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Hydrostatic Forces

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1. Determine the pressure distribution along the curved surface of the gate. Since it is a quarter circle, the pressure will vary linearly from zero at the free surface to γh at the bottom hinge C. 2. Calculate the total force on the gate by integrating the pressure over the area. This gives the total force as F = γh^2/2. 3. Take moments about the hinge C. The clockwise moment of F must be balanced by the counterclockwise moment of P. Thus: Fh/2 = Ph 4. Solve for P: P = Fh/h = γh/2

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Abed Alrahman Qaddour
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257 views33 pages

Hydrostatic Forces

Here are the steps to solve this problem: 1. Determine the pressure distribution along the curved surface of the gate. Since it is a quarter circle, the pressure will vary linearly from zero at the free surface to γh at the bottom hinge C. 2. Calculate the total force on the gate by integrating the pressure over the area. This gives the total force as F = γh^2/2. 3. Take moments about the hinge C. The clockwise moment of F must be balanced by the counterclockwise moment of P. Thus: Fh/2 = Ph 4. Solve for P: P = Fh/h = γh/2

Uploaded by

Abed Alrahman Qaddour
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch.

2b Hydrostatic
Forces
PROF. TAHA ALDOSS
Static fluid

Balance between body forces


and surface forces
Po

P(h)

P = Po + ϒ.h (linear relation)

No changes in pressure if moving in horizontal planes


Rectangular Walls
P = Po + ϒ.h (linear relation)
Forces due to Static Fluid

FR = ∫ γ𝑦. 𝑑𝑦
FR = (γ.h/2).h

(magnitude)
But where this force act?
Location to be called the center of pressure
Take moment about the upper point, o
where h is the total depth of the fluid. FR * hcp = ∫p.dy.y
ϒ.(h/2).h.hcp = ∫ϒ.h.hdh from h to 0
h/2 = h at the area center = hcg
= ϒ. h3/3
Hence, hcp = 2/3 h (location)
Total depth
Total length
Area of the wall
Hydrostatic Forces
O
Gage-Pressure Formulas

In this case pCG = ϒ hCG, and the center of pressure


becomes independent of specific weight.
y
Take moment about point O, one find the following:

yCP is -ve. because center of pr. is always below the C.G.


Calculate reaction force F
Calculate force F?
Take moment about the pivot point
Fh.(L/2+ycp)=F.L
F=Fh.(L/2+ycp)/L
F 110.14 kN 110141.8 N

L
Calculate the reaction force at A, FA.

Calculate FA function of H?
Static Equilibrium Laws
Calculate reaction forces:
moment about hinge at pt B:
PA.Lz=F.(L/2-ycg)
PA 29333.33 lbf

sum forces in x-direction = 0


sum forces in z-direction = 0
Fx=F.cos(θ) 23040 lbf
Fz=-F.sin(θ) -30720 lbf
Bx=Fx-P -6293.33 lbf
By=-Fz 30720 lbf
Quiz 1 Calculate the reaction force at B.

16
Forces on a curved submerged surface

1. The horizontal force and its location are the same as for an imaginary vertical plane surface of
the same projected area.

2. The net vertical force will be equal to the weight of fluid directly above the surface.

dV=h.dAz

dAz

17
Forces on a Curved submerged surface

Convert a problem with fluid below a curved surface into an equivalent problem
with fluid above.

The magnitude and location of the vertical fluid force Fv are given by the weight
and location of the centroid of the fluid ‘above’ the gate.

The magnitude and location of the horizontal fluid force Fh are given by the
magnitude and location of the force on an equivalent vertical flat plate.

