x α+β y α+β α −β
Then, the equation of the chord joining these two points is cos   + sin  =cos  .
a  2  b  2   2 

x2 y 2
Illustration 10: Find the angle between two diameters of the ellipse + 1 , whose extremities have eccentric
=
a2 b2
π
angles α and β = α + .  (JEE MAIN)
2

Sol: Find the slope of the two diameters and then use the relation between the given angles.

x2 y2
Let the ellipse be + 1
=
a2 b2
bsin α b bsin β −b π
Slope of OP ==
m1 = tan α ; Slope of OQ =
= m2 = cot α given β = α +
acos α a acos β a 2

m1 − m2 (b / a)(tan α + cot α ) 2ab

∴ tan θ = = =
1 + m1m 2 2
1 − (b / a ) 2
(a − b2 )sin2α
2
1 1 . 1 2 | Ellipse

Illustration 11: lf the chord joining the two points whose eccentric angles are α and β, cut the major axis of an
α β c−a
ellipse at a distance c from the centre, show that tan tan = . (JEE ADVANCED)
2 2 c+a
Sol: Use the fact that the point (c, 0) lies on the chord joining points whose eccentric angles are α and β . The
equation of the chord joining points whose eccentric angles are α and β on the ellipse

x2 y2 x α+β y α+β α −β

+ 1 , is
= cos   + sin  =cos  
a2
b 2 a  2  b  2   2 
This will cut the major axis at the point (c, 0) if

c α+β α −β cos ( (α + β) / 2 ) a cos ( (α + β) / 2 ) + cos ( (α − β) / 2 ) a + c

cos   = cos  ⇒ = ⇒ =
a  2   2  cos ( (α − β) / 2 ) c cos ( (α + β) / 2 ) − cos ( (α − β) / 2 ) a − c

2cos(α / 2) cos(β / 2) a + c α β c−a

⇒ = ⇒ tan tan = .
−2sin(α / 2) sin(β / 2) a − c 2 2 c+a

Illustration 12: The eccentric angle of any point P on the ellipse is φ . If S is the focus nearest to the end A of the
θ 1+e φ
major axis A’A such that ∠ASP =
θ . Prove that tan = tan . (JEE ADVANCED)
2 1−e 2

Sol: Find the distance of the point P from the X-axis and the horizontal distance of the point from nearest focus.
Use trigonometry to get the desired result.
In ∆PSL, we have
PL = bsinφ and SL = a cos φ –ae P

bsin φ 2 tan(θ / 2) 2 1 − e2 tan(φ / 2)
∴ tan θ = ⇒ = A’ S’ C S L A
acos φ − ae 1 − tan2 (θ / 2) (1 − e) − (1 + e)tan2 (φ / 2)

2t an(θ / 2) 2 (1 + e) / (1 − e) tan(φ / 2) θ 1+e φ

⇒ = ⇒ t an = tan
2
1 − tan (θ / 2) (
1 − (1 + e) / (1 − e) 2
)
1−e 2
Figure 11.11

9. POSITION OF A POINT W.R.T. AN ELLIPSE

x2 y2 x12 y 12
The point P(x1 , y1 ) lies outside, on or inside the ellipse + 1 according to
= + −1 > 0,
a2 b2 a2 b2
x12 y12
= 0 or < 0 respectively. S1 = + −1
a2 b2

x2 y 2
Illustration 13: Find the set of value(s) of ‘ α ’ for which the point P(α , − α ) lies inside the ellipse + =1 .
16 9
 (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Apply the concept of position of a point w.r.t. the ellipse.
If P(α , − α ) lies inside the ellipse 2a2 S1 < 0

α2 α2 25 144  12 12 
⇒ + −1 < 0 ⇒ , α2 < 1 ⇒ α2 < ∴α ∈− , .
16 9 144 25  5 5 
 M a them a ti cs | 11.13

10. LINE AND AN ELLIPSE

x2 y2
Consider a straight line of the form =
y mx + c and ellipse + 1.
=
a2 b2
(mx + c )
2
x2
By solving these two equations we get, + 1
=
a2 b2

⇒ (b 2
)
+ a2m2 x2 + 2a2mcx + a2 c2 − b2 =
0 ( )
For this equation

⇒= (
D 4 a4m2c2 − b2 + a2m2 a2 c2 − b2 ( ) ( ))
⇒=D 4a2b2 b2 − c2 + a2m2 ( )
x2 y2
∴ The line =
y mx + c intersects the ellipse + 1 in two distinct points if a2m2 + b2 > c2 , in one point if
=
2 2
a b
2
c
= a m + b and does not intersect if a m + b < c2 .
2 2 2 2 2 2

x2 y2
Illustration 14: Find the condition for the line lx + my + n =0 to touch the ellipse + 1 .
= (JEE MAIN)
a2 b2

Sol: Use the theory of equations or the standard form of the tangent. The equation of the line is lx + my + n =0
 l   n x2 y 2
⇒ y =  −  x +  −  . We know that the line=
y mx + c touches the ellipse + if c2 a2m2 + b2 .
1=
=
 m  m
2 2
a b
2 2
 −n  2 l  2 2 22 2 2
⇒   = a −  +b ⇒ n = a l +b m .
m
   m 

x2 y2
Illustration 15: Find the condition for the line xcos α + ysin α = p to be a tangent to the ellipse + =1 .
a2 b2
 (JEE MAIN)
Sol: Use the theory of equations or the standard form of the tangent.
The equation of the given line  is x cos α + y sin α = p ⇒ y = (–cot α ) x – p cosec α

x2 y2 2 2
This will touch + 1 , If ( −pcosec=
= α) a2 cot2 α + b2 [Using:
= c2 a2m2 + b2 ]
2 2
a b
a2 cos2 α + b2 sin2 α
⇒ p2cosec
= 2
α ⇒ p2 a2 cos2 α + b2 sin2 α
=
2
sin α

x2 y 2
Illustration 16: Find the set of value(s) of ' λ ' for which the line 3x − 4y + λ = 0 intersect the ellipse + 1 at
=
16 16
two distinct points. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Same as previous illustration.

(4y − λ )2 y 2
Solving the given line with ellipse, we get
9 × 16
+
9
= 1 ⇒ 32y 2 − 8λ + λ2 − 144 = 0 ( )
Since the line intersects the parabola at two distinct points:
∴ Roots of above equation are real & distinct ∴ D > 0

⇒ ( 8λ )
2
(
− 4.32 λ2 − 144 > 0 ⇒ −12 2 < λ < 12 2 )
1 1 . 1 4 | Ellipse

11. TANGENT TO AN ELLIPSE

11.1 Equation of Tangent

x2 y2 xx1 yy1
(a) Point form: The equation of the tangent to the ellipse + 1 at the point (x1 , y1 ) is
= + 1.
=
2 2 2
a b a b2
x2 y2
(b) Slope form: If the line =
y mx + c touches the ellipse + 1 , then
= = c2 a2m2 + b2 .
2 2
a b
mx ± a2m2 + b2 always represents the tangents to the ellipse.
Hence, the straight line y =

 0 − b  0 − b  x2 y 2
(i) Point of contact: Line    = −1 touches the ellipse + 1 at
=
 ae − 0   −ae − 0  a2 b2
 ±a2m  b2 
 , .
 2 2 2 
 a m +b a2m2 + b2 

x y
(c) Parametric form: The equation of tangent at any point (acos φ, bsin φ ) is cos φ + sin φ =1 .
a b
Remark: The equation of the tangents to the ellipse at points p(acos θ1 ,bsin θ1 ) and Q(acos θ2 ,bsin θ2 ) are
x y x y
cos θ1 + sin θ1 =1 and cos θ2 + sin θ2 =1
a b a b
 acos ( (θ1 + θ2 ) / 2 ) b sin ( (θ1 + θ2 ) / 2 ) 
And these two intersect at the point  , 
 cos ( (θ − θ ) / 2 ) cos ( (θ − θ ) / 2 ) 
 1 2 1 2 

11.2 Equation of Pair of Tangents

Pair of tangents: The equation of a pair of tangents PA and PB is SS1 = T2.

x2 y2
Where S ≡ + −1 A
a2 b2
2 2 (x,y) P
x1 y1
S1 ≡ + −1
a2 b2 B
xx1 yy1
T≡ + −1 Figure 11.12
2
a b2

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

The portion of the tangent to an ellipse intercepted between the curve and the directrix subtends a right
angle at the corresponding focus.
B Rajiv Reddy (JEE 2012, AIR 11)
 M a them a ti cs | 11.15

11.3 Director Circle

Definition The locus of the point of intersection of the perpendicular tangents to an ellipse is known as its director
circle.

