ITCTradeMAPuserguide 0

ITC’s MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES
February 2004
User Guide
TRADEMAP
Trade statistics for international business development
Market Analysis Section

Division of Product and Market Development
ITC’S MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES – TRADEMAP
Table of Contents
I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
II. Product Approach ...................................................................................................................... 3
A. Assess the world market – Hazelnuts from Georgia .............................................................. 3
B. Identify new export markets – Fish filets from Uganda .......................................................... 7
1. Review exports to present partner countries ............................................................. 8
2. Identify the worlds leading importers .......................................................................10
3. Examine market access barriers in partner countries................................................12
4. Analyze competitor performance.............................................................................14
C. Identify new sources of supply – Refrigerators to Venezuela ............................................... 16
D. Scan potential for product diversification – Apparel from the Morocco.................................. 19
III. Country Approach ................................................................................................................... 22
A. Assess national trade performance – Romania .................................................................. 22
B. Bilateral Trade Potential – between Estonia and Finland..................................................... 30
C. TradeMap now includes regional and economic country groups .......................................... 34
1. Trousers exports from Egypt to the EU....................................................................35
IV. Summary ............................................................................................................................... 38
Tables
Table 1: List of importers for the selected product in 2002 ............................................................... 4
Table 2: List of exporters for the selected product in 2002 ............................................................... 5
Table 3: List of importing markets for a product exported by Uganda in 2002 .................................... 8
Table 4: List of importers for the selected product in 2002 ............................................................. 10
Table 5: List of products for which Information on tariff and non-tariff barriers for the United Kingdom
is available .......................................................................................................................... 12
Table 6: Tariff (2001) and non-tariff (1999) barriers reported by United Kingdom............................. 13
Table 7: List of supplying markets for a product imported by United Kingdom in 2002 ..................... 14
Table 8: List of supplying markets for a product imported by Venezuela in 2002 ............................. 16
Table 9: List of supplying markets for a product imported by Cyprus in 2002................................... 19
Table 10: List of products imported by Cyprus in 2002 .................................................................. 21
Table 11: List of product groups exported by Romania in 2002, HS 2............................................. 23
Table 12: List of products exported by Romania in 2002, HS 4 ...................................................... 24
Table 13: The leading products exported by Romania in 2002, HS 6.............................................. 27
Table 14: Existing and potential trade between Estonia and Finland in 2002, HS 2 ......................... 30
Table 15: Existing and indicative potential trade between Estonia and Finland in 2002, HS 6........... 32
Table 16: Existing and indicative potential trade between Egypt and European Union (EU) in 2002.. 35
Table 17: List of importing markets for a product exported by Slovenia in 2002 ............................... 40
Table 18: List of importing markets for a product exported by Slovenia in 2002, .............................. 40
Charts
Chart 1: Prospects for diversification of suppliers for a product imported by Venezuela in 2002 ........18
Chart 2: Growth of national supply and international demand for export products of Romania in 2002,
HS 4 ...................................................................................................................................26
Chart 3: Growth of national supply and international demand for the twenty leading Romanian exports
in 2002 ...............................................................................................................................29
Chart 4: Potential trade between Egypt and European Union (EU) in 2002 .....................................37
Annex
Annex I: Foreign Trade Statistics as a Basis for Strategic Market Research..................................... 39
International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO i

TradeMap Userguide English.doc
Abbreviations
CIF Cost, insurance and freight

FOB Free on board
HS Harmonized System
ITC International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO
LDCs Least developed countries
m. million
MFN Most Favored Nation
p.a. per annum
SACU Southern African Customs Union
SITC Standard International Trade Classification
TSI Trade Support Institution
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNSD United Nations Statistics Division
WTO World Trade Organization
Note:
Please note that the statistics in TradeMap undergo annual updates, as well as updates
throughout the year as new information becomes available. These updates may generate
varying figures or trends from what is seen in this User Guide, however the principles and
applications of TradeMap remain the same. Please contact [email protected] for more
information or assistance.
ii International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

I. Introduction
Understanding the structure and evolution of international markets is essential for both firms
and trade support institutions (TSIs). As outwardly oriented firms scan the world market for
opportunities to diversify products and markets, as well as suppliers, they are confronted
with the following questions:
• What is the structure of the world market for a product?

What are the trends?
• With which countries does my country currently trade?
• Where are opportunities for market diversification?
• What tariff and non-tariff barriers to access exist in a specific market?
• Which countries are competing in a specific market and globally?
TSIs need to set priorities in terms of trade promotion, sectoral performance, partner
countries and trade development strategies to utilize resources effectively. Strategic market
research with detailed statistical information on international trade flows helps them gauge
the competitiveness of national and sectoral trade performance and identify priority products
and markets for trade development by addressing the following types of questions:
• What are priority markets and products for trade promotion?
• What countries supply the majority of my country’s imports?

What alternative sources of supply are available?
• In what areas does my country have a competitive advantage?
• What is my country’s current trade performance?
• For what products is there potential to increase bilateral trade?
• What are the trade flows between my country and a specific regional or
economic group?
TradeMap was developed by the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (ITC) to answer
these and related questions with the explicit objectives of facilitating strategic market
research, monitoring both national and product-specific trade performance, revealing
comparative and competitive advantage, identifying the potential for market or product
diversification and designing and prioritizing trade development programs for both firms and
trade support institutions.
By transforming the large volume of primary trade data into an accessible, user-friendly, and
interactive Web-based format, TradeMap provides users with indicators on country or
product performance, demand, alternative markets and the role of competitors. It presents
information in both tables and charts, and allows queries based on product, country, and/or
partner country for exports or imports.
International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 1

The information contained in TradeMap is based on the world’s largest database of trade
statistics, COMTRADE, maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).
COMTRADE covers more than 90% of world trade, allowing TradeMap to include over 200
countries and territories and 5,300 products defined at the 2-, 4- or 6-digit level of the
Harmonized System (HS).
Data is available not only for countries that report their own trade data, but also for the over
one hundred primarily low-income countries that do not report national trade statistics to
COMTRADE. The trade of these countries has been reconstructed on the basis of partner
country data or mirror statistics. Although using mirror statistics has its shortcomings (see
Annex I), it does generate a wealth of information, which would otherwise be unavailable.
This mix of direct and mirror statistics gives the best estimation of the worldwide market for
all products.
In addition, TradeMap contains information on tariff and non-tariff barriers for more than 100
countries (the number is growing, check TradeMap to find out) and provides detailed
information on bilateral market access conditions across products and countries, including
ad valorem and specific tariffs, tariff quotas and anti-dumping measures.
TradeMap is now available to interested uses in a number of countries via local Trade
Support Institutions or Export Development Agencies. A full list of countries partners can be
found at www.trademap.org. For users in countries not yet served by a partner, TradeMap is
available on a subscription basis and a customized version is available for trade support
institutions in English, French or Spanish. For customized sites, a special password-
protected Internet site for subscribers allows multiple connections by larger user groups.
Individual partners can access the application directly on a subscription basis. For further
information please email ITC at: [email protected].
TradeMap home page www.trademap.org
2 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

II. Product Approach
The two main approaches to using TradeMap are by product and by country. The product
perspective allows users to analyze the market for a specific product including the structure
of the market, and trends in supply and demand, the opportunities for diversifying into
alternative markets or away from traditional sources of supply, and the potential for product
diversification within current product-specific trade promotion strategies. This section
describes the product approach by applying it in answering a series of specific questions on
products from the perspective of Trade Support Institutions (TSIs) and Exporters.
What is the structure of the world market for a product?

What are the trends?
A. Assess the world market – Hazelnuts from Georgia
A TSI in Azerbaijan assisting exporters of Hazelnuts may begin by viewing the world import
market for this product. By choosing Hazelnuts or filberts, fresh or dried, shelled or peeled
080222 (above) as the product under review and selecting ‘Import’, a list of the world’s
importers of this product is generated (Table 1).

Table 1: List of importers for the selected product in 2002

Product : 080222 Hazelnuts or filberts, fresh or dried, shelled or peeled
Value imported Quantity Annual growth in Annual growth in Annual growth in Share in Information on
Quantity Unit value
Importers in 2002, in US$ imported in value between quantity between value between world tariff and non-
unit (US$/unit)
thousand 2002 1998-2002, % 1998-2002, % 2001-2002, % imports, % tariff barriers
World
544,634 222,119 Tons 2,452 -8 6 -11 100
estimation
Germany 172,794 72,547 Tons 2,382 -10 3 -12 31 TNTB
Italy 97,672 42,058 Tons 2,322 1 19 27 17 TNTB
France 50,360 20,120 Tons 2,503 -10 3 -9 9 TNTB
Switzerland 33,249 11,399 Tons 2,917 -11 -1 -26 6 TNTB
Belgium-
28,450 11,873 Tons 2,396 -5 9 -46 5 TNTB
Luxembourg
United States
17,973 6,309 Tons 2,849 -5 6 -3 3 TNTB
of America
Poland 13,209 5,476 Tons 2,412 -1 14 8 2 TNTB
Spain 12,878 5,747 Tons 2,241 -5 9 -19 2 TNTB
Austria 9,219 3,603 Tons 2,559 -16 -9 -18 1 TNTB
Netherlands 8,945 3,486 Tons 2,566 -3 9 -14 1 TNTB
Greece 7,969 3,530 Tons 2,258 -1 14 -30 1 TNTB
United
6,596 2,444 Tons 2,699 -17 -7 -13 1 TNTB
Kingdom
Australia 5,801 2,235 Tons 2,596 -6 6 -11 1 TNTB
Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics
Next List of exporting countries List of importing regions Selection menu Help
One of the unique features of TradeMap is the inclusion of the World estimation, the first line
of Table 1, which represents the sum of reporting and non-reporting countries for 080222
Hazelnuts or filberts, fresh or dried, shelled or peeled (abbreviated as Hazelnuts below) and
gives an overall impression of the world import market.
Table 1 shows the world import market for Hazelnuts has a value of US$ 545 million in 2002
with a decrease in value of 8% p.a. over the 1998 to 2002 period and a decrease in value of
11% over the 2001-2002 period. We can see also that the market is predominantly
concentrated in Europe, with European markets representing over 75% of world import
demand. The only significant non-European markets are the United States of America and
Australia, which together represent less than 5%. The difference between the average
growth rate in the value of imports (-8%) and the average growth rate in the quantity of
imports (6%) clearly shows a decline in the world price of Hazelnuts.
To assess those countries that compete with Georgia in the export of Hazelnuts, the TSI
would click on List of exporting countries at the bottom of Table 1 , and a list of exporters for
Hazelnuts is generated (see Table 2).

