Taskforce Report

6G Spectrum

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Government of India
Ministry of Communications
Department of Telecommunications
March 2023
 78

6G Taskforce Report:
6G Spectrum

Chairperson: Prof. Abhay Karandikar

Member Secretary: Shri. Bhagirath
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Executive Summary
Society’s increasing use of radio‐based technologies, and the tremendous opportunities for social
development that these technologies provide, highlight the importance of radio‐frequency
spectrum and national spectrum management processes. Technological progress has continually
opened doors to a variety of new spectrum applications that have spurred greater interest in, and
demand for, the limited spectrum resource. Increased demand requires that spectrum be used
efficiently and that effective spectrum management processes be implemented. 1 (ITU Spectrum
Management Handbook).

Objectives
• Identify various spectrum needs to enable 6G in the coming years
• Spectrum availability and allocation among various radio services with reasonable certainty
to bridge adoption lag and maximize socioeconomic benefits
• Provide high speed broadband through various access technologies to address digital divide
• Signal 6G spectrum bands for industry to enable efficiently plan and build wireless
infrastructure across sectors and introduce new wireless technologies in a systematic manner
• Make spectrum available for 6G technology innovations and facilitate ease of doing R&D
• Deploy spectrum efficient technologies by all stakeholders including Government, TSPs,
Enterprise users
• Encourage spectrum sharing and optimal coexistence among various radio services;
Provide soutline for national studies related to radio frequency spectrum
• Position India as t h e hub of 6G wireless technology R&D and Manufacturing;
Attract investments in exploiting spectrum

1
ITU’s Spectrum Management Handbook
According to the ITU’s Spectrum Management Handbook, spectrum planning can be classified by
time (short term, long term and strategic) and the areas covered (spectrum use and spectrum
management systems). And ‘long term planning’ means planning that considers issues needing
resolution or systems to be implemented within five to ten years, whereas ‘short term planning’ is
to be implemented within three to five years. In comparison, strategic planning is involving the
identification of a limited number of key issues, which require concentrated spectrum
management attention for solutions that need more than ten years to be implemented. Therefore,
long‐term strategy is about a defining vision and mission to solve key issues which will be
implemented over ten years related to spectrum management for spectrum utilization.
At present, most spectrum planning is relatively short‐term. However, if spectrum resources are to
adequately support national goals and objectives, long‐term planning is essential. It can provide
a basis for effective spectrum management to ensure that spectrum is efficiently allocated and
assigned, to accommodate constantly evolving spectrum requirements by new systems and their
applications. It also facilitates decision‐making by providing a basis for the practical consideration
and evaluation of alternative courses of action. Long‐term planning should endeavor to:
– make today’s decisions on spectrum planning strategies in view of their consequences for the future
– identify the impact of past decisions on the future
– periodically adjust decisions to changing circumstances
It should be sufficiently comprehensive to accommodate the national spectrum requirements of
both known and anticipated radiocommunication systems within its stated timeframe.
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• Facilitate enhanced use of wireless technologies in enhancing productivity and operational

efficiency through industry 4.0 and enterprise digitalization
• Be flexible and dynamic to incorporate new kinds of radio services in the existing bands and
inter se allocation of bands to prioritize relevant radio services.
Accordingly, the subject, ‘spectrum for 6G’ has been comprehensively analyzed from bands,
services, current gap areas in the system and ecosystem perspective. As spectrum is a resource
with interplay of different generations technologies, all spectrum bands require a review of its
efficient use among Radio service users to enable sufficient spectrum for new era services.
Specific band‐wise recommendations have been made taking note of global developments and
Indian opportunity to use spectrum as a key resource to attract investments in R&D and maximize
spectrum use in line with NDCP‐2018 objectives. Building demand in new bands is an important
aspect, which is also critically studied as part of the activity.
Structural mechanisms for coexistence studies, spectrum technology infrastructure, and capacity
building is critical to creating a systematic approach in not studying the bands ongoingly but also
making them available in a timely manner, so that adaption gap is minimized. Even these aspects
are elaborated as part of the Taskforce report.
We are confident that the recommendations would be useful for DoT in its visionary effort to work
on 6G program from the beginning. The expert team under the Taskforce would continue to engage
in key deliberations on the subject as discussions progress in harmonizing various bands across
the regions taking note of Indian objectives.