Equation of the director circle the equation of the director circle, is (x ± ae)2 =y 2 − 4a2 . Clearly, it is a circle
x2 y2
concentric to the ellipse and radius equal to + 1.
=
a2 b2
It follows from the definition of the director circle that the tangents drawn from any point on the director circle of
a given ellipse to the ellipse are always at right angles.

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Director circle is the circumcircle of ellipse’s circumrectangle whose sides are parallel to the major and
minor axis.

Figure 11.13 Anvit Tanwar (JEE 2009, AIR 9)

Illustration 17: A tangent to the ellipse x2 + 4y2 = 4 meets the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 6 at P and Q. Prove that the
tangents at P and Q of the ellipse x2 + 2y2 = 6 are at right angles.  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Use the condition of tangency and the standard equation of tangent. The equations of the two ellipses are
x2 y2
+ 1
=
42 12  …(i)

x2 y 2
and + 1 
= …(ii) respectively.
6 3
Suppose the tangents P and Q to ellipse (ii) intersect at R(h, k). PQ is the chord of contact of tangents drawn from
R(h, k) to ellipse (ii). So, the equation of PQ is

hx ky
+ 1
= …(ii)
6 3
ky −hx hx 3
⇒ = + 1 ⇒ y =− + . This touches the ellipse given in (i). Therefore,
3 6 2k k
2
9  −h 

= 4  +1 : c2 a2m2 + b2 ]
[Using =
 2k 
2
k

⇒ h2 + k 2 =9 ⇒ (h,k) lies on the circle x2 + y 2 =

9.

Clearly, x2 + y 2 = 9 is the director circle of the ellipse (ii). Hence, the angle between the tangents at P and Q to the
ellipse is a right angle.
1 1 . 1 6 | Ellipse

11.4 Chord of Contact

x2 y 2
If PQ and PR are the tangents through point P (x1 , y1 ) to the ellipse + 1 , then the equation of the chord of
=
2 2
xx yy a b
contact QR is 1 + 1 = 1 or T = 0 at (x1 , y1 ) .
2
a b2
Y

Q
(x1, y1) P
X’ X
C
R

Y’
Figure 11.14

x2 y2
Illustration 18: Prove that the chord of contact of tangents drawn from the point (h, k) to the ellipse 1
+
=
a2 b2
h2 k2 1 1
will subtend a right angle at the centre, if + = + . (JEE ADVANCED)
4 4 2
a b a b2

Sol: Make the equation of the ellipse homogeneous using the chord and then apply the condition for the pair of
straight lines to be perpendicular.
x2 y 2
The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from (h, k) to the ellipse + 1 is
=
a2 b2
hx ky
+ = 1 …(i)
a2 b2
The equation of the straight lines joining the centre of the ellipse i.e. the origin, to the points of intersection of the
ellipse and (i) is obtained by making a homogeneous equation with the help of (i) and the ellipse and is given by
2
x2 y2
 hx ky   1 h2   1 k 2  2hk
+ − +  0 or x2  −  + y 2 
= − − 0
xy = …(ii)
a2 b2  a2 b2   a2 a4   b2 b 4  a2b2
   
If the chord of contact of tangents subtends a right angle at the centre, then the lines represented by (ii) should
be at right angles.

 1 h2   1 k 2  h2 k 2 1 1
⇒ − + −  0 ⇒
= + = + .
 a2 a4   b2 b 4  a 4
b 4
a2
b2
   

Illustration 19: Find the equations of the tangents to the ellipse 3x2 + 4y 2 =
12 which are perpendicular to the line
y + 2x = 4 . (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Use the slope form of the tangent. Let m be the slope of the tangent. Since the tangent is perpendicular to
the line y + 2x =4
1 x2 y 2
∴ m ( −2 ) =−1 ⇒ m = ; Now, 3x2 + 4y 2 =
12 ⇒ + 1
=
2 4 3
x2 y2
Comparing this with + 1 , we get a2 = 4 and b2 = 3 .
=
2 2
a b
mx ± a2m2 + b2
So, the equations of the tangents are y =

1 x
i.e. y= x ± 4(1 / 4) + 3 ⇒ y = ± 2 ⇒ 2y = x ± 4 .
2 2
 M a them a ti cs | 11.17

Illustration 20: Find the equations of the tangents to the ellipse 9x2 + 16y 2 =
144 which pass through the point
(2, 3). (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Put the given point in the standard equation of the tangent and find the value of m.
x2 y2
The equation of the ellipse is 9x2 + 16y 2 =
144 ⇒ + 1
=
42 32
x2 y2
This if of the form + 1 , where a2 = 42 and b2 = 32 .
=
a2 b2
mx ± a2m2 + b2 i.e. y =
The equation of any tangents to this ellipse is y = mx ± 16m2 + 9  …(i)

2m + 16m2 + 9
If it passes through (2, 3) then 3 =
2
⇒ (3 − 2m)= 16m2 + 9 x2 + y 2 =
4 ⇒ m = 0, − 1

Substituting these values of m in (i), we obtain y = 3 and y = –x + 5 as the equations of the required tangents.

Note: If the question was asked to find combined eq. of a pair of tangents then use SS1 = T2.

Illustration 21: The locus of the points of intersection of the tangents at the extremities of the chords of the ellipse
x2 + 2y 2 =
6 which touch the ellipse x2 + 4y 2 =
4 is. (JEE MAIN)

(A) x2 + y 2 =
4 (B) x2 + y 2 =
6 (C) x2 + y 2 =
9 (D) None of these.

Sol: Find the equation of the tangents for the two ellipses and compare the two equations.
x2 y 2
We can write x2 + 4y 2 =
4 as + = 1 …(i)
4 1
x
Equation of a tangent to the ellipse (i) is cos θ + y sin θ =1  …(ii)
2
x2 y 2
Equation of the ellipse x2 + 2y 2 =
6 can be written as + 1
= …(iii)
6 3
Suppose (ii) meets the ellipse (iii) at P and Q and the tangents at P and Q to the ellipse (iii) intersect at (h, k), then
hx ky
(ii) is the chord of contact of (h, k) with respect to the ellipse (iii) and thus its equation is + 1
= …(iv)
6 3
Since (ii) and (iv) represent the same line

a2
DA = CA − CD = − x1 ⇒ h = 3 cos θ, k = 3 sin θ and the locus of (h, k) is x2 + y 2 =
9.
x1

x2 y2
Illustration 22: Show that the locus point of intersection of the tangents at two points on the ellipse + =1,
2 2 a2 b2
x y
whose eccentric angles differ by a right angle is the ellipse + 2 .
= (JEE MAIN)
2
a b2
π
Sol: Solve the equation of the tangents at the two points whose eccentric angles differ by .
2
π
Let P (acos θ, bsin θ) and Q (acos φ, bsin φ) be two points on the ellipse such that θ − φ = . The equations of
tangents at P and Q are 2

x y
cos θ + sin θ =1  …(i)
a b
x y
and, cos φ + sin φ =1  …(ii) respectively.
a b
1 1 . 1 8 | Ellipse