Table 2: List of exporters for the selected product in 2002

Product : 080222 Hazelnuts or filberts, fresh or dried, shelled or peeled
Value exported in Quantity Annual growth in Annual growth in Annual growth in Share in Report in
Quantity Unit value
Exporters 2002, in US$ exported in value between quantity between value between world Comtrade in
unit (US$/unit)
thousand 2002 1998-2002, % 1998-2002, % 2001-2002 , % exports, % 2002
World
500,013 212,820 Tons 2,349 -7 7 -16 100
estimation
Turkey 369,051 161,181 Tons 2,290 -8 7 -24 73 Y
Italy 64,110 22,925 Tons 2,797 -8 2 59 12 Y
Azerbaijan 13,816 7,131 Tons 1,937 -2 3 44 2 Y
Spain 10,433 4,063 Tons 2,568 -13 -1 4 2 Y
Germany 8,769 3,030 Tons 2,894 -7 2 4 1
France 7,244 2,723 Tons 2,660 23 41 80 1 Y
Netherlands 5,787 2,013 Tons 2,875 8 22 -24 1 Y
Georgia 4,085 2,541 Tons 1,608 9 35 -35 0
United States
1,774 526 Tons 3,373 -26 -28 -52 0 Y
of America
Hong Kong
1,130 1,444 Tons 783 69 114 15 0 Y
(re-exports)
Austria 924 286 Tons 3,231 -29 -23 108 0 Y
Poland 911 335 Tons 2,719 244 0 Y
Source: ITC calcul ations based on COMTRADE statistics
Next List of importing countries List of exporting regions Selection menu Help
Table 2 shows the world export market for Hazelnuts. The TSI can see that Georgian
exporters command slightly less than a 1% share in world exports and the value of those
exports has grown 9% p.a., while the world market has experienced a decline in value of 7%
p.a. during the period 1998-2002 (See below and Annex 1 for more discussion on why this
differs slightly from the import number). We also see that the growth of Georgia’s quantity
exported over the period from 1998-2002 increased 35% p.a., faster than its growth in
exported value, indicating a fall in average prices in US dollars.
Turkey is the largest exporter of Hazelnuts with 73% of the world market. The reduction of
8% p.a. in the value of Turkey’s exports during the 5-year period, contrasted with the
increase in quantity of Turkish exports increased by 7% p.a. over the same period, clearly
shows a reduction in the price in US dollars of Turkish Hazelnut exports.
Another noticeable aspect of the two tables is the significant difference between the World
estimation for exports (at the top of Table 2) and the World Estimation for imports (shown at
the top of Table 1). This difference is common, and results primarily from the difference
between the way countries report exports, generally reported in Free On Board (FOB) terms,
and the way countries report imports, generally reported in Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF)
terms. For more on how import and export statistics can differ and on the interpretation of
trade statistics in general, see Annex I, Foreign Trade Statistics as a Basis for Market
Research.

Explanatory Notes for Table 1 and Table 2

Importers (Exporters): Country names are sorted by imported (exported) value.
Imported (Exported) value in 2002, in US$ thousand: Value imported (exported) in 2002 in current US$
thousand as reported by countries to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics.
Quantity imported (exported) 2002: Quantity imported (exported) in 2002.
Quantity unit: The unit in which quantities are reported.
Unit value: Price in US$ per unit.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002 p.a. of imports (exports) as a percentage: This trend is
calculated using the least squares method. If a country does not report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation
is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for
at least a four-year period.
Annual growth in quantity between 1998-2002 p.a. of imports (exports) as a percentage: This trend is
calculated by the same method used in the calculation of the annual value trends.
Annual growth in value between 2001-2002 p.a. of imports (exports) as a percentage: This growth rate is a
good complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5
years and showing the country performance over the last two years.
Market share in world imports (exports) as a percentage: Share of import (export) market for 2002. This
indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they have reported.
Table 1 Information on tariff and non-tariff barriers: Information on tariff and non-tariff barriers at the tariff-
line level (i.e. 6-, 8-, or 10-digits depending on the country).
Table 2 Report in COMTRADE: The "Y" for ‘yes’ indicates which countries have reported their trade data to the
COMTRADE database in 2002. If there is no entry, that country did not report and the data are based on mirror
statistics.

What are priority markets for trade promotion?
B. Identify new export markets – Fish fillets from Uganda
We have just used TradeMap to explore the world market for Hazelnuts. Now let's turn to
the example of fish fillet exports from Uganda to illustrate how TradeMap can be used to
identify potential new markets.
Let’s take the case of an exporter of Fish fillets in Uganda who wishes to examine
opportunities for diversifying export markets. In TradeMap, the exporter would begin by
selecting Uganda (see the entry screen above) as the country, selecting 030410 Fish fillets
and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or chilled as the product under review and clicking
Submit.
Several initial steps are involved in choosing a potential market for exports (presented in the
following pages). The exporter should review Uganda’s exports to gauge current
performance and identify current partners. Next, the exporter should identify the world’s
leading importing countries for Fish fillets to see what other countries are importing, where
Uganda’s current partners rank as importing countries and what other countries might be
potential markets. Once the exporter has identified potential countries, he or she should find
out which countries currently supply them, and what tariff and non-tariff barriers may exist to
accessing those markets.

With which countries does my country currently trade?
1. Review exports to present partner countries
As a first step, the Ugandan exporter of Fish fillets could use TradeMap to see which
countries import Fish fillets from Uganda. In order to do so, the exporter would select
Uganda as the country, 030410 Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or
chilled (abbreviated Fish fillets below) as the product, and Export. This provides Table 3: List
of importing markets for a product exported by Uganda in 2002.
From Table 3, the exporter can immediately see that world estimated imports from Uganda of
Fish fillets amounted to almost US$ 37 million. Belgium is Uganda’s largest import market
consuming 48% of its exports of Fish fillets, but consumes only 5% of total world exports and
is ranked 5th among the world’s importers.
On the other hand, the United States of America (USA) is only the 5th leading importer from
Uganda with a 2% share of Uganda’s Fish fillets exports and yet is the number one importing
market in the world commanding a 45% share of world imports. We see also that Uganda’s
exports to the USA have declined over the 1998-2002 period by 35% p.a., while the USA’s
imports from the world have increased 17% p.a. We also see that for the 7th largest importer,
the United Kingdom, imports of Fish fillets from Uganda grew at 66% p.a. over the 1998-
2002 period. The United Kingdom consumed 3% of the world’s total imports of Fish fillets,
but its imports from Uganda, only US$ 47,000, represented less than 1% of Ugandan
exports.
Table 3: List of importing markets for a product exported by Uganda in 2002

Product : 030410 Fish fillets and other fish meat, minced or not, fresh or chilled
Uganda's exports represent 2% of world exports for this product, its ranking in world exports is 11
Export Total import
Export trend Export trend Ranking of Share of
Exported growth in growth in value
Share in Exported in value in quantity partner partner
value 2002 Quantity Unit value value of partner
Importers Uganda's quantity between between countries in countries in
in US$ unit (US$/unit) between countries
exports, % 2002 1998-2002, 1998-2002, world world
thousand 2001-2002, between 1998-
%, p.a. %, p.a. imports imports, %
%, p.a. 2002, %, p.a.
World 36,818 100 9,202 Tons 4,001 10 26 18 9

Belgium-
17,535 48 4,308 Tons 4,070 45 35 78 5 5 6
Luxembourg
Netherlands 9,406 26 2,333 Tons 4,032 -5 13 -21 6 4 27
Spain 5,344 15 1,416 Tons 3,774 82 8 3 4
Italy 2,652 7 661 Tons 4,012 -12 4 5 12
United States
836 2 228 Tons 3,667 -35 31 -35 1 45 17
of America
United Arab
619 2 123 Tons 5,033 35 6 50 26 0 47
Emirates
Germany 88 0 23 Tons 3,826 -84 2 7 -4
Egypt 71 0 30 Tons 2,367 -38 57 0 -33
Australia 68 0 32 Tons 2,125 28 0 2
United
47 0 13 Tons 3,615 66 -94 7 3 17
Kingdom
Partner Supplying Importing Product clusters (HS6) Product clusters (HS4) World World Mirror Selection Bubble Help
regions markets markets (HS4) exported by Uganda exported by Uganda exporters importers data menu graph

The selection menu at the bottom of Table 3 gives the option of viewing the data in a variety
of other ways including by Partner regions as well as partner countries, by Supplying
markets a list of those markets that supply Fish fillets to Uganda, Importing markets (HS4) at
the HS 4-digit level, Product clusters (HS6) exported by Uganda at the HS 6-digit level,
Product clusters (HS4) exported by Uganda at the HS 4-digit level, or World exporters or
World importers of Fish fillets. Finally it also offers the option to view Table 3 as reported by
partner country imports (Mirror data) and the ability to create a chart with the data (Bubble
graph), which will be described in detail later.
Explanatory Notes for Table 3
Importers: Country names are sorted by exported value.
Exported value 2002, in US$ thousand: Value exported in 2002 in US$ thousand as reported by the selected
country or as reported by the partner country (when the selected country does not report trade data).
Share in Uganda’s exports, %: Share of partner countries in the exports of the target country.
Exported quantity, 2002: Quantity exported in 2002. Where mirror statistics are used, quantity may differ
among reporting countries.
Unit value (US$/unit): Price in US$ per unit.
Export trend in value between 1998-2002, %, p.a.: This trend is calculated using the least squares method. If
a country does not report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is
calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period.
Export trend in quantity between 1998-2002, %, p.a.: This trend is calculated by the same method used in
the calculation of the annual value trends. It is interesting to compare growth in value and growth in quantity to
have an indication of the growth of prices in US$.
Export growth in value between 2001-2002, %, p.a.: This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend,
indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing the country
performance over the last two years.
Ranking of partner countries in world imports: This indicates the world ranking of the partner country as an
importer in 2002.
Share of partner countries world imports, %: This indicates the world share that the partner country
represents as an importer of the selected product.
Total import growth in value of partner countries between 1998-2002,%, p.a.: This indicates the global
import growth of the partner country from the world for the selected product. This indicator is calculated on data
as reported by the target market. This combined with the export trend in value, calculated above, allow the
analyst to see how the market share of the country under review has changed in the partner country.