18
EXAMPLE

A dam has a parabolic shape z/z0 = (x/x0)2 as shown in the


figure, with x0 = 10 ft and z0 = 24 ft. The fluid is water, ϒ =
62.4 lbf/ft3, and atmospheric pressure may be omitted.
Compute the forces FH and FV on the dam and the position CP
where they act. The width of the dam is 50 ft.
The vertical projection of this curved surface is a rectangle 24 ft high and 50 ft wide, with
its centroid halfway down, or hCG = 12 ft. The force FH is thus

50’
z

The line of action of FH is below the centroid by an amount 12’


24’
CG
4’ y
FH

x
Horizontal Fluid Force, FH
Fluid: Water
γ 62.4 lbf/ft3
Lz 24 ft
Ly 50 ft
Solution
FH=γ.hcg.Aproj
Aproj=Lz.Ly 1200 ft2
hcg=Lz/2 12 ft2
FH 8.99E+05 lbf
ycp=Ixx.sin(θ)/[hcg.Aproj]
Ixx=Ly.Lz^3/12 5.76E+04 ft4
ycp (below C.G.) 4 ft
The vertical component FV equals the weight of the parabolic portion of fluid above the
curved surface.

ϒ.Vol m.g.xc.g. = ∫ρ.g.1.dx


over the curve
xc.g.= ∫z(x).dx/∫dz(x)

This acts downward on the surface at a distance 3x0/8 =


3.75 ft over from the origin of coordinates.

The total resultant force acting on the dam is


Vertical Fluid Force, FV
Fv=wt. of water above the curve
xo 10 ft
zo 24 ft
Vol=2/3.xo.zo.Ly) 8000 ft3
Fv=γ.Vol 4.99E+05 N
Location of vertical force is at the center of the area (3xo/8, 3zo/5)
xFv 3.75 ft
yFv 14.4 ft

Total Resultant Force on the dam


FR=(FH^2+FV^2)^0.5 1.03E+06 lbf
FH 8.99E+05 lbf
ycp (below C.G.) 4 ft

Fv=γ.Vol 4.99E+05 N
xFv 3.75 ft
yFv 14.4 ft
ycp
FR=(FH^2+FV^2)^0.5 1.03E+06 lbf

xcp
Buoyancy Force (Archimedes, Laws)

First Law: A body immersed in a fluid


experiences a vertical buoyant force equal to the
weight of the fluid it displaces.

FB = (γf)(displaced volume)

PROF. TAHA ALDOSS


Buoyancy Force (Archimedes, Laws)

Second Law: A floating body displaces its own


weight in the fluid in which it floats.

PROF. TAHA ALDOSS


Wt of the displaced fluid
Hydrometer is a floating body device
Hydrometer is a floating body device

Consider the shown hydrometer.


It is made of two rods welded together. The upper rod with d = 5 mm,
and length, l = 100 mm. The lower rod with D = 20 mm, and length L =
20 mm. A scale is fitted to the upper part. When the hydrometer is put
in water, it reads 50 mm, and when it is put in a liquid it reads 40 mm.
Calculate the SG of the liquid.
du 5 mm 0.005 m
DL 20 mm 0.02 m
Lu 100 mm 0.1 m
Vd: displaced volume
LL 20 mm 0.02 m
Au 1.96E-05 m2 Wts: weight of solid rods
AL 3.14E-04 m2 Y: the floating part from the upper rod
Vu 1.96E-06 m3 Wto: weight of the displaced oil
VL 6.28E-06 m3 Wtw: weight of the displaced water
ρw 998 kg/m3
Immersed volume in water
readings with water
Yw 50 mm 0.05 m
Vdw=VL+Vuw 7.26E-06 m3
Wtw of displaced water 7.11E-02 N
Wts =Wtw Floating body 7.11E-02 N
reading with oil
Yo 100 mm 0.1 m
Vdo=VL+Vuo 8.25E-06 m3
Wto = Vdo*ρo*g =Wts 7.11E-02 N
ρo=Wts/(Vdo*g) 8.79E+02 kg/m3 Calibrate the scale to show the SG of any fluid.
SGo 0.88 # i.e. calculate and plot sg vs scale.
The quarter circle gate BC in Fig. below is hinged at C.
Find the horizontal force P required to hold the gate stationary.
Neglect the weight of the gate and assume 1 m width for the gate.

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