2 x y
Since , so (i) can be written as - sin φ + cos φ =1  …(iii)
3 a b
Let (h, k) be the point of intersection of (i) and (ii). Then,

h k h k
cos θ + sin θ =1 and − sin θ + cos θ =1
a b a b
2 2
h k   h k  h2 k2
⇒  cos θ + sin θ  +  − sin θ + cos θ  = 1 + 1 ⇒ + 2
=
 a b   a b  a2 b2
x2 y2
Hence, the locus of (h, k) is + 2.
=
a2 b2

x2 y2
Illustration 23: Prove that the locus of the mid-points of the portion of the tangents to the ellipse + 1
=
a2 b2
intercepted between the axes a2 y 2 + b2 x2 =
4x2 y 2 . (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Starting from the equation of the tangent, find the mid point of the tangent intercepted between the axes.
Eliminate the parameter to get the locus.
x2 y2
The equation of the tangent at any point (acos θ, bsin θ) on the ellipse + 1 is
=
a2 b2
x y
cos θ + sin θ =1
a b
 a   b 
This cuts the coordinates axes at A  , 0  and B  0, 
 cos θ   sin θ

a b
Let P(h, k) be the mid-point of AB. Then, = h and =k
2cos θ 2sin θ

a b a2 b2 a2 b2
⇒ cos θ = and sin θ = ⇒ cos2 θ + sin2 θ = + ⇒ + =1
2h 2k 4h2 4k 2 4h2 4k 2
1
Hence, the locus of P (h, k) is , a2 y 2 + b2 x2 =
4x2 y 2 .
52

x2 y2
Illustration 24: Let d be the perpendicular distance from the centre of the ellipse + 1 to the tangent
=
a2 b2
 b2 
drawn at a point P on the ellipse. If F1 and F2 are two foci of the ellipse, then show that (PF1 − PF2 )2 = 4a2  1 −  .
 d2 

 (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: Use the fact that focal distances of a point (x, y) on the ellipse are a+ex and a–ex.
Let the coordinates of P be (acos θ, bsin θ) , where θ is a parameter. The coordinates of F1 and F2 are (ae, 0) and
(–ae, 0) respectively. We know that.
Therefore, PF1 = a + ae cos θ and PF2 = a – ae cos θ
i.e., PF1 = a (1 + ecos θ) and PF2 = a (1 − ecos θ)

∴ (PF1 –PF2)2 = {a( 1 + ecos θ ) –a( 1 − ecos θ )}2 = 4a2e2 cos2 θ  …(i)
x y
The equation of the tangent at P (acos θ, bsin θ) is cos θ + sin θ =1  ...(ii)
a b
∴ d = Length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) on (ii)
 M a them a ti cs | 11.19

(0 / a)cos θ + (0 / b)sin θ − 1
⇒ d=
cos2 θ / a2 + sin2 θ / b2

1 cos2 θ sin2 θ b2 b2 b2 b2
⇒= + ⇒
= cos2 θ + sin2 θ ⇒ 1− = 1− cos2 θ − sin2 θ
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
d a b d a d a

b2 b2  b2 
⇒ 1 − = cos2 θ − cos=
2
θ cos2 θ  1 − =  e2 cos2 θ
d2 a2  a2 
 
 b2 
⇒ 4a2  1 −=  4a2e2 cos2 θ  …(iii)
 2 
d 

 b2 
Hence, from (i) and (iii), we have (PF1 − PF2 )2 = 4a2  1 −  .
 d2 


x2 y2
Illustration 25: The tangent at point P(cosθ, bsinθ) of an ellipse = 1 , meets its auxiliary circle on two
+
a2 b2
points, the chord joining which subtends a right angle at the centre. Show that the eccentricity of the ellipse is
(1 + sin2 θ)−1/2 .  (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Homogenize the equation of the ellipse using the equation of the tangent and then use the condition for the
pair of straight lines to be perpendicular.
x2 y2
The equation of the tangent at P (acos θ,bsin θ) to the ellipse + 1 is
=
a2 b2
x y
cos θ + sin θ =1  …(i)
a b

The equation of the auxiliary circle is x2 + y 2 =

a2  …(ii)
The combined equation of the lines joining the origin with the points of intersection of (i) and (ii) is obtained by
making (ii) homogeneous w.r.to (i)
2
2 x
2 y
2 
∴ x +y
= a  cos θ + cos θ 
a b 
 a2  a
⇒ x2 (1 − cos2 θ) + y 2  1 − sin2 θ  − 2xy sin θ cos θ =0
 b 2  b
 
These two lines are mutually perpendicular. Therefore, coefficient of x2 + Coefficient of y 2 = 0

a2  a2  a2 − b2 2
⇒ sin2 θ + 1 − sin2 θ ⇒ sin2 θ  1 −  + 1= 0 ⇒ sin θ= 1
b2  b2  b2

a2e2 sin2 θ
⇒ = 1 ⇒ e2 sin2 θ = 1 − e2 ⇒ e = (1 + sin2 θ)−1/2 .
a2 (1 − e2 )

x2 y2
Illustration 26: If the tangent at (h, k) to the ellipse + 1 cuts the auxiliary circle x2 + y 2 =
= r 2 at points
2 2
a b
1 1 2
whose ordinates are y1 and y2, show that + = . (JEE ADVANCED)
y1 y 2 k
Sol: Form a quadratic in y using the equation of the tangent and the ellipse and then use the sum and product of
the roots to prove the above result.
1 1 . 2 0 | Ellipse

x2 y2 hx ky
The equation of the tangents to the ellipse + 1 and point (h, k) is
= + 1 . The ordinates of the points
=
2 2 2
a b a b2
of intersection of (i) and the auxiliary circle are the roots of the equation
2
a4  b2 − ky 

2 
 + y2 =
a2
h  b 2 


⇒ ( )
y 2 a4k 2 + b 4h2 − 2a4b2ky + a4b 4 − a2b 4h2 =
0

Since y1 and y2 are the roots of this equation.

2a4b2k a4b 4 − a2b 4h2

Therefore, y1 + y 2 = and y1 y 2 =
a4k 2 + b 4h2 a4k 2 + b 4h2

1 1 2a4b2k 1 1 2ka2 1 1 2a2k 1 1 2

⇒ = + ⇒= + ⇒ + = ⇒ + =
y1 y 2 a4b 4 − a2b 4h2 y1 y 2 (a2 − h2 )b2 y1 y 2 a2k 2 y1 y 2 k

Illustration 27: Find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the centre on any tangent to the ellipse.
 (JEE ADVANCED)
x2 y2
+ 1.
=
a2 b2 M()
P(a cos  b sin 

Figure 11.15

Sol: Follow the procedure for finding the locus starting from the parametric equation of the tangent.
The equation of the tangent at any point (acos φ, bsin φ) is
x cos φ y sin φ
+ 1 
= ….(i)
a b
Let M (α,β) be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the centre (0, 0) to the tangent (i).
α cos φ β sin φ
x2 + y 2 =
C2 M is on the tangent, + 1 
= …(ii)
a b
β  b cos φ 
x2 + y 2 =
C2 CM ⊥ PM, − =−1
α  asin φ 

cos φ sin φ 1
or φ asin φ α
bβ cos= ∴ = = .
aα bβ a2 α2 + b2β2
α aα β bβ
Putting in (ii), . + . 1
=
a a α +b β
2 2 2 2 b a α + b2β2
2 2

or α2 + β2= a2 α2 + b2β2 ∴ (α2 + β2 )2 = a2 α2 + b2β2

∴ The equation of the required locus is (x2 + y 2 )2 = a2 x2 + b2 y 2 .