Where are opportunities for market diversification?
2. Identify the world’s leading importers
Now that the Ugandan exporter of Fish fillets has an idea of Uganda’s current partners and
how they rank in its exports, he or she can use TradeMap to identify the major importing
markets of the world. In order to do so, the exporter would click on World importers at the
bottom of Table 3 in order to generate Table 4: List of importers for the selected product in 2002.
Table 4: List of importers for the selected product in 2002

Annual grow th Annual growth in Annual growth
Value imported in Quantity Share in Information on
Quantity Unit value in value quantity in value
Importers 2002, in US$ imported in world tariff and non-
unit (US$/unit) between 1998- between 1998- between 2001-
thousand 2002 imports, % tariff barriers
2002, % 2002, % 2002, %
World
1,762,749 340,884 Tons 5,171 9 7 4 100
estimation
United States
807,765 137,652 Tons 5,868 17 21 8 45 TNTB
of America
Germany 140,607 46,348 Tons 3,034 -4 -6 -21 7 TNTB
France 132,844 24,628 Tons 5,394 -5 -5 7 7 TNTB
Italy 103,355 18,175 Tons 5,687 12 15 18 5 TNTB
Belgium-
91,097 16,484 Tons 5,526 6 8 18 5 TNTB
Luxembourg
Netherlands 81,034 16,252 Tons 4,986 27 17 30 4 TNTB
United
68,323 10,223 Tons 6,683 17 16 -12 3 TNTB
Kingdom
Spain 59,179 10,744 Tons 5,508 4 3 -1 3 TNTB
Switzerland 56,631 6,708 Tons 8,442 -1 1 2 3 TNTB
Sweden 48,933 10,102 Tons 4,844 13 15 40 2 TNTB
Japan 45,496 5,382 Tons 8,453 -2 -7 -11 2 TNTB
Canada 28,711 5,629 Tons 5,101 30 28 1 1 TNTB
Next List of exporting countries List of importing regions Selection menu Help
Table 4 shows those countries in the world that import Fish fillets, the value and quantity
imported, unit of measurement, unit value, growth rate, global market share and provides a
link to tariff and non-tariff barrier information for each country listed. As the United Kingdom
is a growing market, registering 17% growth in value p.a. over the 5-year period, it could be
an interesting prospect for the Ugandan exporter. However, in noting the negative growth
rate in value (-12%) over the 2001-2002 period, caution should be applied to the
interpretation of the 5-year rate, as the 12% p.a. decline may signal either a downturn in the
coming year or that the 5-year trend is volatile (see Annex 1).
By clicking on the United Kingdom or any other importer on this chart, the exporter can view
the list of countries that supply the United Kingdom. This process is not shown here, but is
discussed later in the User Guide as Table 7: List of supplying markets for a product imported by
United Kingdom in 2002.

Importers: Country names are sorted by imported value.
Value imported in 2002, in US$ thousand: These figures are as reported by countries to the COMTRADE
database or as calculated using mirror statistics.
Quantity imported in 2002: As labeled. Where mirror statistics are used for a given country, if reporting
countries use differing quantities, no value will be shown.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002, %: This trend is calculated using the least squares method. If a
country did not report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. In cases where
reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period, TradeMap does not calculate the trend and
the cell is blank.
Annual growth in quantity between 1998-2002, %: This trend is also calculated using the least squares
method.
Annual growth in value between 2001-2002, %: This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend,
indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years and showing country performance
over the last two years.
Share in World Imports, %: Share in world imports for 2002. This indicator takes into account all countries,
whether or not they have reported.
Information on tariff and non-tariff barriers: Provides a link to information on tariff and non-tariff barriers at
the tariff-line level (i.e. 6-, 8-, or 10-digits depending on the country) for the selected partner country.

What tariff and non-tariff barriers to access exist in a specific market?
3. Examine market access barriers in partner countries
TradeMap also contains information on tariff and non-tariff barriers at the tariff-line level
covering tariffs, para-tariffs, price controls, finance measures, automatic licensing measures,
quantity controls, monopolistic measures and technical measures. This information allows
the analyst to gauge access conditions for any potential market. In order to access this
information, the exporter would first click on TNTB in Table 4 for the desired country, in this
case the United Kingdom. This will generate Table 5.
Table 5 provides a list of products for which TradeMap contains data on tariff and non-tariff
barriers for the selected market. The product codes in this table correspond to the national
tariff schedule of the importing country, in this case the European Union tariff schedule as
applied in the United Kingdom.
Table 5: List of products for which Information on tariff and non-tariff barriers for the
United Kingdom is available
Product Code Product Description
0304101110 Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
0304101190 Other
0304101311 Wild
0304101321 Whole fish fillets, more than 300 g each
0304101329 Other fish fillets or fillet portions, 300 g or less each
0304101390 Other
0304101920 Of eels (Anguilla spp)
0304101930 Of carp
0304101940 Of trout (Oncorhynchus apache and Oncorhynchus chrysogaster)
World Selection
Next List of supplying markets in United Kingdom World exporters
importers menu
By selecting product code 030410321 Whole fish fillets, more than 300g each from Table 5,
the exporter generates Table 6 showing tariff and non-tariff barriers reported by the United
Kingdom for this product. For cases in which the national tariff lines correspond exactly to
the HS-6 digit product code, the list appearing in Table 5 is unnecessary, and TradeMap will
proceed directly to the information on market access barriers shown below as Table 6.
Table 6 indicates that the Ugandan exporter is faced with an MFN duty of 2% on Whole fish
fillets, more than 300 g each, but, because Uganda is among the group of African,
Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries as designated by the European Union, it benefits
from a preferential trade agreement and is actually subject to zero tariff.
The exporter may also obtain more detailed notes on access barriers in the selected country
by selecting Country notes, at the bottom of Table 5. The notes cover all products and give
such information as duration of the barrier, country coverage, special provisions, rules of
origin and beneficiary countries. Selecting Explanatory notes will give more in-depth
definitions of the terminology used in TradeMap to classify access barriers.

Table 6: Tariff (2001) and non-tariff (1999) barriers reported by United Kingdom
for product: 0304101321 Whole fish fillets, more than 300 g each
Tariff ad - Tariff Agreement with the following Non-tariff measures or product

Tariffs and non-tariff measures
valorem specific countries description
MFN duties (Applied) 2%

Preferential tariff for Least Developed
0%
Countries
Everything But Arms 0%
Preferential tariff for Overseas Countries and
0%
Territories
Preferential tariff for EEA countries 2%
Preferential tariff for ACP countries 0%
Preferential tariff for countries fighting drug 0%
Preferential tariff for Morocco 0%
Preferential tariff for Tunisia 0%
Preferential tariff for Algeria 0%
Preferential tariff for Andorra 0%
Preferential tariff for Cyprus 0%
Preferential tariff for Turkey 0%
Preferential tariff for Macedonia 0%
Preferential tariff for Mexico 0%
Preferential tariff for Croatia 0%
Source: National data reported to UNCTAD (TRAINS) and ITC (Market Access Map)
Note: Please refer to explanatory notes concerning tariff definitions.
List of supplying markets i n United Kingdom World exporters World importers Selection menu Country notes Explanatory notes

Which countries are competing in a specific market and globally?
4. Analyze competitor performance
Next, the exporter should proceed to gathering more information on those countries that
supply Fish fillets to the United Kingdom market by clicking on List of supplying markets in
United Kingdom in Table 6 . The resulting list is shown below as Table 7. One can also obtain
a list of supplying markets for an importing country by selecting the country name in any of
the importer lists produced by TradeMap (for example Table 1 or Table 3).
The table of supplying markets for a product imported by a country allows the exporter in
Uganda to identify the major providers of this product to the United Kingdom, such as
Iceland with 57% of the United Kingdom market. The table will also show if this market is
already importing from any of Uganda’s neighbors, which could mean easier penetration for
its exporters. In this case, however, it is evident that the top suppliers of Fish fillets to this
market are largely neighboring European countries and Asian countries.
Once the Ugandan exporter knows in which countries the main competitors operate, he or
she should research what sorts of advantages those competitors may have, e.g. logistics,
treaties, political ties, etc. In this case, Iceland is the predominant supplier, which can
probably be explained by its proximity.
Table 7: List of supplying markets for a product imported by United Kingdom in 2002
United Kingdom's imports represent 3% of world imports for this product, its ranking in world imports is 7
Import Total export
Import trend Import trend Ranking Share of
Imported Share in growth in growth in value
Imported in value in quantity of partner partner
value 2002 in United Quantity Unit value value of partner
Exporters quantity between between countries countries in
US$ Kingdom's unit (US$/unit) between countries
2002 1998-2002, 1998-2002, in world world
thousand imports, % 2001-2002, between 1998-
%, p.a. %, p.a. exports exports, %
%, p.a. 2002, %, p.a.
World 68,323 100 10,223 Tons 6,683 17 16 -12 9

Iceland 38,609 57 4,838 Tons 7,980 22 25 9 6 5 11
Sri Lanka 9,464 14 1,749 Tons 5,411 64 54 34 88 0
Indonesia 4,051 6 566 Tons 7,157 27 22 14 22 0 13
United States
2,230 3 344 Tons 6,483 34 29 8 17 1 15
of America
Maldives 2,136 3 278 Tons 7,683 95 73 23 79 0
Denmark 1,983 3 368 Tons 5,389 75 47 -73 3 10 -1
Norway 1,899 3 425 Tons 4,468 52 34 76 5 6 -5
Faroe
1,521 2 326 Tons 4,666 -38 -37 -34 30 0 -31
Islands
Seychelles 1,467 2 179 Tons 8,196 18 19 19
France 1,386 2 248 Tons 5,589 8 27 -61 14 1 -5
Chile 790 1 348 Tons 2,270 13 40 -45 1 23 18
Ecuador 584 1 78 Tons 7,487 -22 -27 -48 12 1 50
Supplying Product clusters Product clusters
Trade Partner Importing World World Mirror Selection Bubble
Next markets (HS6) imported by (HS4) imported by Help
barriers regions markets exporters importers data menu graph
(HS4) United Kingdom United Kingdom

Exporters: Partner name sorted by exported value.
Imported value in 2002 in US$ thousand: This figure is as reported by the selected country or as reported by
the partner country, when the selected country does not report trade data.
Share in partner country’s imports, %: Share of partner countries in the imports of the target country in
2002.
Imported quantity 2002: As labeled. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according to unit used
by reporting countries.
Import trend in value between 1998-2002, %, p.a.: This trend is calculated using the least squares method.
No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period.
Import trend in quantity between 1998-2002 %, p.a.: This trend is also calculated using the least squares
method.
Import growth in value between 2001-2002 %, p.a.: This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend,
indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years.
Ranking of partner countries in world exports: The world ranking of the partner country as an exporter in
2002.
Share of partner countries in world exports, %: Market share for the partner country in 2002.
Total export growth in value of partner countries between 1998-2002 %, p.a.: The growth in value of
exports of the partner country to the target country over the period. This should not be confused with an
increase in market share.

What countries supply the majority of my country’s imports?