1. Introduction
National Broadband Mission: Spectrum for Rural and Urban Needs.

The Spectrum is a key natural resource to achieve India’s socio‐economic goals and maximize its
utility for common good.
A few crucial elements for Digital India include the following:

1. Real‐time Governance
2. Precision Agriculture
3. Smart Villages
4. Smart Cities’ & Smart Communities
5. Tele Medicine and Digital Health
6. Intelligent Transport Systems
7. Bullet Trains
8. AR/VR Based e‐Education
9. Smart logistics and Export Hubs
10. Security & Surveillance
11. Industry 4.0
12. Drone based services
13. Smart / Assisted Driving
14. Real‐time Public Protection and Disaster Relief
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Figure 1: Digital India

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Figure 2 shows the potential of new services by 2030 from 5G+ and 6G Technologies. These
include convergence of multiple access technologies (e.g., terrestrial and satellite),
complementary technologies of broadband and broadcast, universal coverage & high capacity for
improved user experience, and improved usage to multiple industries.

Figure 2: New Era of Services by 2030 from 5G+ and 6G Technologies

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The below table summarizes an indicative list of Digital India 2030 Mobile and Broadband Policy
Objectives.

Table 1: Digital India 2030 Mobile and Broadband Policy Objectives (indicative)
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1.1 Summary of Recommendations

1. Review the spectrum bands under key recommendations and announce respective actions
to enable maximization of spectrum and use and socioeconomic benefits. There are a few
bands that need be opened‐up for generating demand for example 450‐470 MHz, 526‐612
MHz, 31‐31.3 GHz etc.
2. There is a significant need to expand and position a larger mid‐band (7‐24 GHz) to meet
requirements of 5G+ and 6G technologies. This requires initiating an inter‐ministerial
process of repurposing several bands like that has been done earlier.
3. Apart from the need of WRC‐23, there is a need to have an institutional mechanism to
enable coexistence studies in an ongoing manner. A participatory and transparent
mechanism is proposed to be taken going forward considering its critical need to build
consensus quickly on different bands and feasibility of coexistence of different radio
services and users.
4. Enterprise use of 5G, 5G+, 6G services is going to be mainstream and the spectrum vision
needs to be expanded in making spectrum available across the bands and for various use‐
cases.
5. Spectrum assignment models shall embrace a flexible paradigm to enable allocations in
a platform/application agnostic manner enabling its maximum spectrum reuse if they can
coexist.
6. Delicensed or license‐exempt bands are key as a public good to enable innovation and
gigabit public Wi‐Fi by exploiting technology innovation for ex. Wi‐Fi 6E or WiGig etc. In line
with this, the lower part of 6 GHz band and at least 4.32 GHz in V band should be
delicensed.
7. Tera Hz research should be encouraged considering the large swath of spectrum from 90
GHz to 3000 GHz. An industry and academia driven research testbed should be established
to bring focus on 5G+ & 6G driven active antenna systems and Intelligent Reflector
Surfaces (IRS) using mmWave and THz bands. A few countries such as USA, UK have
made some of the THz bands license exempt for some periods both for commercial
deployment and R&D.
8. Spectrum Sandboxes as envisaged in NDCP is a way forward to enable R&D and testing
freely in outdoors.
9. There is an opportunity to take lead in new technology domains such as sensing,
orthogonal sharing, broadband‐broadcast convergence etc., where there is a significant
research work in progress and some products are also being piloted.
10. Strengthen WPC with state‐of‐the‐art spectrum management software to enable spectrum
audit, interference management, dynamic database systems. Capacity building is another
important area to enable necessary competencies in spectrum management.
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2. Spectrum considerations
2.1 Immediate considerations in WRC‐23 agenda items
WRC‐23 AI 1.1 (Resolution 223 Rev.WRC‐19) Additional frequency bands identified for
International Mobile Telecommunications

• 4 800 – 4 990 MHz

WRC‐23 AI 1.2 (Resolution 245 WRC‐19) Identification of frequency bands for IMT in 3 300‐3 400 MHz,
3 600‐3 800 MHz, 6 425‐7 025 MHz, 7 025‐7 125 MHz and 10.0‐10.5 GHz