 M a them a ti cs | 11.21

12. NORMAL TO AN ELLIPSE

12.1 Equation of Normal in Different Forms

Following are the various forms of equations of the normal to an ellipse.

x2 y2 a2 x b2 y
(a) Point form: The equation of the normal at (x1 , y1 ) to the ellipse + 1 is
= − =a2 − b2
a2 b2 x1 y1

x2 y2
(b) Parametric form: The equation of the normal to the ellipse + 1 at (acos φ, bsin φ ) is x − 2y + 4 =.
= 0
a2 b2

x2 y 2
(c) Slope form: If m is the slope of the normal to the ellipse + 1 , then the equation of normal is
=
x + 2y + a =.
0 a2 b2

 ±a2  mb2 
The co-ordinates of the point of contact are.  , .
 2 2 2 
 a +b m a2 + b2m2 

12.2 Number of Normal and Co-normal Points

On a given ellipse exactly one normal can be drawn from a point lying on ellipse. If the point is not lying on the
given ellipse, at most 4 lines which are normal to the ellipse at the points where they cut the ellipse. Such points
on the ellipse are called co-normal points. In this section, we shall learn about the co-normal points and various
relations between their eccentric angles.
Conormal points are the points on ellipse, whose normals to the ellipse pass through a given point are called
co-normal points.

12.3 Properties of Eccentric Angles of Conormal Points

x2 y 2
Property 1: The sum of the eccentric angles of the co-normal points on the ellipse + 1 is an odd multiple
=
2 2
of π. a b

x2 y2
Property 2: If θ1 , θ2 and θ3 are eccentric angles of three co-normal points on the ellipse + 1 , then
=
a2 b2
sin(θ1 + θ2 ) + sin(θ2 + θ3 ) + sin(θ3 + θ1 ) = 0

Property 3: Co-normal points lie on a fixed curve called Apollonian Rectangular Hyperbola

(a2
)
− b2 xy + b2kx − a2hy =
0

x2 y2
Property 4: If the normal at four points P(x1 , y1 ) , Q(x2 , y 2 ) , R(x3 , y 3 ) and S(x 4 , y 4 ) on the ellipse + 1 are
=
a2 b2
1 1 1 1 
concurrent, then (x1 + x2 + x3 + x 4 )  + + + 4.
 =
 x1 x2 x3 x 4 
 1 1 . 2 2 | Ellipse

Illustration 28: If the normal at an end of the latus rectum of an ellipse passes through one extremity of the minor,
show that the eccentricity of the ellipse is given by e4 + e2 − 1 =0.  JEE MAIN)

Sol: Subtitute the point (0, ±b) in the equation of the normal and simplify it.
x2 y2
Let + 1 be the ellipse. The coordinates of an end of the latus rectum are (ae, b2 / a) .
=
a2 b2
a2 x b2 y
The equation of normal at (ae, b2 / a) is − a2 b2
=−
ae b2 / a
It passes through one extremity of the minor axis whose coordinates are (0, ±b).
∴ ± ab = a2 − b2

⇒ a2b2 = (a2 − b2 )2 ⇒ a2 .a2 (1 − e2 ) = (a2e2 )2 ⇒ 1 − e2 = e4 ⇒ e4 + e2 − 1 = 0

Illustration 29: Any ordinate MP of an ellipse meets the auxiliary circle in Q. Prove that the locus of the point of
intersection of the normal P and Q is the circle x2 + y 2 =(a + b)2 . (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Consider a point on the ellipse and find the intersection of the ordinate with the circle. Next find the intersection
of the normal at P and Q and eliminate the parameter θ .
x2 y2
Let P(acos θ, bsin θ) be any point on the ellipse = 1 , and let Q (acos θ, asin θ) be the corresponding point
+
a2 b2
on the auxiliary circle x2 + y 2 =
a2 . The equation of the normal at P (acos θ, bsin θ) to the ellipse is
ax sec θ − by cosec θ= a2 − b2  …(i)
The equation of the normal at Q (acos θ, asin θ) to the circle x2 + y 2 =
a2 is
=y x tan θ  …(ii)
Let (h , k) be the point of intersection of (i) and (ii). Then,
ahsec θ − bk cosecθ= a2 − b2  …(iii)
and, P(acos θ, bsin θ)  …(iv)

Eliminating θ from (iii) and (iv), we get

k2 h2
ah 1 + − bk 1 + = a2 − b2
h2 k2

⇒ (a − b) h2 + k 2 =a2 − b2 ⇒ h2 + k 2 =(a + b)2

Hence, the locus of (h, k) is x2 + y 2 =(a + b)2 .

Illustration 30: If the length of the major axis intercepted between the tangent and normal at a

sec θ cosec θ 1
 2π   2π  x2 y 2
point sec  θ +  cosec  θ +  1 on the ellipse 2 + 2 =1 is equal to the semi-major axis, prove that the
 3   3  a b
 2π   2π 
sec  θ −  cosec  θ −  1
 3   3 

e {sec θ(sec θ − 1)}1/2 .

eccentricity of the ellipse is given by= (JEE MAIN)
 M a them a ti cs | 11.23

Sol: Obtain the points of intersection of the tangent and the normal and then use the distance formula.
x2 y2
The equation of the tangent and normal to the ellipse + 1 at the point P
=
a2 b2

sec θ cosec θ 1
 2π   2π 
sec  θ +  cosec  θ +  1 are given by
 3   3 
 2π   2π 
sec  θ −  cosec  θ −  1
 3   3 

x y
cos θ + sin θ =1  …(i)
a b

θ (a2 − b2 ) 
and, ax sec θ − by cosec= …(i) respectively.
Suppose (i) and (ii) meet the major axis i.e. y = 0 at Q and R respectively. Then, the coordinates of Q and R are given
by

 a2 − b2 
Q(asec θ,0) and R  cos θ,0  ∴ QR = a [Given]
 a 
 
a2 − b2
⇒ asec θ − cos θ = a ⇒ a2 − (a2 − b2 )cos
=2
θ a2 cos θ ⇒ a2 − a2e2 cos
=2
θ a2 cos θ
a
2
⇒ 1 − e2 cos2 θ = cos θ ⇒ e2 cos2 θ = 1 − cos θ ⇒ e= e {sec θ(sec θ − 1)}1/2
sec θ(sec θ − 1) ⇒=

x2 y2
Illustration 31: If ω is one of the angles between the normals to the ellipse + 1 at the points whose
=
a2 b2
π 2cot ω e2
eccentric angles are θ and + θ , then prove that = . (JEE ADVANCED)
2 sin2θ 1 − e2
Sol: Evaluate the equation of the normal at the two points and then use the formula of the angle between two lines.
x2 y2 π
The equation of the normal to the ellipse + 1 at the points whose eccentric angles are θ and
= + θ are
a 2
b 2 2
ax sec θ − by cosecθ= a − b and, −ax cosecθ − by secθ = a2b2 respectively. Since ω is the angle between these
2 2

(a / b)tan θ + (a / b)cot θ
two normals, therefore, tan ω =
1 − (a2 / b2 )

ab(tan θ + cot θ) 2ab 2ab

⇒ tan ω = ⇒ tan ω = ⇒ tan ω =
2 2
2
b −a 2
(sin2θ)(b − a ) (a − b2 )sin2θ
2

2a2 1 − e2 2cot ω e2
⇒ tan ω = ⇒ =−
a2e2 sin2θ sin2θ 1 − e2

Illustration 32: If the tangent drawn at point (t2 ,2t) on the parabola y 2 = 4x is the same as the normal drawn at
a point ( 5 cos θ, 2sin θ) on the ellipse 4x2 + 5y 2 =
20 , find the values of t and θ . (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Write the equation for the tangent and normal in terms of the parameter. Compare the two equations to get
the values of t and θ .
1 1 . 2 4 | Ellipse