What alternative sources of supply are available?
C. Identify new sources of supply – Refrigerators to Venezuela
TradeMap also provides leads for importers on supplier diversification. An importer of

Refrigerators in Venezuela, for instance, may want to investigate the possibility of
diversifying suppliers. As a first step, the importer would identify current suppliers by typing
Venezuela as the country under review and 841821 Refrigerators, household type,
compression-type (abbreviated as Refrigerators below) as the product under review (see
above). By next choosing ‘Import’, the importer generates a list of those markets supplying
Refrigerators to Venezuela—shown below as Table 8.
Table 8: List of supplying markets for a product imported by Venezuela in 2002

Product : 841821 Refrigerators, household type, compression-type
Venezuela's imports represent 0% of world imports for this product, its ranking in world imports is 31
Venezuela has not reported trade data in the COMTRADE database. Therefore figures are based on data from supplying
countries
Import Total export
Import trend Import trend Ranking of Share of
Imported growth in growth in value
Share in Imported in value in quantity partner partner
Exporters Venezuela's quantity between between countries in countries in
imports, % 2002 1998-2002, 1998-2002, world world
%, p.a. 2002, %, p.a.
No
Total 12,759 100 0 -14 -64 3
quantity
Colombia 5,435 43 1,722 Tons 3,156 1 6 -69 29 0 14
Mexico 2,951 23 3,143 Tons 939 -20 10 -59 4 10 12
United
States of 2,437 19 4,442 Units 549 -30 -30 -59 10 2 -20
America
Peru 807 6 264 Tons 3,057 80 84 -48 41 0 -5
Ecuador 634 5 166 Tons 3,819 188 190 -62 54 0 10
Turkey 209 2 77 Tons 2,714 354 3 10 20
India 70 1 465 Units 151 66 83 -61 31 0 66
China 44 0 545 Units 81 1 2 -75 2 10 43
Trade Partner Importing Supplying Product clusters (HS6) Product clusters (HS4) World World Selection Bubble Help
barriers regions markets markets (HS4) imported by Venezuela imported by Venezuela exporters importers menu graph
Table 8 shows that Colombia is the leading supplier of Refrigerators, with a 43% share of
Venezuela’s import market. Colombia is only the 29th leading exporter of this product, but it
is a dynamic supplier with 14% p.a. growth in the value of exports worldwide over the period,

a rate of growth which far exceeds the growth of the world export market over the same
period which was only 3% p.a. The table also shows that China, the second largest exporter
in the world, commands less than 1% of Venezuela’s market for Refrigerators. Although
Venezuela’s imports from China have experienced growth of only 1% p.a. over the 1998-
2002 period, China’s growth in exports to the world have grown at 43% p.a. We can also
see that the unit value of Refrigerators from China is significantly lower than those from
Colombia.
If transportation costs are not prohibitive, China could be a viable alternative supplier. It
would also be interesting to investigate why the number one largest exporter in the world is
not among Venezuela’s top suppliers (the top world exporter would show up as number “1”
in the column marked “Ranking of partner countries in world exports”) and what other Latin
American countries export Refrigerators.
Exporters: Country names are sorted by imported value.
Imported value in 2002, in US$ thousand: Value imported in 2002 in US$ thous and as reported by the
selected country or as reported by the partner country (when the selected country does not report trade data).
Share in Venezuela’s imports, %: Share of partner countries in the imports of the target country.
Imported quantity 2002: Quantity imported in 2002. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according
to unit used by reporting countries.
Quantity unit (US$/unit): The unit in which quantities are reported.
Unit value: Price in US$ per unit.
Import trend in value between 1998-2002, %, p.a.: This trend is calculated using the least squares method. If
a country did not report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. Where the
reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period, TradeMap does not calculate a trend and
the cell is blank.
Import trend in quantity between 1998-2002, %, p.a.: This trend is also calculated using the least squares
method.
Import growth in value between 2001-2002, %, p.a.: This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend,
Ranking of partner countries in world exports: This indicates the world ranking of the partner country as an
exporter 2002. With this indicator, it is possible to know if the selected country trades with the leading suppliers
of the selected product.
Share of partner countries in world exports, %: This indicates the world share that the partner country
represents as an exporter of the selected product.
Total export growth in value of partner countries between 1998-2002, %, p.a.: This indicates the global
export growth of the partner country from the world for the selected product. This indicator is calculated on data
as reported by the target market. This combined with the import trend in value, calculated above, allows the
analyst to see how the market share of the country under review has changed in the partner country.
The information given in Table 8 is also available in bubble chart format (see Chart 1). This
chart presents the growth of Venezuela’s major partner markets for Refrigerators (on the
vertical) as compared to those same partner markets’ share in Venezuela’s imports (on
the horizontal), providing an overview of the prospects for supplier diversification. It
illustrates that Colombia, as mentioned above commands a large portion of Venezuela’s
market for Refrigerators, 43%, but has a share of world exports less than 1%, although some
export growth to the world (1% p.a.). China is shown as having significant export growth to
the world, 43% p.a., but a relatively small share of Venezuela’s imports, again less than 1%.

Chart 1: Prospects for diversification of suppliers for a product imported by

Venezuela in 2002
Prospects for diversification of suppliers for a product imported by

Venezuela in 2002
Product : 841821 Refrigerators, household type, compression-type
70
India
60
Annual growth of partner countries exports to the world between 1998-2002, %
50
China
40
30
20 Turkey
United States of America (re-exports)

Colombia
Mexico
10 Ecuador
Costa Rica
Korea, Rep. of Korea
0
0 5 Italy 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Peru
Germany
-10 Spain
United States of America Scale=5% of world exports

-20
Share of partner countries in Venezuela's imports, 2002, %
Note: The area of the circles correponds to the share in world exports of supplying markets for the selected product.
Source: ITC calculations based on COMTRADE statistics.

What are priority products for trade promotion?
D. Scan potential for product diversification – Apparel from the Morocco
Exporters looking for product diversification opportunities could use Trade Map to view
similar products with growing demand. An exporter of Men’s/boys trousers of cotton, not
knitted in Morocco may be considering opportunities for product diversification in Cyprus and
need to know what other related products are in demand. A list of those markets supplying
Cyprus is generated by selecting 620342 Men’s/boys trousers of cotton, not knitted in the
product selection menu (above), Cyprus as the country under review and ‘Import’ (see Table
9).
Table 9: List of supplying markets for a product imported by Cyprus in 2002

Product : 620342 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted
Cyprus's imports represent 0% of world imports for this product, its ranking in world imports is 54
Import Total export
Import trend Import trend Ranking of Share of
Imported growth in growth in value
Share in Imported in value in quantity partner partner
Exporters Cyprus's quantity between between countries in countries in
imports, % 2002 1998-2002, 1998-2002, world world
%, p.a. 2002, %, p.a.
World 8,755 100 910,303 Units 10 8 3 -2 0

Greece 2,645 30 202,007 Units 13 22 33 19 62 0 -8
China 1,271 15 295,273 Units 4 36 50 1 2 11 4
Italy 1,148 13 46,309 Units 25 -7 -11 -21 3 6 1
Spain 501 6 39,174 Units 13 17 30 -12 21 1 -2
Hong
Kong 453 5 74,031 Units 6 6 14 19 6 4 -10
(SARC)
United
385 4 26,589 Units 14 -11 -1 -13 29 0 -15
Kingdom
Sri Lanka 332 4 20,084 Units 17 56 57 50 25 1
Tunisia 323 4 14,081 Units 23 21 16 -4 7 4
India 231 3 34,588 Units 7 18 25 55 20 1 8
Morocco 210 2 11,444 Units 18 4 15 0 12 2
Product clusters Product clusters
Trade Partner Importing Supplying World World Mirror Selection Bubble
Next (HS6) imported by (HS4) imported by Help
barriers regions markets markets (HS4) exporters importers data menu graph
Cyprus Cyprus

Table 9 shows Morocco’s competitors in Cyprus’ market for this product. We can see that in
Cyprus, Morocco ranks 10th with a 2% share of the market. While Cyprus’ overall import
trend in value grew by 8% p.a. over the 1998-2002 period, the growth trend in quantity was
only 3% p.a., suggesting the possibility of an upward trend in prices.

Exporters: Partner name sorted by exported value.
Imported value 2002 in US$ thousand: This figure is as reported by the selected country or as reported by
the partner country, when the selected country does not report trade data.
Share of Cyprus’ (partner country’s) imports, %: Share of partner countries in the imports of the target
country by value in 2002.
Imported quantity 2002: As labeled. Where mirror statistics are used, units may differ according to unit used
by reporting countries.
Import trend in value between 1998-2002, %, p.a.: This trend is calculated using the least squares method.
No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period.
Import trend in quantity between 1998-2002, %, p.a.: This trend is also calculated using the least squares
method.
Import trend in value between 2001-2002, %, p.a.: This growth is a good complement to the 5-year trend,
Import growth in value between 2001-2002 per annum as a percentage: This growth is a good
complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years
and showing the country performance over the last two years.
Ranking of partner countries in world exports: The world ranking of the partner country as an exporter in
2002.
Share of partner countries in world exports %: This provides the world market share of the exporter in
2002.
Total export growth in value of partner countries between 1998-2002 per annum as a percentage: The
export growth of the partner country to the target country over the period, not to be confused with an increase
in market share.
In order to see what complementary products Cyprus imports that are experiencing growth,
the exporter would click Product clusters (HS6) imported by Cyprus (see Table 10).
According to Table 10, the Moroccan exporter may want to explore opportunities in 620322
Mens/boys ensembles, of cotton, not knitted. Cyprus’ imports of these products grew 30%
p.a. in value over the 1998-2002. As world exports actually declined 2% p.a., this may be an
opportunity to gain market share in Cyprus.

Table 10: List of products imported by Cyprus in 2002

Annual growth Annual growth Annual growth
value 2002 World Ranking in Annual growth in
Quantity Quantity in value in quantity in value value of world
HS rev. 1 Product in US$ market world
2002 unit between between 1998- between exports between
thousand share, % mar ket
1998-2002, % 2002, % 2001-2002, % 1998-2002, %
Mens/boys suits, of
other textile
620319 1,719 86,539 Units 20 26 -7 0 26 10
materials, not
knitted
Mens/boys
620322 ensembles, of 240 30,523 Units 30 27 3 0 52 -2
cotton, not knitted
Mens/boys
620329 ensembles, of other 60 8,984 Units -23 -27 94 0 86 9
textile materials, not
knitted
Mens/boys jackets
620332 and blazers, of 779 57,663 Units 0 23 2 0 40 1
cotton, not knitted
Mens/boys jackets
620339 and blazers, of other 1,157 67,615 Units 9 13 26 0 27 -3
textile materials, not
knitted
Mens/boys trousers
620342 and shorts, of 8,755 910,303 Units 8 3 -2 0 54 0
cotton, not knitted
Product clusters (HS6) exported by The leading products (HS6) imported by Product clusters (HS4) imported by Selection Bubble Help
Cyprus Cyprus Cyprus menu graph
Hs rev. 1: HS 6-digit product code for product imported in 2002. HS. rev. 1 refers to Revision One of the
Harmonized System (HS) nomenclature 1996. This distinguishes the codes from other revisions.
Product: Abbreviated product description corresponding to the HS 6-digit product code.
Value 2002, in US$ thousand: Value of 2002 imports in the selected product. These figures are as reported by
countries to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics.
Quantity 2002: Quantity imported in 2002. Where mirror statistics are used, if the exporting and importing
countries use different units no quantity will be displayed.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002: Growth in the value of imports. This trend is calculated by the
least squares method. If a country did not report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation is based on mirror
statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year
period.
Annual growth in quantity between 1998-2002, %: This trend is also calculated using the least squares
method.
Annual growth in value between 2001-2002, %: Growth in value of imports. This growth is a good complement
to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years.
World market share, %: Share of the importing country in the world market in 2002. This indicator takes into
account all countries, whether or not they reported.
Ranking in world market: The world ranking of the selected country in the import of the product under review.
Annual growth in value of world exports between 1998-2002, %: The trend is calculated again using the least
squares method.