• 600‐3 800 MHz and 3 300‐3 400 MHz (Region 2)

• 300‐3 400 MHz (amend footnote in Region 1)
• 7 025‐7 125 MHz (globally)
• 6 425‐7 025 MHz (Region 1)
• 10.0‐10.5 GHz (Region 2)

WRC‐23 AI 1.3 (Resolution 246 WRC‐19) Consideration of possible allocation to Mobile on a

primary basis in Region 1

• 600‐3 800 MHz (Region 1)

WRC‐23 AI 1.4 (Resolution 247 WRC‐19) mobile connectivity in certain frequency bands below

2.7 GHz using high‐altitude platform stations as IMT base stations

Use of high‐altitude platform stations as IMT base stations (HIBS) in the mobile service in certain
frequency bands below 2.7 GHz already identified for IMT

• 694‐960 MHz;
• 1 710‐1 885 MHz (1 710‐1 815 MHz to be used for uplink only in Region 3);
• 2 500‐2 690 MHz (2 500‐2 535 MHz to be used for uplink only in Region 3, except 2 655‐2
690 MHz in Region 3);
WRC‐23 AI 1.5 (Resolution 235 WRC‐19) Review of spectrum use of the frequency band 470‐960 MHz
in Region 1

• 470‐694 MHz
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Key WRC‐23 agenda items related to IMT/Mobile are listed below:

Figure 3: WRC‐23 IMT agenda items (Source GSMA)

2.2 Spectrum and Tbps communications

• THz range: 100 GHz ~ 10 THz
o ITU‐R: 300 GHz ~ 3 THz

Figure 4: Source – Samsung Research

Consideration: Supporting “contiguous tens of GHz or more” bandwidth

• Necessity of studies on frequency range up to 3 THz

Figure 5: Source ‐ Samsung Research

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2.3 Other WRC‐19 outcomes related to >100 GHz

Figure 6: Source MTT‐S, 6G Flagship

Figure 7: Source MTT‐S, 6G Flagship

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2.4 Spectrum above 30 GHz and 7.125‐24 GHz

2.4.1 Spectrum above 30 GHz allocated to MOBILE services as per RR
WRC‐19 Agenda Item 1.15 (APT and CEPT proposed this agenda item as candidate WRC‐19 agenda item at WRC‐
15)

• To consider identification of frequency bands for use by administrators for the land‐ mobile
service (LMS) and fixed services (FS) applications operating in the frequency range 275‐450
GHz, in accordance with Resolution 767 (WRC‐15);
• Study scope (Res. 767, WRC‐15): Technical and operational characteristics in the LMS and FS
operating at frequencies above 275 GHz, Spectrum needs, Propagation model within 275‐450
GHz, Sharing & compatibility studies considering protection of the passive services and
Candidate bands
Outcome of WRC‐19 Agenda Item 1.15

• Identification for LMS and FS in bands between 275 and 450 GHz
o No specific condition to protect EESS passive applications: 275‐296 GHz, 306‐313 GHz,
318‐333 GHz and 356‐450 GHz
o Specific conditions to protect EESS passive applications: 296‐306 GHz, 313‐318 GHz
and 333‐356 GHz
o Specific conditions (e.g., minimum separation distance and/or avoidance angels) to
protect RAS in portions of range 275‐450 GHz

Figure 8
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Figure 9: Spectrum above 30 GHz allocated to MOBILE services as per Radio Regulations
(source: IAFI)

2.4.2 Spectrum between 7.125 GHz and 24 GHz allocated to MOBILE services
on Primary basis as per RR

Figure 10: Spectrum between 7.125 GHz and 24 GHz allocated to MOBILE services on Primary
basis as per Radio Regulations
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2.5 Leveraging Indigenous 5G Testbed Experience for 6G

Figure 11: 5G Antenna Development and Massive MIMO (Source SAMEER, CEWiT)

India has successfully executed a multi‐institute collaborative program “Indigenous 5G end to end
test‐bed” meeting 5G standards. This may be continued for fostering continued 6G researching

• The expertise and the knowledge gained during 5G project may be leveraged to develop 6G
systems.
• To explore the potential impact that THz could have on next generation 6G technology,
design, development, and demonstration of an end‐to‐end THz links may be considered.
• The demonstration can be a major milestone in exploring the feasibility of using the THz
spectrum for 6G wireless communications.