The equation of the tangent at (t2, 2t) to the parabola y2 = 4x is

 1
2ty = 2 (x + t) ⇒ ty =x + t2  ±2 3, ±   … (i)
 7

The equation of the normal at point ( 5 cos θ, 2sin θ) on the ellipse 4x2 + 5y 2 =
20 is
⇒ ( 5 sec θ)x − ( 2cosecθ)y − 1 = 
0 … (ii)
5 sec θ − 2cosec θ −1
It is given that (i) and (ii) represent the same line. Therefore,= = 2
1 −t t
2cosec θ 1 2 1
⇒ t= and t = − ⇒
= t cot θ and t =
− sin θ
5 sec θ 2cosec θ 5 2

2 1
⇒ cot θ = − sin θ ⇒ 4 cos θ = − 5 sin2 θ ⇒ 4 cos θ = − 5(1 − co s2 θ)
5 2

⇒ 5 cos2 θ − 4 cos θ − 5 = 0 ⇒ 5 cos2 θ − 5cos θ + cos θ − 5 = 0

⇒ 5 cos θ(cos θ − 5) + (cos θ − 5)= 0 ⇒ (cos θ − 5)( 5 cos θ + 1)= 0

 1 
⇒=θ cos−1  −  [cosθ ≠ − 5]
 5

1 1 1 1 1
Putting cosθ = − in t =
− sin θ we get t =− 1− =−
5 2 2 5 5

 1  1
Hence,
= θ cos−1  −  and t = − .
 5 5

Illustration 33: The normal at a point P on the ellipse x2 + 4y 2 =16 meets the x-axis at Q. If M is the mid point of
the line segment PQ, then the locus of M intersects the latus rectums of the given ellipse at the points.
 (JEE ADVANCED)
 3 5 2   3 5 19   1  4 3 
(a)  ± ,±  (b)  ± ,±  (c)  ±2 3, ±  (d)  ±2 3, ± 
 7 7   2 4   7   7 
     

Sol: Put y = 0 in the equation of the normal to get the point Q in terms of θ . Get the locus of the mid-point as
required. In the last step solve the equation of the locus and the latus rectum.
x2 y 2
Equation of the ellipse is + 1
=
16 4
Y
Equation of the normal at P(4 cos θ, 2sin θ) to the ellipse is
θ 42 − 22
4x sec θ − 2y cosec = ⇒ 2x sec θ − y cosec θ = 6 P(4cos 2sin)
It meets x-axis at Q(3cos θ,0) . If (h, k) are the coordinates of M, then M
O Q X
4 cos θ + 3cos θ 2sin θ + 0
h = ,k
2 2

2h
⇒ =
cosθ ,=
sin θ k
7
2
4h2 x2 y Figure 11.16
⇒ + k2 =
1 Locus of M is ⇒ + 1.
=
49 (7 / 2)2 1
 M a them a ti cs | 11.25

Latus rectum of the given ellipse is x =±ae =± 16 − 4 =±2 3

12 × 4 1 1
So locus of M meets the latus rectum at points for which y 2 =1− = ⇒y=±
49 49 7
 1
And hence the required points are  ±2 3, ±  .
 7

13. CHORD BISECTED AT A GIVEN POINT

Q(x2, y2)
2 2
x y
The equation of the chord of the ellipse + 1,
=
2
a b2 P (x1, y1)
whose mid point is (x1 , y1 ) is T = S1
xx1 yy1
where T = + − 1 R(x3, y3)
2
a b2
Figure 11.17
x12 y12
S1 = + −1 .
a2 b2

x2 y2
Illustration 34: Find the locus of the midpoint of a focal chord of the ellipse + 1 .
= (JEE MAIN)
a2 b2
Sol: In the equation T = S1, substitute x = ae and y = 0.
x2 y2
Let (h, k) be the midpoint of a focal chord of the ellipse + 1 . Then, the equation of the chord is
=
2 2
a2 b2
hx ky h k
+ −1 = + − 1 [Using : T = S1]
2 2 2
a b a b2

hx ky h2 k2
or, + = + It passes through the focus (ae, 0) of the ellipse.
a2 b2 a2 b2

hae h2 k2 xe x2 y 2
∴ +0= + . Hence, the locus of (h, k) is = + .
a2 a2 b2 a a2 b2

x2 y2
Illustration 35: Find the locus of the mid-point of the normal chords of the ellipse + 1.
=
a2 b2
 (JEE ADVANCED)
Sol: Similar to the previous question.
Let (h, k) be the mid point of a normal chord of the given ellipse. Then, its equation is
hx ky h2 k2
+ −1 = + − 1 [Using: T = S1]
a2 b2 a2 b2

hx ky h2 k2
or + = +  …(i)
a2 b2 a2 b2

If (i) is a normal chord, then it must be of the form

ax sec θ − by cosecθ= a2 − b2  …(ii)

h2 k2
+
h k 2
b2
∴= = a
a3 sec θ −b3 cosecθ a2 − b2
1 1 . 2 6 | Ellipse

a3  h2 k 2  −b3  h2 k 2 
⇒ cos θ
=  =
+  , sin θ  + 
h(a2 − b2 )  a2 b2  k(a2 − b2 )  a2 b2 

Eliminating θ from the above relations, we get

2 2 2
a6  h2 k 2  b6  h2 k 2   a6 b6   h2 k 2 
 +  +  +  1
= ⇒ +  +  =(a2 − b2 )
h2 (a2 − b2 )2  a2 b2  k 2 (a2 − b2 )2  a2 b2   h2 k 2   a2 b2 
  
2
 a6 b6   x2 y 2 
Hence, the locus of (h, k) is  +  +  =(a2 − b2 )2 .
 x2 y 2   a2 b2 
  

14. DIAMETERS
Definition: A chord through the centre of an ellipse is called a diameter of the ellipse.
x2 y2
(y mx + c) of slope m of the ellipse
The equation of the diameter bisecting the chords = + 1
=
a2 b2
b2
is y = − x , which is passing through (0, 0)
a2m
Y

y=mx+c

X’ X

2
-b
Diameter y = x
a2m
Y’
Figure 11.18

Conjugate diameter: Two diameters of an ellipse are said to be conjugate diameters if each bisects all chords
parallel to the other. The coordinates of the four extremities of two conjugate diameters are
P(acos φ, bsin φ) ; P'( −acos φ, − bsin φ)

Q( −asin φ, bcos φ) ; Q '( −acos φ, − bsin φ)

Y

Q A
B P
o
90
 X
X’
C
P’ Q’

A’ B’

Y’
Figure 11.19
 M a them a ti cs | 11.27

−b2
If y = m1 x and y = m2 x are two conjugate diameters of an ellipse, then m1m2 = .
a2
(a) Properties of diameters:
(i) The tangent at the extremity of any diameter is parallel to the chords it bisects or parallel to the conjugate
diameter.
(ii) The tangents at the ends of any chord meets on the diameter which bisects the chord.

(b) Properties of conjugate diameters:

(i) The eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of conjugate diameters of an ellipse differ by a right angle, i.e.,
π
φ − φ' =
2 (a cos’, b sin’)
D P(a cos, b sin)

A’ A
C

P’ D’
Figure 11.20

(ii) The sum of the squares of any two conjugate semi-diameters of an ellipse is constant and equal to the
sum of the squares of the semi axes of the ellipse i.e., CP2 + CD2 =a2 + b2 .

D P(a cos, b sin)

A’ A
S C S’

P’ D’

Figure 11.21

(iii) The product of the focal distances of a point on an ellipse is equal to the square of the semi-diameter
which is conjugate to the diameter through the point i.e., SP.S'P = CD2 .
(iv) The tangents at the extremities of a pair of conjugate diameters form a parallelogram whose area is
constant and equal to the product of the axes i.e., Area of parallelogram = (2a)(2b) = Area of rectangle
contained under major and minor axes.
Y
Q
M
D P
R’ R
X’ X
C
P’ D’
Q’
Y’

Figure 11.22

(v) The polar of any point with respect to an ellipse is parallel to the diameter to the one on which the point
lies. Hence obtain the equation of the chord whose mid point is ( x1 , y1 ) , i.e., chord is T = S1 .
(vi) Major and minor axes of ellipse is also a pair of conjugate diameters.
1 1 . 2 8 | Ellipse

(c) Equi-conjugate diameters: Two conjugate diameters are called equi-conjugate, if their lengths are equal i.e.,
(CP)2 = (CD)2 .