III. Country Approach
The second approach, or country approach, allows analysis using TradeMap from a country
perspective. From this angle, a user can assess the national trade performance of a country
and also review the potential for bilateral trade with a partner.
What is my country’s current trade performance?
A. Assess national trade performance – Romania
The government of Romania may wish to investigate how the country’s exports compete in
the world market in order to best prioritize their efforts to attract foreign or domestic
investment or to promote trade. By selecting Romania as the country in TradeMap and
indicating ‘Export’ (above), a list of Romania’s exports is generated at the HS 2-digit level
sorted by product code. By going to the bottom of that list and selecting List of product
groups sorted by value, the Romanian analyst can focus on product groups of the greatest
interest, shown below as Table 11. The 2-digit level provides a sectoral overview of
Romania’s exports.

Table 11: List of product groups exported by Romania in 2002, HS 2

Annual growth of
HS Annual growth in Annual growth in Ranking in Share in Ranking in
Value 2002 in US$ world exports
rev. Product value between value between country world world
thousand between 1998-2002,
1 1998-2002, % 2001-2002, % exports exports, % exports
%
All products 13,875,709 14 22 4 0.0 54
Articles of apparel,
62 accessories, not knit or 2,402,692 12 16 1 1 2.3 11
crochet
Electrical, electronic
85 equipment
1,431,476 44 44 6 2 0.2 40
Footwear, gaiters and
64 the like, parts thereof
1,157,931 18 19 1 3 2.4 8
Mineral fuels, oils,

27 distillation products, etc
1,101,060 30 56 16 4 0.2 60
72 Iron and steel 970,752 3 33 1 5 0.8 30

Articles of apparel,
61 accessories, knit or 796,909 19 19 3 6 0.9 28
crochet
Nuclear reactors,
84 boilers, machinery, etc 743,599 14 9 2 7 0.1 47
Furniture, lighting,
94 signs, prefabricated 654,529 8 23 4 8 0.8 24
buildings
Wood and articles of
44 wood, wood charcoal
619,585 11 18 2 9 0.9 25
List of product groups sorted by HS List of product groups The leading products (HS6) The leading products (HS4) Selection
Next Help
code imported exported exported menu
From this table the Romanian government can see that overall, Romania ranks 54 among
the world’s exporters, with a 14% p.a. growth in exports over the 1998-2002 period and 22%
p.a. over the 2001-2002 period. At the same time the 5-year growth trend for the world is
only 4% p.a. indicating and overall increase in the competitiveness of Romania’s exporters.
Looking at exports at the HS 2-digit level highlights which sectors might be interesting from
the perspective of attracting foreign or domestic investment. Sectors such as Electrical,
electronic equipment (HS 85) or Articles of apparel, accessories, knit or crochet (HS 61) are
experiencing high growth (44% and 19% p.a. respectively), while world exports of these
products are only growing at 6% and 3% p.a. respectively. These may be attractive sectors
for investment.

HS rev. 1: Product code for product exported in 2002. HS. rev. 1 refers to Revision One of the Harmonized
System (HS) nomenclature 1996. This distinguishes the codes from other revisions.
Product: Abbreviated product description corresponding to the HS 2-digit code.
Value 2002, in US$ thousand: Value of exports. These figures are as reported by countries to the COMTRADE
database or as calculated with mirror statistics.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002, %: Trend in export value for the period shown. This trend is
calculated by the least squares method. If a country did not report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation is
based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at
least a four-year period.
Annual growth in value between 2001-2002, %: Shows export growth 2001-2002. This growth is a good
complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years.
Annual growth of world exports between 1998-2002, %: This trend is calculated by the least squares method.
If a country did not report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is
calculated in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period.
Ranking in country exports: This indicator shows the importance of the product group in the country's exports
or imports 2002. It is especially relevant when this table is sorted by product code rather than value.
Share in world exports, %: This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they have reported.
Ranking in world exports: The world ranking in 2002 of the selected country in the export of the product under
review.
For a more in depth look at those sectors which may be interesting for targeting investment
the 4-digit level should be explored. By clicking on 85 in Table 11, the Romanian government
can see in Table 12 what areas within that sector may be interesting.
HS 8544 Insulated wire/cable is an area that is showing growth in world imports, 39%, over
the 1998-2002 period. This is a sizeable sector for Romania and has shown substantial
growth over both the 5- and 2-year period (39% and 80% p.a.), while world imports have
grown 3% p.a. from 1998-2002.
Table 12: List of products exported by Romania in 2002, HS 4

Annual growth Annual growth Annual growth Annual growth in
value 2002 in World Ranking in
HS Quantity Quantity in value in quantity in value value of world
Product US$ market world
rev. 1 2002 unit between 1998- between 1998- between 2001- imports between
thousand share, % market
2002, % 2002, % 2002, % 1998-2002, %
Electronic integrated
No
8542 circuits and 24,286 0 125 -26 0 45 7
microassemblies quantity
Electrical mach&app
No
8543 having individual 1,185 0 60 -20 0 64 6
function, nes quantity
No
8544 Insulated wire/cable 497,784 0 39 80 1 22 3
quantity
Carbon electrodes /
No
8545 brushes / lamp 2,899 0 quantity -10 -39 0 36 -3
carbons
Electrical insulators of No
8546 any material 19,907 0 83 2031 1 14 -1
quantity
First Previous Product clusters (HS4) imported by The leading products (HS6) exported The leading products (HS4) exported Selection Bubble Help
Romania by Romania by Romania menu graph

From Table 12, Chart 2 can be generated, which presents Romania’s export performance for
all the HS 6-digit product codes within the HS85 Electric, electronic equipment sector. The
chart shows the export value of each product (size of the bubbles), and compares
Romania’s export growth (horizontal axis) with the growth of international demand
(vertical axis). In addition, the diagonal line (the line of constant world market share)
divides the chart into two parts. Romania's exports of products to the right of this line have
grown faster than world imports thus increasing their share in the world market. Conversely,
products to the left of the diagonal line have seen an erosion of their world market share.
The diagonal reference line and horizontal axis are particularly interesting in terms of trade
development, since they divide the chart into four quadrants with different characteristics:
Champions - winners in growth markets: These are the export products for which
Romania has performed very well, such as Insulated wire/cable. This sector contains
particularly dynamic products for which the value of world exports is growing faster
than world trade in general, and for which Romanian exporters have increased their
share. Exporters of these products have proven their international competitiveness
over the period. Trade promotion efforts for these products are less risky, as they are
national success stories that can serve as benchmarks for other industries.
Promotional efforts in these products should aim at broadening supply capacity.
Underachievers - losers in growth markets: These products represent particular

challenges for trade promotion efforts in Romania. While international demand has
been growing at above-average rates, Romania has been falling behind. Its exports of
Electrical apparatus for switching, for example, have either declined or grown at a
lower rate than world trade. As a result, Romania has been losing international market
share. In general, the bottleneck is not international demand, but rather the supply
capacity of Romanian producers. For these products, it is essential to identify and
remove the specific bottlenecks that impede a more dynamic expansion of exports.
Losers in declining markets: The export prospects for these products tend to be
bleak, such as Carbon electrodes/brushes/lamp carbons in the case of Romania.
World imports of the product concerned have increased at a below-average rate or
actually declined, and the market share of Romania has gone down. Trade promotion
efforts for products in this category face difficulty. They need to adopt an integrated
approach to take into account bottlenecks on both the supply and demand side.
Achievers in adversity - winners in declining markets: World import markets for

products in this quadrant, such as Thermonic cold cathode valves , are declining or
growing at a below average rate, but the market share of Romanian exporters is
growing. From a trade promotion perspective, niche-marketing strategies are required
to isolate positive trade performance from the overall decline in these markets.
The chart also provides an overview of the concentration of exports. The appearance of one
or a few comparatively large circles in one area shows that exports are highly concentrated.
This does not appear to be the case for Romania.
The circle labeled scale, in the bottom right-hand corner of Chart 2, serves as reference for
the size of the bubbles. The scale varies from US$ 10,000 to US$ 100 million depending on
the country under review.
Should the government of Romania wish to conduct deeper analysis still, the 6-digit level is
accessible for any of the 4-digit codes by clicking on that code.

Chart 2: Growth of national supply and international demand for export products of Romania in 2002,
HS 4
Growth of national supply and international demand

for export products of Romania in 2002
10
Part suitable for use solely/princ with televisions,

recpt app
Champions
8
Electronic integrated circuits and
microassemblies
Printed circuits
Underachievers
Electrical mach&app having individual
Electrical capacitors, fixed, variable
function, nes
or adjustable (pre-set)
Annual growth of world imports between 1998-2002, %
6
Diodes/transistors&sim semiconductor
devices; etc
Board & panels, equipped
with two/more switches, fuses
Electric sound/visual signallg app

(e.g. bell/siren, fire alarms)
Insulating fitting for elec mach,app/equip

(o/t insulator of hd no85.46)
4 Electrical parts of machinery/app, nes
Part suitable for use solely/princ with
boards, panels, fuses, switches
Insulated wire/cable
Electric filament or
discharge lamps
Electrical resistor (incl
Electrical app for switchg (ex
rheostats),o/t heatg resistor
fuse,switche,etc) not
2 exceedg 1000 volt
Electrical app for switching (ex

fuse,switche,etc) exceeding 1000 volt
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Electrical insulators of any material
Bubble scale = US$ 10 millions
Losers in
-2
Achievers in adversity
declining markets
Carbon electrodes / brushes / lamp

Thermionic,cold cathode valves&tube (e.g.
carbons
tv camera tubes)
Diagonal of constant
world market share
-4
Annual growth of exports of Romania between 1998-2002, %
Note: The area of the circles corresponds to the export value of the product for Romania

By next clicking on The leading products (HS6) exported by Romania at the bottom of Table
12, Table 13 is generated which lists Romania’s top 500 exports at the HS 6-digit level. The
data in this table shows that Romania’s fifth largest export Footwear, outer soles of
rubber/plastics uppers of leather nes (HS 640399), grew 84% p.a. over the 1998-2002
period, while world imports of these products grew 5% p.a., suggesting that Romania’s 1%
share of the world market may be growing. Also interesting are Romania’s exports of
Men’s\boy’s trousers and shorts of cotton, not knitted which grew at 28% p.a. over the full
period (29% p.a. over 2001-2002) while world imports grew at only 1% p.a. These may be
interesting sectors in which to focus trade promotion efforts.
From Table 13, Chart 3 can be generated, which is similar to Chart 2 but with significant
differences. Chart 3 presents the performance of the leading export products of Romania,
indicating the average nominal growth of the total exports of Romania for the period
1998 to 2002 (dotted vertical reference line) and the average nominal growth of world
imports over the same period (horizontal reference line), which was 4% p.a. In Chart 3 it
is the diagonal line, representing constant market share, and the horizontal reference line
that divide the chart into four quadrants. It should be noted that the criterion for
distinguishing growing and declining products is the average nominal growth rate of total
world imports from 1998 to 2002, which was 4% annually. Products, whose world imports
have grown below this rate, for instance at 3% annually, are classified as declining products,
as their share in world trade is declining.
Table 13: The leading products exported by Romania in 2002, HS 6

Annual Annual Annual Annual growth
growth in growth in growth in Share in Ranking in value of
Value 2002 in Quantity Quantity value quantity value world
HS rev. 1 Product in world world imports
US$ thousand 2002 unit between between between exports, export between 1998-
1998-2002, 1998-2002, 2001-2002, %
2002, %
% % %
No
TOTAL All products 13,875,709 0 14 22 0 54 4
quantity
Petroleum oils&oils
obtained from
271000 bituminous 959,770 4,404,981 Tons 30 12 58 0 32 7
minerals,o/than crude
etc
Ignition wirg sets&oth
854430 wirg sets usd in 390,132 30,712 Tons 33 45 76 3 8 5
vehicles,aircraft etc
Furniture, wooden,
940360 nes 374,605 231,412 Tons 5 5 19 2 13 6
Uppers and parts

640610 thereof, other than 361,916 16,982 Tons 14 12 19 16 1 -3
stiffeners
Footwear, outer soles
640399 of rubber/plastics 283,269 22,883 Tons 84 93 33 1 13 5
uppers of leather, nes
Cargo vessels
nes&oth vessels for
890190 the transport of both
268,373 168,733 Tons 8 -14 93 1 6 -1
persons&goods
Mens/boys trousers
620342 and shorts, of cotton, 204,660 11,796 Tons 28 34 29 1 15 1
not knitted
Next The leading products (HS6) imported The leading products (HS4) exported List of product groups (HS2) exported Selection menu Bubble graph Help

Explanatory Notes for Table 12 and Table 13
HS rev. 1: Product code for product exported in 2002. HS. rev. 1 refers to Revision One of the Harmonized
System (HS) nomenclature 1996. This distinguishes the codes from other revisions.
Product: Abbreviated product description corresponding to the HS 6-digit code.
Value 2002 in US$ thousand: These figures are as reported by countries to the COMTRADE database or as
calculated with mirror statistics.
Quantity 2002: Quantity exported in 2002. Where mirror statistics are used, if the exporting and importing
countries use different units no quantity will be displayed.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002, %: This trend is calculated by the least squares method. If a
country did not report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated
in cases where the reporting country data is not available for at least a four-year period.
Annual growth in quantity between 1998-2002, %: This trend is also calculated by using the least squares
method.
Annual growth in value between 2001-2002, %: Annual growth in exports 2001-2002. This growth is a good
complement to the 5-year trend, indicating whether growth trends have been stable or volatile over the 5 years.
Market share in world exports as a percentage: This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not
they reported.
Ranking in world export: The 2002 world ranking of the selected country in the export of the product under
review.
Annual growth in value of world exports between 1998-2002, %: The trend is calculated for the product under
review by the least squares method.

Chart 3: Growth of national supply and international demand for the twenty leading Romanian
exports in 2002
Growth of national supply and international demand

for export products of Romania in 2002
14
Total export growth of
Romania
Electrical energy
12 Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of cotton, not

knitted
Champions
Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of

synthetic fibres, not knitted
10 Parts suitable f use solely/princ w the app of headings
85.25 to 85.28
Underachievers
Annual growth of world imports between 1998-2002, %
8 Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of synthetic fibres, not

knitted Ferrous waste and scrap, iron or steel,
nes
Petroleum oils&oils obtained from Parts and accessories of bodies nes for motor
bituminous minerals,o/than crude etc vehicles
Footwear, outer soles of rubber/plastics uppers of
6 Furniture, wooden, nes
leather, nes
Ignition wirg sets&oth wirg sets usd in

vehicles,aircraft etc
Growth of total world imports

4
Pullovers, cardigans and similar articles of man-made fibres,
knitted
2 Aluminium unwrought, not alloyed

Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton, not
knitted
Cargo vessels nes&oth vessels for the transport of both

persons&goods
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(1996) Hot roll iron/steel nes, coil >600mm x
Losers in <3mm
declining markets Footwear,outer soles of rubber/plast uppers of leather covg ankle
nes
-2 Lumber, coniferous (softwood) 6 mm and
thicker
Mens/boys shirts, of cotton, not
knitted Achievers in adversity
Uppers and parts thereof, other than

stiffeners
-4 (1996) Hot roll iron/steel, not coil >600mm x Bubble scale = US$ 10 millions
>10mm Womens/girls jackets, of synthetic fibres, not
knitted
Womens/girls blouses and shirts, of man-made fibres, not

Diagonal of constant
world market share Lumber, Beech knitted
-6
Annual growth of exports of Romania between 1998-2002, %
Note: The area of the circles corresponds to the export value of the product for Romania

For what products is there potential to increase bilateral trade?
B. Bilateral Trade Potential – between Estonia and Finland
A TSI in Estonia may wish to explore the trade potential between Estonia and Finland. The
first step is to select Estonia as the country under review, Finland as the partner country and
‘Export’ in the selection menu (above). The resulting table provides bilateral trade data
organized by HS 2-digit code. Clicking Bilateral trade (HS2) sorted by potential trade at the
bottom of that table will produce the information in Table 14.
Table 14: Existing and potential trade between Estonia and Finland in 2002, HS 2
Estonia's exports have been reported by Estonia
Finland's imports have been reported by Finland
Estonia's exports to Finland Finland's imports from world Estonia's exports to world
Annual Annual Annual Indicative

Product growth in growth in Market growth in Market
Product label Value 2002 potential in US$
code value Value 2002 in value share in Value 2002 in value share in
in US$ thousand
between US$ thousand between world US$ thousand between world
thousand
1998-2002, 1998-2002, imports % 1998-2002, exports %
% % %
All products 882,943 15 33,440,032 1 0.0 4,336,351 9 0.0 3,453,408

Wood and articles
44 of wood, wood 93,982 6 741,690 5 1.1 523,090 5 0.8 429,108
charcoal
Electrical,
85 electronic 338,141 26 5,781,256 4 0.7 766,531 16 0.1 428,390
equipment
Furniture, lighting,
signs,
94 prefabricated
65,586 18 458,858 5 0.5 303,635 19 0.4 238,049
buildings
Vehicles other
87 than railway, 13,359 10 2,743,034 -1 0.5 212,005 16 0.0 198,646
tramway
Paper &
paperboard,
48 articles of pulp, 4,037 -2 486,754 2 0.5 126,018 17 0.1 121,981
paper and board
Articles of iron or
73 steel
30,240 27 591,407 0 0.6 137,856 10 0.2 107,616
List of product groups (HS2) List of product groups (HS2) Import Bilateral trade (HS4) sorted by Bilateral trade (HS6) sorted by Selection
Next Help
exported by Estonia imported by Finland side potential trade potential trade menu

From Table 14, the TSI can see actual trade between Estonia and Finland, Finland’s imports
from the world, and Estonia’s exports to the world, both for overall trade and for individual
product groups listed. On the whole, trade between Estonia and Finland amounted to US$
883 million in 2002 and grew at 15% p.a. over the 1998-2002 period. Finland’s imports from
the world were US$ 33 billion with an annual growth rate of 1% p.a., while Estonia’s exports
to the world were US$ 4 billion and grew at a rate of 9% p.a.
If we focus on the sector of Paper and paperboard, articles of pulp, paper and board HS48,
we see that trade took place between Estonia and Finland valued at just over US$ 4 million
but is declining at 2% p.a. Finland’s imports from the world were almost US$ 487 million in
2002 and grew at 2% p.a. over the 1998-2002 period, while Estonia’s exports to the world
were just over US$ 126 million and grew at 17% p.a. This brings into question why, with
Finland’s import demand growing and Estonia’s supply capacity growing, trade between the
two countries is declining.

Product code: Product code for the product traded between the two countries under review.
Product label: Abbreviated product group description corresponding to an HS 2-digit position.
Selected country exports to the partner country:
Value 2002, in US$ thousand: The trade between the two selected countries, as reported by the selected
country to the COMTRADE database or as reported by the selected partner country to the COMTRADE
database if the selected country has not reported trade data.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002, %: The trend of bilateral trade as a percentage. The trend is
calculated using the least squares method. If the selected country does not report trade data in 2002, the trend
calculation is based on partner statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where country or partner country data
is not available for at least a four-year period.
Partner country’s imports from the world:
Value 2002, in US$ thousand: The value imported by the partner country from the world for the product
group under review, as reported to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002, %: The growth of imports from the world for the selected
partner country. The trend is calculated using the least squares method. If the selected partner country does not
report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases
where partner country data is not available for at least a four-year period.
Market share in world imports, %: The world import share for the selected partner country and product
group. This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they have reported.
Selected country exports to world:
Value 2002, in US$ thousand: The value exported by the country to the world for the product group under
review, as reported to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002, %: The growth of exports to the world for the selected
country. The trend is calculated by the least squares method. If the country under review does not report trade
data in 2002 the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where country
data is not available for at least a four-year period.
Market share in world exports, %: The world export share for the selected country and product group
under review. This indicator takes into account all countries, whether or not they have reported.
Indicative potential in US$ thousand: The potential trade between the two selected countries as calculated in
2002. Trade potential is defined as the lower value of the amount a country exports to the world or the amount
the partner country imports from the world, minus the existing trade between the two countries under review. In
other words, high potential means that the partner country’s imports are significant and the country’s exports are
also significant, but the share of the country in the imports of the partner country is small.

To know for which specific products potential may exist, the HS 6-digit level should be
explored. By clicking on Bilateral trade (HS6) sorted by potential trade at the bottom of Table
14, Table 15 is generated.
Table 15: Existing and indicative potential trade between Estonia and Finland in 2002, HS 6
Estonia's exports have been reported by Estonia
Finland's imports have been reported by Finland
Estonia's exports to Finland Finland's imports from world Estonia's exports to world
Indicative
Annual Annual Annual potential
Product Value growth in Share in Value growth in growth in
Product label Value 2002 trade in
code 2002 in value Estonia's 2002 in value Quantity Quantity value Quantity Quantity
in US$ US$
US$ between exports , US$ between 2002 Unit between 2002 Unit thousand
thousand
thousand 1998- % thousand 1998- 1998-
2002, % 2002, % 2002, %
Transmission
apparatus,for
radioteleph
852520 incorporatg 90,573 236 37 388,124 23 1,090 Tons 247,926 24 645 Tons 157,353
reception
apparatus
Logs, poles,
440320 coniferous nes 8,800 -5 16 243,869 16 5,411,553 Tons 56,416 -8 1,422,135 Tons 47,616
Furniture,
940360 wooden, nes 11,054 8 19 55,680 8 23,487 Tons 59,095 5 33,557 Tons 44,626
Structures&parts
of structures,i/s
730890 (ex prefab bldgs 13,639 47 17 55,492 11 28,841 Tons 81,951 9 56,900 Tons 41,853
of headg no.9406)
Automobiles w
reciprocatg piston
870323 engine displacg > 386 -44 1 800,054 -5 106,753 Tons 37,160 3 4,709 Tons 36,774
1500 cc to 3000
cc
Prefabricated
940600 buildings 3,211 72 6 29,189 65 14,081 Tons 49,696 16 60,909 Tons 25,978
Logs, non-
440399 coniferous nes
19,078 -7 44 225,096 -4 6,260,693 Tons 43,804 -7 1,383,198 Tons 24,726
Electric
conductors,for a
854441 v oltage not 4,825 0 18 34,536 -2 1,167 Tons 26,547 24 843 Tons 21,722
exceedg 80 V,fittd
w connectors
Ferrous waste
720449 and scrap, iron or 3,139 36 13 27,139 10 281,091 Tons 24,023 -14 260,019 Tons 20,884
steel, nes
Next Import side Bilateral trade (HS2) sorted by potential trade Bilateral trade (HS4) sorted by potential trade Selection menu Bubble graph Help
According to Table 15 there is trade potential between Estonia and Finland in Prefabricated
buildings HS940600. Current trade is US$ 3.211 million. Finland imported just over US$ 29
million from the world and those imports grew 65% p.a. indicating increasing demand.
Estonia’s exports to the world of just under US$ 50 million grew 16% p.a. indicating
increasing supply. If Finland were to obtain its entire import supply from Estonia, the
indicative trade potential would be US$ 26 million.
Trade potential is defined as the lower of the value a selected country exports to the world or
the value the partner country imports from the world (in this case the lower is Finland’s
imports, $US 29 million), minus the current trade between the two countries under review
(which is US$ 3 million). The trade potential is indicative only and serves as a departure
point for further investigation.
By clicking on the value of Finland’s imports from the world (column 6), all supplying markets
of Prefabricated buildings to Finland are listed. Alternatively, by clicking on the product code
in the first column, 940600, the importing markets for Prefabricated buildings from Estonia
are listed.