(a2 + b2 )
∴(CP) = (CD) = for equi-conjugate diameters.
2

x2 y2
Illustration 36: If PCP’ and DCD’ form a pair of conjugate diameters of the ellipse + 1 and R is any point
=
a2 b2
c2 , then prove that PR 2 + DR 2 + P'R 2 + D'R 2 = 2(a2 + b2 + 2c2 ) .
on the circle x2 + y 2 = (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Using the definition of conjugate diameters, get the coordinates of the point P, P’, Q and Q’. Starting from the
L.H.S. prove the R.H.S.
Let R(h, k) be any point on the circle x2 + y 2 =
c2 . Then h2 + k 2 =
c2  …(i)
Since PCP’ and DCD’ form a pair of conjugate diameters, the coordinates of the extremities are:
P(acos θ, bsin θ) , P'( −acos θ, − bsin θ) D( −asin θ, bcos θ) , D'(asin θ, − bcos θ)

∴ PR 2 + DR 2 + P'R 2 + D'R 2 = (h − acos θ)2 + (k − bsin θ)2 + (h + asin θ)2 + (k − bcos θ)2

 +(h + acos θ)2 + (k + bsin θ)2 + (h − asin θ)2 + (k + bcos θ)2

= 4(h2 + k 2 ) + 2a2 + 2b2

= 2a2 + 2b2 + 4c2 [Using (i)]

= 2(a2 + b2 + 2c2 )

x2 y2
Illustration 37: CP and CD are conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse + 1.
=
a2 b2
x2 y21
Show that the locus of the mid-point of PD is the ellipse + = . (JEE MAIN)
a2
b22

Sol: Consider two points which lie on two conjugate diameters. Find the mid point of these two points and eliminate
the parameter θ to get the locus of the mid point.
Let P (acosθ, bsinθ), D (-asinθ, bcosθ) and (h, k) be the mid-point of PD. Then,
2h acos θ − asin θ and =
= 2k b sin θ + b cos θ

2h 2k 4h2 4k 2
⇒ = cos θ − sin θ and = sin θ + cos θ ⇒ + = (cos θ − sin θ)2 + (sin θ + cos θ)2
a b a2 b2

h2 k2 1 x2 y 2 1
⇒ + = . Hence, the locus of (h, k) is ⇒ + =.
a2 b2 2 a2 b2 2

Illustration 38: If y = x and 3y + 2x =

0 are the equations of a pair of conjugate diameters of an ellipse, then the
eccentricity of the ellipse is  (JEE MAIN)

2 1 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 5

Sol: Use the condition of conjugacy of diameters in an ellipse to find the eccentricity.
x2 y2 2
Let the equation of the ellipse be + 1 . Slope of the given diameters are m1 = 1 , m2 = − .
=
a2
b2 3
 M a them a ti cs | 11.29

2 b2
⇒ m1m2 =− =− [Using the condition of conjugacy of two diameters]
3 a2
2 1 1
3b2 = 2a2 ⇒ 3a2 (1 − e2 ) = 2a2 ⇒ 1 − e2 = ⇒ e2 = ⇒e=
3 3 3

Illustration 39: Show that the locus of the point of intersection of tangents at the end-point of the conjugate
x2 y2
diameters of the ellipse + 1 is another ellipse of the same eccentricity. 
= (JEE ADVANCED)
a2 b2
Sol: Using two points at the end points of the conjugate diameters of an ellipse, write the equation of the tangent.
Solve the two equations to eliminate the parameter θ .

x2 y2
Let CP and CD be two conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse = 1 . Then, the eccentric angles of P and D
+
a2 b2
π
are θ and + θ respectively. So, the coordinates of P and D are (acos θ, bsin θ) and ( −asin θ, bcos θ) respectively.
2
The equation of the tangents at P and D are
x y
cos θ + sin θ =1  …(i)
a b

−x y
and sin θ + cos θ =1  …(ii)
a b
h k −h k
Let (h, k) be the point of intersection (i) and (ii). Then, cos θ + sin θ =1 and sin θ + cos θ =1
a b a b
2 2
h k   h k  h2 k 2
⇒  cos θ + sin θ +
  − sin θ + cos θ  = 1 + 1 ⇒ + = 2
a b   a b  a2 b2

h2 k2
Hence, the locus of (h, k) is + 2 which represents an ellipse of eccentricity e, given by
=
a2 b2

2b2 b2
e1 = 1 − =1−
2a2 a2
x2 y2
Clearly, it is same as the eccentricity of + 1.
=
a2 b2

Illustration 40: If α and β are the angles subtended by the major axis of an ellipse at the extremities of a pair of
conjugate diameters, prove that cot2 α + cot2 β = constant. (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Using the co-ordinates of the co-ordinates of the end points of a diameter, find the angle subtended by the
major axis. Repeat the same process for the other end of the diameter. Then find the value of cot2 α + cot2 β and
prove that it is independent of the parameter.
x2 y 2
Let CP and CD be a pair of conjugate semi-diameters of the ellipse + 1 . Then, the coordinates of P and D
=
are (acos θ, bsin θ) and ( −asin θ, bcos θ) respectively. a2 b2

bsin θ b θ
m1 = Slope of AP = = − cot
acos θ − a a 2

bsin θ b θ
m2 = Slope of A’P = = tan
acos θ + a a 2
 1 1 . 3 0 | Ellipse

m1 − m2 −(b / a)cot(θ / 2) − (b / a)tan(θ / 2)

∴ tan α = ⇒ tan α =
1 + m1m2 1 − (b2 / a2 )

ab
 θ θ  2ab  1
⇒ tan α
=  cot + tan  ⇒ tan α = 2 
2
a −b  2
2 2  a − b2  sin θ

π   2ab  1
Replacing θ by  + θ  , we get tan β = 
2   a2 − b2  cos θ
2 2
2
 a2 − b2 
2
 a2 − b2 
∴ cot α
= + cot β   (sin2 θ=
+ cos2 θ) =  Constant.
 2ab   2ab 
   

Illustration 41: Find the locus of the points of intersection of normals at two points on an ellipse which are
extremities of conjugate diameters.  (JEE MAIN)

Sol: Solve the equation of the normal at the extremities of conjugate diameters.

x2 y2
Let PP’ and QQ’ be two conjugate diameters of the ellipse + 1.
=
a2 b2
π
Let the eccentric angle of the point P be ' φ ' . Then the eccentric angle of Q is ' φ + ' .
2
∴= P (acos φ, bsin φ) Q’+ 
2
D P’’
  π  π  
=Q acos  φ +  , bsin  φ +  
  2  2  
O
x − acos φ y − bsin φ
The equation of the normal =
at P (acos φ, bsin φ) is = P’ D’
2
(acos φ) / a (bsin φ) / b2
Figure 11.23
or ax sec φ − bycosec φ= a2 − b2  …(i)
Similarly, the equation of the normal at Q is

 π  π 2 2
ax sec  φ +  − bycosec  φ + = a −b
 2   2 

or −ax co secφ − by secφ= a2 − b2  …(ii)

The locus of the point of intersection of (i) and (ii) is obtained by eliminating φ from them. Now we have
ax sec φ − by cosec φ − (a2 − b2 ) = 0

by secφ + ax cosec φ + (a2 − b2 ) = 0

By cross multiplication,

sec φ cosec φ a2 − b2
= =
−by + ax −by − ax a2 x2 + b2 y 2

a2 x2 + b2 y 2 1
∴ cos φ = .
ax − by a − b2
2

a2 x2 + b2 y 2 1
sin φ = .
−(ax + by) a − b2
2
 M a them a ti cs | 11.31

Squaring and adding,

2
(a2 x2 + b2 y 2 )2  1 1   a2 x2 + b2 y 2  2(a2 x2 + b2 y 2 )
1  +  =  .
(a2 − b2 )2  (ax − by)2 (ax + by)2   a2 − b2  (a2 x2 − b2 y 2 )2

⇒ 2(a2 x2 + b2 y 2 )3 =
(a2 − b2 )2 .(a2 x2 − b2 y 2 )2 .