Product code: Product code for the product traded between the two countries under review.
Product label: Abbreviated product group description corresponding to an HS 6-digit position.
Selected country exports to partner country:
Value 2002, in US$ thousand: Export from the selected country to the selected partner, as reported by the
selected country to the COMTRADE database or as reported by the selected partner country to the
COMTRADE database if the selected country has not reported trade data.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002, %: The trend of bilateral trade as a percentage. The trend is
calculated using the least squares method. If the selected country did not report trade data in 2002, the trend
calculation is based on partner statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where country or partner country data
is not available for at least a four-year period.
Share in Estonia’s exports, %: Share of the partner country in the exports of the target country for the
selected product.
Partner country imports from world:
Value 2002, in US$ thousand: The value imported by the partner country from the world for the selected
product group, as reported to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002, %: The growth of imports from the world by the partner
country in the selected product. The trend is calculated using the least squares method. If the selected partner
country did not report trade data in 2002, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is
calculated in cases where partner country data is not available for at least a four-year period.
Quantity 2002: Quantity imported in 2002. Where mirror statistics are used, if partner countries use
different units of quantity, no quantity will be shown.
Selected country exports to the world:
Value 2002, in US$ thousand: The value exported by the country to the world for the product group under
review, as reported to the COMTRADE database or as calculated with mirror statistics.
Annual growth in value between 1998-2002, %: The growth of exports to the world for the selected
country. The trend is calculated by the least squares method. If the country under review did not report trade
data in 2002, the trend calculation is based on mirror statistics. No trend is calculated in cases where country
data is not available for at least a four-year period.
Quantity 2002: Quantity exported in 2002. Where mirror statistics are used, if partner countries use
different units of quantity, no quantity will be shown.
Indicative Trade potential: The potential trade between the two selected countries as calculated in 2002.
Trade potential is defined as the lower value of the amount a market exports (imports) to the world and the
amount the partner country imports (exports) from the world, minus the existing trade between the two countries
under review. In other words, high potential means that the partner country’s imports are significant and the
country’s exports are also significant, however the share of the country in the imports of the partner country is
small.

What are the trade flows between my country and a specific regional or
economic group?
C. TradeMap includes regional and economic country groups
On the TradeMap selection menu, if you enter the “Select a country” or “Select a partner
country” options you will have the choice of either viewing individual countries or numerous
country groups. For each group, a list of countries included is provided, as well as
indications as to whether those countries report trade data to COMTRADE or not. In cases
where some countries in a regional group do not report to COMTRADE, their trade statistics
are estimated, as in the individual country case, by the use of mirror statistics (estimating
exports based on partners’ imports and vice versa).
List of country and economic groups

Region Region
Region Name Region Name
Code Code
G07 Africa G27 Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
G32 African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) G25 Europe
African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP
G29 G26 European Union (EU)
Group)
G31 America G41 G7
G19 Andean Community G21 Greater China
G20 Asia G38 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
G39 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) G15 Latin America and the Carribean
G24 Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) G16 Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
G13 Bangkok agreement G05 Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
G40 Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC) G10 Maghreb
G37 Caribbean Community (CARICOM) G22 Middle East
G17 Central American Common Market (CACM) G14 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
G23 Central Asian Republics G28 Oceania
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
G03 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) G04
Development (OECD)
Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa
G12 G30 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
(COMESA)
G34 Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) G06 Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
G33 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) G18
(SAARC)
Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa
G09 G11 Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
(UDEAC)
G01 Developed Market Economies G35 Southern African Development Community (SADC)
G02 Developing Market Economies G36 West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)
Economic Community of West African States
G08
(ECOWAS)

1. Trousers exports from Egypt to the EU
The government of Egypt might be interested in analysing in which products there is a

potential for increased trade between itself and the European Union as a whole. By first
selecting Egypt from the country menu and then the European Union from the partner
country menu, then sorting the resulting table by clicking Bilateral trade (HS6) sorted by
potential trade, Table 16 is generated.
Table 16: Existing and indicative potential trade between Egypt and European Union (EU) in 2002
Egypt's exports have been reported by partners countries
Please click on European Union (EU) to see the list of reporting countries in the region
Egypt's exports to European European Union (EU)'s imports from world Egypt's exports to world
Union (EU)
Indicative
Annual Annual Annual potential
Product Share
Product label Value growth in trade in
Value 2002 in growth in
code Value growth in
in
2002 in value value Quantity Quantity 2002 in value Quantity Quantity US$
Egypt's US$
US$ between exports between 2002 Unit US$ between 2002 Unit thousand
thousand
thousand 1998- 1998- thousand 1998-
,%
2002, % 2002, % 2002, %
Cotton, not
No
520100 carded or 50,181 -7 27 769,557 -13 0 quantity 186,893 1 92,313 Tons 136,712
combed
Oils&oth
products of the
distillation of
No
270799 0 0 123,672 0 0 quantity 122,218 491,158 Tons 122,218
high temp coal
tar etc nes
Womens/girls
trousers and
shorts, of
No No
620462 1,825 -20 2 3,796,936 16 0 quantity 96,640 23 0 quantity 94,815
cotton, not
knitted
Mens/boys
trousers and
No No
620342 shorts, of 14,870 -2 17 4,758,270 1 0 quantity 88,568 7 0 quantity 73,698
cotton, not
knitted
Oranges, fresh No
080510 or dried 8,807 23 13 1,131,599 0 0 65,607 7 203,495 Tons 56,800
quantity
Next Import side Bilateral trade (HS2) sorted by potential trade Bilateral trade (HS4) sorted by potential trade Selection menu Bubble graph Help
We see that Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted are experiencing growth
both in the value of EU imports (16% p.a.) and in the value of Egypt’s exports (23% p.a.).
The trade between the two was also nearly US$ 2 million in 2002. However, trade between
the two has declined over the 5-year period by 2% p.a. and the European Union only
consumes 2% of Egypt’s exports of these products. Given the growing demand in the
European Union and supply from Egypt, this may be an area in which improved marketing or
negotiations may help the government of Egypt capitalize on almost US$ 95 million in
potential trade. Egyptian analysts should use the same caution applied by Estonians in the
case of bilateral trade potential between Estonia and Finland—these data must be
complemented with other types of data and analysis.
By clicking the value of the EU’s imports from the world, we can see which individual
countries supply the EU with those products. Likewise, by clicking on the value of exports

from Egypt to the world, we can see to which countries Egypt currently supplies those
products.
Chart 4 presents the same information as Table 15. The annual growth of the EU’s
imports from the world is plotted on the vertical axis and the share of the EU in
Egypt’s exports is plotted on the horizontal, while the size of the bubbles represents
the size of the potential trade between the two. Notice that, as in Table 15, Womens/girls
trousers and shorts, of cotton is experiencing significant growth in both demand from the EU
and the EU’s share of Egypt’s exports suggesting this may be a good area for the
government to concentrate efforts to support its exporters of trousers.

Chart 4: Potential trade between Egypt and European Union (EU) in 2002
Potential trade between Egypt and European Union (EU) in 2002
70
Petroleum oils&oils obtained from bituminous minerals,o/than

crude etc
65
60
Annual growth of European Union (EU)'s imports from the world between 1998-2002, %
55
50
45
40
Naphthalene
35
30
Womens/girls trousers and shorts, of cotton, not knitted
25 Bars & rods,i/nas,hr,hd or he,cntg indent,ribs,etc,prod dur rp/tar,nes
Oils&oth products of the distillation of high temp coal tar etc nes
20 Marble & travertine,merely cut,by sawing or otherwise into blocks etc
Pullovers, cardigans and similar articles of cotton, knitted

Oranges, fresh or dried
15
Mens/boys trousers and shorts, of cotton,
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous
not knitted
minerals, crude
(1996) Hot rolled bar/rod, irregular coils,
10 Urea,wthr/nt in aqueous
<14mm diam
solution in packages weighg
Mens/boys shirts, of cotton, not knitted more than 10 kg
5 Molasses nes T-shirts, singlets and other

vests, of cotton, knitted
Carbon (carbon blacks and other forms
of carbon, nes)
0
0 10 20
Food preparations nes
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carpets of nylon or other polyamides, tufted
-5 Rice, husked (brown) (1996) Hot roll iron/steel nes, coil >600mm x <3mm
Carpets of man-made textile mat,of woven pile construction,made up,nes

Rice, semi-milled or wholly Cotton yarn,>/=85%,single,uncombed,714.29
-10 milled, whether or not Bubble scale =
>dtex>/=232.56, not put up
polished or glazed US$ 10 millions
Cotton, not carded or combed
-15
Share of European Union (EU) in Egypt's exports , 2002, %
Note: The area of the circles correponds to the potential trade value between the two countries under review for the selected products.

IV. Summary
Whether from the public or business sector, actors in international trade must have the ability
to analyze trade flows from both a product and country perspective. TradeMap provides this
information in a user friendly and easily accessible format. Users have access to the world’s
largest trade database, COMTRADE, containing indicators on national export performance,
international demand, alternative markets, and the role of competitors from both the product
and country perspective. Users can quickly and easily:
• Analyze present export markets. Examine the performance and dynamics of a

country’s export markets for any product, Identifying the number and size of export
markets and the concentration of exports and highlights countries where market share
has increased.
• View the competitors in the global market. Competing countries, exporting the same
product, are ranked in terms of value, with additional indicators on quantities, growth and
market share, highlighting the position of a country in world exports, as well as the
position of neighboring countries.
• Pre-select priority markets. View the world’s major importing countries, with indicators
illustrating the extent of import concentration in the world’s markets and in which
countries’ demand has increased greatly over the period.
• Find information on tariff and non-tariff barriers. Based on the TRAINS database of
UNCTAD, this function provides tariff-line information on countries’ major instruments of
trade control, such as ad-valorem and specific tariffs, MFN tariffs, tariff quotas, anti-
dumping duties, prohibitions and norms at the most detailed level.
• Assess competitors in specific export markets. View a country’s competitors in any

leading target market, with information on the export performance of these competitors,
showing the number of supplying countries and their performance in the market.
• Identify new sources of supply. Countries exporting a product both to the world and to
a specific country are ranked against one another, allowing direct comparisons of current
and potential sources of national supply.
• Review opportunities for product diversification in a specific market. Make a

comparative assessment of import demand for related products in the market under
review and identify whether similar products are imported by the country under review
and if synergies are possible.
• Assess national trade performance. Make and overall evaluation of national trade
performance and identify priority areas for investment and trade promotion at the
sectoral and product level.
• Identify existing and potential bilateral trade with any partner country. Bilateral
trade opportunities can be identified by comparing actual bilateral trade, demand in
terms of the global imports of partner countries and the global export supply capacity of
the home country.
TradeMap can be customized for trade support institutions (TSI TradeMap) via a special
password-protected Internet site for subscribers, allowing multiple connections by larger user
groups. Alternatively, individual partners can access the application directly on a subscription
basis (ITC TradeMap). For further information please contact: [email protected]

Annex I: Foreign Trade Statistics as a Basis for Strategic Market Research

What Users Should Take into Consideration
Foreign trade statistics provide a differentiated picture of trade flows among countries. They
are comprehensive in terms of product coverage (more than 5,300 products under the
Harmonized System), geographical coverage (around 100 countries covering 90% of world
trade) and time series (data under the Harmonized System are available for the last
decade). Moreover, they are readily available at moderate costs. This makes them an
attractive source for market research and the assessment of trade performance.
Against this background, ITC has developed a number of tools for international marketing
and trade promotion based on trade statistics. Country Map, TradeMap and Product Map are
all cases in point. All of these tools strive to present trade statistics in an analytical and user-
friendly format. Notwithstanding the attractiveness of this comprehensive source of
information, users should factor in the following weak points of foreign trade statistics:
q Trade data are never complete. Smuggling and non-reporting represent a serious problem in a
number of countries. In addition, trade statistics, like any source of information, are not free of
mistakes and omissions.
q Most countries include imports for re-exports and re-exports in their trade statistics. A low-
income country may show up as an exporter of airplanes simply because its national airline has
sold second-hand planes.
q The export value refers to the total or contract value. According to international conventions for
reporting trade statistics, the export value refers to the total or contract value, which may of course,
be very different from local value-added. For many processing activities the local value added
remains below 20% of the export value.
q Only merchandise trade is covered. Detailed trade statistics are available only for merchandise
trade and not for services, although the latter may account for a sizeable share of national exports.
q Different products are categorized differently. Even at the lowest level of disaggregation,
product groups in the trade nomenclatures do not necessarily reflect trade names and often contain
a wide range of different products. Moreover, the product nomenclature is sometimes misleading.
The labels of aggregated product groups are often very general and provide at times only limited
guidance on the leading items within the group of products concerned.
q Exchange rate fluctuations are not always recorded. Exchange rate fluctuations are not always
properly recorded in international trade statistics. Values are normally aggregated over the period
of one year in local currency and converted into US dollars.
q Mirror statistics are sometimes used. For countries that do not report trade data to the United
Nations, ITC uses partner country data, an approach referred to as mirror statistics. Mirror statistics
are a second-best solution being better than having no data at all and allow the coverage of the
over 100 primarily low-income countries that do not report national trade statistics to COMTRADE.
At the same time, they have a number of shortcomings when compared to the first-best solution of
nationally reported data. First and foremost, they do not cover trade with other non-reporting
countries. As a result, mirror statistics hardly cover South-South trade and would not be a suitable
source for an assessment of intra-African trade. Second, there is the problem of transshipments,
which may hide the actual source of supply. Third, mirror statistics invert the reporting standards by
valuing exports in c.i.f. terms (i.e. including transport cost and insurance) and imports in f.o.b. terms
(excluding these items).
In an effort to make some of these discrepancies more transparent, we have included the
option of viewing Mirror statistics within TradeMap (See bottom of Table 17). Table 17
presents the data of those countries that import Panty hose from Slovenia as reported by
Slovenian exports. While Table 18 presents the same data as reported by the imports of
Slovenia’s partner countries.

Table 17: List of importing markets for a product exported by Slovenia in 2002
Product : 611511 Panty hose&tights,of synthetic fibre yarns <67 dtex/single yarn knittd
Slovenia's exports represent 1% of world exports for this product, its ranking in world exports is 16
Total import
Export Export
Export trend Ranking of Share of growth in
Exported trend in growth in
Share in Exported in quantity partner partner value of
value 2002 Quantity Unit value value value
Importers Slovenia's quantity between countries in countries in partner
in US$ unit (US$/unit) between between
exports, % 2002 1998-2002, world world countries
thousand 1998-2002, 2001-2002,
%, p.a. imports imports, % between 1998-
%, p.a. %, p.a.
2002, % , p.a.
World 9,728 100 567 Tons 17,157 -19 -18 -4 -7

Switzerland 2,684 28 127 Tons 21,134 34 38 65 7 2 -6
Croatia 842 9 39 Tons 21,590 3 4 3 26 0 14
Austria 301 3 12 Tons 25,083 49 46 -77 10 2 -10
Yugoslavia 241 2 16 Tons 15,063 42 35 0 27
The former
Yugoslav Rep. 187 2 9 Tons 20,778 -2 3 21 66 0 -8
of Macedonia
Bosnia and
149 2 10 Tons 14,900 28 40 19 54 0 -3
Herzegovina
Netherlands 82 1 3 Tons 27,333 17 1 -23
Italy 69 1 2 Tons 34,500 81 13 60 5 4 20
Portugal 64 1 2 Tons 32,000 -6 0 167 23 0 -14
Gambia 35 0 4 Tons 8,750 92 0
Russian
18 0 1 Tons 18,000 64 20 1 45
Federation
Poland 10 0 6 Tons 1,667 -12 -10 -9 14 1 -15
Partner Supplying Importing Product clusters (HS6) Product clusters (HS4) World World Mirror Selection Bubble Help
regions markets markets (HS4) exported by Slovenia exported by Slovenia exporters importers data menu graph
Table 18: List of importing markets for a product exported by Slovenia in 2002,
Mirror Statistics
Product : 611511 Panty hose&tights,of synthetic fibre yarns <67 dtex/single yarn knittd
Figures are based on data reported to Comtrade by importing countries (Mirror Statistics)
Export Total import
Export trend Export trend Ranking of Share of
Exported growth in growth in value
Share in Exported in value in quantity partner partner
Importers Slovenia's quantity between between countries in countries in
exports, % 2002 1998-2002, 1998-2002, world world
%, p.a. %, p.a. imports imports, %
%, p.a. 2002, %, p.a.
Total 4,004 100

Switzerland 2,600 65 127 Tons 20,472 39 47 95 7 2 -6
Croatia 844 21 40 Tons 21,100 6 8 7 26 0 14
Austria 323 8 13 Tons 24,846 19 16 -69 10 2 -10
No
Portugal 68 2 0 55 23 0 -14
quantity
Italy 66 2 2 Tons 33,000 16 -3 61 5 4 20
Slovakia 26 1 5 Tons 5,200 30 23 44 30 0 -1
Russian
24 1 1 Tons 24,000 0 20 1 45
Federation
No
France 19 0 0 -26 -14 3 9 -8
quantity
No
Iceland 19 0 0 -16 27 75 0 -16
quantity
Czech
15 0 3 Tons 5,000 -40 -36 -25 22 0 -6
Republic
Direct data Selection menu Help

Note that Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Gambia in Table 17 are not
shown in Table 18. This is due to the fact that these countries do not report statistics to the
COMTRADE database. However, the Netherlands and Poland are not shown in Table 18 and
are reporting countries. Perhaps Slovenia re-exports to the Netherlands and Poland and
counts it as exports to those countries, while the Netherlands and Poland may not consider
Slovenia to be the country of origin and therefore do not include it in their imports.
Similarly, in Table 18 we see that Slovakia, France, Iceland and the Czech Republic report
imports from Slovenia, whereas Slovenia does not report exports to these countries. Maybe
these countries consider Slovenia to be the country of origin, but Slovenia does not export to
them directly and therefore does not include them in its export statistics.
In view of the above shortcomings, foreign trade statistics should never be the sole source of
insight, but need to be complemented by other sources and in particular cross-checked by
product specialists and industry insiders. Overall, ITC’s experience suggests that trade
statistics represent a very useful source of information and a valid point of departure for
strategic market research, if analyzed with a healthy mix of skepticism and pragmatism vis-
à-vis their strengths and shortcomings.

ITCTradeMAPuserguide 0

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ITCTradeMAPuserguide 0

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ITCTradeMAPuserguide 0

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ITC’s MARKET ANALYSIS SERVICES

Trade statistics for international business development

Market Analysis Section

International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO i

CIF Cost, insurance and freight

ii International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

• What is the structure of the world market for a product?

• With which countries does my country currently trade?

• Where are opportunities for market diversification?

• What tariff and non-tariff barriers to access exist in a specific market?

• Which countries are competing in a specific market and globally?

• What are priority markets and products for trade promotion?

• What countries supply the majority of my country’s imports?

• In what areas does my country have a competitive advantage?

• What is my country’s current trade performance?

• For what products is there potential to increase bilateral trade?

International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 1

TradeMap home page www.trademap.org

2 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

II. Product Approach

What is the structure of the world market for a product?

A. Assess the world market – Hazelnuts from Georgia

International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 3

Table 1: List of importers for the selected product in 2002

4 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

Table 2: List of exporters for the selected product in 2002

International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 5

Explanatory Notes for Table 1 and Table 2

Quantity imported (exported) 2002: Quantity imported (exported) in 2002.

Quantity unit: The unit in which quantities are reported.

Unit value: Price in US$ per unit.

6 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

What are priority markets for trade promotion?

B. Identify new export markets – Fish fillets from Uganda

International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 7

With which countries does my country currently trade?

1. Review exports to present partner countries

Table 3: List of importing markets for a product exported by Uganda in 2002

World 36,818 100 9,202 Tons 4,001 10 26 18 9

8 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

Explanatory Notes for Table 3

Importers: Country names are sorted by exported value.

Quantity unit: The unit in which quantities are reported.

Unit value (US$/unit): Price in US$ per unit.

International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 9

Where are opportunities for market diversification?

2. Identify the world’s leading importers

Table 4: List of importers for the selected product in 2002

10 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

Explanatory Notes for Table 4

Importers: Country names are sorted by imported value.

Quantity unit: The unit in which quantities are reported.

Unit value (US$/unit): Price in US$ per unit.

International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO 11

What tariff and non-tariff barriers to access exist in a specific market?

3. Examine market access barriers in partner countries

12 International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO

Tariff ad - Tariff Agreement with the following Non-tariff measures or product