15. POLE AND POLAR

Let P(x1, y1) be any point inside or outside the ellipse. A chord through P intersects the ellipse at A and B respectively.
If tangents to the ellipse at A and B meet at Q(h, k) then locus of Q is called polar of P with respect to the ellipse
and point P is called the pole.
Q(h,k) A Q(h,k) A
A’
Polar P(x₁, y₁) B Polar
Pole A’
B B’
B’ P(x₁, y₁)
Pole Q’

(a) (b)

Figure 11.24

Note: If the pole lies outside the ellipse then the polar passes through the ellipse. If the pole lies inside the ellipse
then the polar lies completely outside the ellipse. If the pole lies on the ellipse then the polar becomes the same
as the tangent.
x2 y 2 xx1 yy1
Equation of polar: Equation of polar of the point (x1, y1) with respect to ellipse + =1 is given by 2 + 2 = 1,
a2 b2 a b
i.e., T = 0
x2 y2  −a2l −b2m 
Coordinates of Pole: The pole of the line lx + my + n =0 with respect to ellipse + 1 is P 
= , .
a2 b2  n n 

Properties of pole and polar:

(a) If the polar of P (x1 , y1 ) passes through Q(x2 , y 2 ) , then the polar of Q(x2 , y 2 ) goes through P (x1 , y1 ) and
x1 x2 y1 y 2
such points are said to be the conjugate points. Condition for conjugate points is + 1.
=
2
a b2
(b) If the pole of line l1 x + m1 y + n1 =
0 lies on another line l2 x + m2 y + n2 =
0 , then the pole of the second line will
lie on the first and such lines are said to be conjugate lines.
(c) Pole of a given line is the same as the point of intersection of tangents at its extremities.
(d) Polar of focus is directrix.

x2 y2
Illustration 42: Obtain the locus of poles of tangents to the ellipse + 1 with respect to concentric ellipse
=
a2 b2
x2 y2
+ 1 . 
= (JEE MAIN)
α2 β2
x2 y 2
Sol: Taking a point (h , k), write the equation of the polar w.r.t. the ellipse + 1 . In the next step put the
=
condition for polar to be the tangent to the other given ellipse. α2 β2
1 1 . 3 2 | Ellipse

hx ky  β2h  β2
The equation of the polar is + 1⇒ y=
= −  x+
α2 β2  α2k  k
 
2 2
x2 y2  β2   −β2h 
This touches + 1 . Therefore,
= =   a2   + b2
a2 b 2  k   2 
   αk 

β4 β4h2 a2h2 b2k 2

⇒ = a2 + b2 ⇒ + = 1
k2 α 4k 2 α4 β4

a2 x2 b2 y 2
Hence, the locus of (h, k) is ⇒ + 1.
=
α4 β4

x2 y2
Illustration 43: Find the locus of the mid-points of the chords of the ellipse = 1 whose poles are on the +
a2 b2
auxiliary circle or the tangents at the extremities of which intersect on the auxiliary circle. (JEE ADVANCED)

Sol: Compare the equation of the chord and the tangent to get the point which lies on the auxiliary circle. Substitute
the point in the equation of the circle to get the required locus.
Let (h, k) be the mid-point of a chord of the ellipse. Then, its equation is
hx ky h2 k2
+ = +  …(i)
a2 b2 a2 b2
x2 y2
Let (x1, y1) be its pole with respect to the ellipse + 1 . Then, the equation of the polar is
=
a2 b2
xx1 yy1
+ 1 
= …(ii)
2
a b2

Clearly, (i) and (ii) represent the same line. Therefore,

x1 y1 1 h k
= = ⇒ x1 = , y1 =
h k 2 2
(h / a ) + (k / b ) 2 2 2 2 2
(h / a ) + (k / b ) 2
(h / a ) + (k 2 / b2 )
2 2

2
 h2 k 2 
It is given that (x1, y1) lies on auxiliary circle. Therefore x12 + y12 2 2
= a ⇒ h +k = a  + 2
 . 2
 a2 b2 
 
2
 x2 y 2 
Hence the locus of (h, k) is x2 + y=
2
a2  +  .
 a2 b2 
 

16. SUBTANGENT AND SUBNORMAL

Y
Let the tangent and normal at P(x1, y1) meet the x-axis at A and B
respectively. Length of subtangent at P(x1, y1) to the ellipse A
P(x₁, y₁)
x2 y2 a2
+ 1 is DA = CA − CD = − x1
=
a2 b2 x1 X’ X
C B D A
2 2
x y
Length of sub-normal at P(x1 , y1 ) to the ellipse + 1 is
=
2
a b2
 b2  b2
BD =CD − CB =x1 −  x1 − x  = x1 =(1 − e2 )x 1 . Y’
 a2 1 2
  a Figure 11.25
 M a them a ti cs | 11.33

MASTERJEE CONCEPTS

Misconception: As there is no y1 term involved in the above results, don’t think that the lengths are
x12 y12
independent of y1. Always remember that + 1
=
a2 b2
Vaibhav Krishnan (JEE 2009, AIR 22)

PROBLEM-SOLVING TACTICS

x2 y2 m2 (a2 − b2 )2
•• If the line=
y mx + c is a normal to the ellipse + 1 then c2 =
= is the condition of normality
a2 b2 a2 + b2m2
of the line to the ellipse.

••  he tangent and normal at any point of an ellipse bisect the external and angles between the focal
T
radii to the point. It follows from the above property that if an incident light ray passing through the
focus (S) strikes the concave side of the ellipse, then the reflected ray will pass through the other
focus (S’).

•• If SM and S’M’ are perpendicular from the foci upon the tangent at any point of the ellipse, then SM. S’M’ = b2
and M, M’ lie on the auxiliary circle.
x2 y 2
•• If the tangent at any point P on the ellipse + 1 meets the major axis in T and minor axis in T’, then CN.
=
2 2
CT = a , CN’. CT’ = b
2 2 a b

Where N and N’ are the feet of the perpendicular from P on the respective axis.

•• If SM and S’ M’ are perpendicular from the foci S and S’ respectively upon a tangent to the ellipse, then CM
and CM’ are parallel to S’P and SP respectively.

FORMULAE SHEET

1. The general equation of second order ax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 represents an ellipse
 a h g
 
if ∆ ≠ 0, h2 < ab. where  ∆ = h b f 
 g f c 

2. The sum of the focal distance of any point on an ellipse is a constant and is equal to the length of the major
axis of the ellipse i.e. SP + S’P = 2a.
x2 y2
3. Standard equation of an ellipse is + 1
=
a2 b2
Where a = length of semi-major axis,
b = length of semi-minor axis
1 1 . 3 4 | Ellipse

4.

 x2 y 2 
Ellipse  2 + 2 = 1
Imp. Terms  a b 

For a > b For b > a

Centre (0, 0) (0, 0)
Vertices (±a, 0) (0, ±b)
Length of major axis 2a 2b
Length of minor axis 2b 2a
Foci (±ae , 0) (0 , ± be)
Equation of directrices x = ±a/e y = ±b/e
Relation in a, b and e b2 = a2 (1 – e2) a2 = b2 (1 – e2)
Length of latus rectum 2b2 2a2
a b

Ends of latus rectum  b2   a2 

 ±ae, ±   ± , ± be 
 a   b 
  

Parametric equations (a cos φ, b sinφ) (a cos φ, b sin φ)

(0 ≤ φ < 2π)
Focal radii SP = a – ex1 SP = b –ey1
S’P = a + ex1 S’P = b + ey1
Sum of focal radii (SP + S’P =) 2a 2b
Distance between foci 2ae 2be
Distance between directrices 2a/e 2b/e
Tangents at the vertices x = –a, x = a y = b, y = –b

5. The equations=x acos φ,

= y bsin φ taken together are called the parametric equations of the ellipse

x2 y2
+ 1 , where φ is the parameter.
=
a2 b2

6. (i) If the centre of the ellipse is at (h, k) and the axes are parallel to the coordinate axes, then its equation is

(x − h)2 (y − k)2
+ 1.
=
a2 b2
(lx + my + n)2 (mx − ly + p)2
(ii) If the equation of the ellipse is + 1 , where lx + my + n =
= 0 and mx − ly + p =0
a2 b2
lx + my + n mx − ly + p
are perpendicular lines. Substitute = X and = Y , to put the equation in the standard form.
2 2
l +m l2 + m2
x2 y2
7. If P(acos α, bsin α ) and Q(acos β, bsin β) are any two points on the ellipse + 1 , then the equation of a
=
a2 b2
x α+β y α+β α −β
chord joining these two points is cos   + sin  =cos  .
a  2  b  2   2 
 M a them a ti cs | 11.35

x2 y 2 x2 y2
8. The point P(x1 , y1 ) lies outside, on, or inside the ellipse + 1 according to 1 + 1 − 1 > 0, =
= 0 or < 0
2 2 2 2
respectively. a b a b

x2 y2
9. The line =
y mx + c intersects the ellipse + 1 on two distinct points if a2m2 + b2 > c2 , on one point
=
2 2
a b
2 x2 y 2
if=c a m + b and does not intersect if a m2 + b2 < c2 . For an ellipse
2 2 2
+ 2
1 , the auxiliary circle is
=
x2 + y 2 =a2 . a2 b2

x2 y2 xx1 yy1
10. The equation of the tangent to the ellipse + 1 at the point (x1 , y1 ) is
= + 1 . The equation
=
2 2 2
a b a b2

mx ± a2m2 + b2 and the point of contact is

of tangent to the ellipse having its slope equal to m is y =
 ±a2m   b2 x y
 ,  . The equation of the tangent at any point (acos φ, bsin φ) is cos φ + sin φ =1 .
 2 2 2  a b
 a m +b a2m2 + b2 
2 2
x y
Point of intersection of the tangents to the ellipse + 1 at the points P(acos θ1 , bsin θ1 ) ,
=
2
a b2
 acos ( (θ1 + θ2 ) / 2 ) b sin ( (θ1 + θ2 ) / 2 ) 
and Q(acos θ2 , bsin θ2 ) is  , .
 cos ( (θ − θ ) / 2 ) cos ( (θ − θ ) / 2 ) 
 1 2 1 2 

11. Equation of pair of tangents drawn from an outside point P(x1 , y1 ) is SS1 = T2 .

x2 y2
12. For an ellipse + 1 , the equation of director circle is x2 + y 2 = a2 + b2 .
=
2 2
a b
x2 y2 a2 x b2 y
13. The equation of normal to the ellipse + 1 at the point (x1 , y1 ) is
= − =a2 − b2 . The equation of
a2 b 2 x1 y 1
2 2
x y
normal to the ellipse + ) a2 − b2 .
1 at any point (acos φ, bsin φ) is (ax sec φ − bycosecφ=
=
2 2
a b
x2 y2
14. If m is the slope of the normal to the ellipse + 1 , then the equation of the normal is
=
a2 b2
m(a2 − b2 )  ±a2 ±mb2 
y mx ±
= . The co-ordinates of the point of contact are  , .
 2 
a2 + b2m2  a +b m
2 2
a2 + b2m2 

15. The properties of conormal points are

x2 y 2
(i) Property 1: The sum of the eccentric angles of the co-normal points on the ellipse + 1 is an odd
=
multiple of π . a2 b2

x2 y 2
(ii) Property 2: If θ1 , θ2 and θ3 are eccentric angles of three co-normal points on the ellipse + 1,
=
then sin(θ1 + θ2 ) + sin(θ2 + θ3 ) + sin(θ3 + θ1 ) = 0 . a2 b2

(iii) Property 3: Co-normal points lie on a fixed curve called an Apollonian Rectangular

(
Hyperbola a2 − b2 xy + b2kx − a2hy =
0 )
(iv) Property 4: If the normal at four points P(x1y1), Q(x2y2), R(x3y3) and S(x4y4) on the

x2 y2 1 1 1 1 
ellipse + 1 are concurrent, then (x1 + x2 + x3 + x 4 )  +
=
x
+ + 4.
 =
a2 b2  1 x 2 x3 x 4 
1 1 . 3 6 | Ellipse

16. If SM and S’M’ are perpendiculars from the foci upon the tangent at any point of the ellipse, then
SM × S'M' = b2 and M, M’ lie on the auxiliary circle.

x2 y2
17. If the tangent at any point P on the ellipse + 1 meets the major axis at T and minor axis at T’, then
=
a2 b2
CN × CT = a2, CN’ × CT’ = b2. Where N and N’ are the feet of the perpendiculars from P on the respectively axis.

x2 y2
18. The equation of the chord of the ellipse + 1 , whose mid point is (x1 , y1 ) , is T = S1 .
=
a2 b2
x2 y2 xx1 yy1
19. The chord of contact from a point P(x1 , y1 ) to an ellipse + 1 is T = 0 is
= + 1.
=
2 2 2
a b a b2
x2 y2
20. The equation of the diameter bisecting the chords =
(y mx + c) of slope m of the ellipse + 1
=
a2 b2
b2
is y = − x.
a2m
x2 y2 −b2
21. If m1 and m2 are the slopes of two conjugate diameters of an ellipse + 1 , then m1m2 =
= .
a2 b2 a2

22. The eccentric angle of the ends of a pair of conjugate diameters of an ellipse differ by a right angle,
π
i.e., φ − φ ' = .
2
23. The sum of the squares of any two conjugate semi-diameters of an ellipse is constant and is equal to the sum
of the squares of the semi axes of the ellipse i.e., CP2 + CD2 = a2 + b2.

24. The product of the focal distances of a point on an ellipse is equal to the square of the semi-diameter which
is conjugate to the diameter through the point i.e., SP × S'P = CD2.

25. The tangents at the extremities of a pair of conjugate diameters form a parallelogram whose area is constant
and equal to the product of the axes.
i.e. Area of the parallelogram = (2a)(2b) = Area of the rectangle contained under major and minor axes.

26. Two conjugate diameters are called equi-conjugate, if their lengths are equal i.e., (CP)2 = (CD)2

(a2 + b2 )
∴(CP) = (CD) = for equi-conjugate diameters.
2
x2 y2  −a2l −b2m 
27. Equation of the polar of the point (x1, y1) w.r.t. an ellipse + 1 is P 
= , .
a2 b2  n n 


x2 y2  −a2l −b2m 
28. The pole of the line lx + my + n =0 with respect to the ellipse + 1 is P 
= , .
a2 b2  n n 

x1 x2 y1 y 2
29. Condition for a conjugate point is + 1.
=
a2 b2
x2 y2 a2
30. The length of a sub tangent at P(x1 , y1 ) to the ellipse + 1 is
= − x1 .
a2 b2 x1

x2 y2 b2
31. The length of a sub normal at P(x1 , y1 ) to the ellipse + 1 is
= x1= (1 − e2 )x1 .
a2 b2 a2