2.6 ITU‐R and World Radio Conference 2023

• ITU‐R WP5D has started working on a report on Technical Feasibility of IMT in Bands Above
100 GHz which includes propagation models, enabling technologies, deployment scenarios,
and use cases.
• ITU‐R WP5D is also developing the Future Technology Trends report (started work from the
36th meeting of WP5D and the report will get finalized in the 41st meeting of WP5D)
• ITU‐R WP5D is developing 6G Vision Recommendation (2021 – June 2023) which will also
provide an overall timeline for 6G (Standardization, Spectrum, and Deployment).
91

3. Existing National Regulations

The Indian Telegraphy Act 1885 and Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933, enables the Central
Government to manage the radio waves, issue wireless apparatus license under the law and
prohibit certain apparatus to operate.
NDCP: Department of Telecommunications has prescribed National Digital Communication Policy
in 2018 which is a roadmap for next 5 years. Policy Objective on Spectrum Management as per
National Digital Communication Policy (NDCP) 2018 mainly is Recognizing Spectrum as a key
natural resource for public benefit to achieve India’s socioeconomic goals, ensure transparency in
allocation and optimize availability and utilization. The NDCP needs to be revised keeping in view
the progress made and with new global developments.
NFAP: From time-to-time National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) is reviewed and updated to
accommodate the spectrum requirements for latest technological developments keeping the
global harmonization in mind. Latest NFAP is effective from 25.10.2018. The NFAP is already under
revision taking note of WRC‐2019 outcomes.

4. Recommendations
4.1 New bands are critical for India
Unlike several other countries, who have an extended mid‐band from 3.400‐4.200 GHz and 4.400‐
5.000 GHz, India has a very limited mid‐band i.e., 3.300‐3.670 GHz. Apart from 5G, 5G+ even 6G
and futuristic mobile technologies need mid‐band as they will have several applications which may
need different spectrum bands. Despite the announcement of WRC‐19 that a spectrum of 17.25
GHz is made available for IMT, it is to be noted that all these bands are in millimetre zone, and they
have high space losses and regulations to protect adjacent bands (24.25‐27.5 & 37‐ 40.5 GHz
band) (additional restrictions offing from 2027). Further, the band, 45.500‐47.000 GHz is not
applicable to India.
A few mid‐band segments have been identified as below for further timebound studies to enable
efficient use of spectrum through enhanced coexistence options. The objective is to ensure
sufficient spectrum is made available for 6G while efficiently taking care of spectrum provisioning
for other services.

Figure 12: Need to expand mid‐band for 5G+, 6G services

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While the newly created IMT bands in millimetre wave, would be a valuable resource, significant
benefits economic impact can be derived from mid‐ band and sub 1 GHz bands. This is more so
considering the developed device ecosystem and capex involved in providing a wider coverage.
Most of the initial global deployments in 5G are in mid‐band considering its reasonably large
coverage and capacity characteristics. Whereas the millimetre band is envisaged to cover hotpots
and Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) kind of applications. A few bands are identified as below for
coordination, repurposing and further study to prepare for the 6G era in the mid band.

4.1.1 Specific Actions – Low and Mid‐band

Table 2

SI. Status IMT Bands Quantity Potential for 5G, Remarks

No (MHz) 5G+. 6G and BWA

1 Announce 450‐470 As per Sub 1 GHz band This is an existing IMT band
MHz2 ITU‐R for IMT (IND 16 of NFAP). May take
M.1036 five or more years to
(Section 2)
mature.

Option 1: Offer the band

at Zero cost for all TSPs for
5 years to build and offer
the applications
commercially only for
mMTC, uRLLC.
Option 2: Offer the band
for Railways to use in IMT
to trigger indigenous
product development.
Band 31 (3GPP)
Option 3: Offer the band
for Rural connectivity
using indigenous
products
2 Announce 582‐612 30 M2M/IoT / Rural Low power IMT Pvt
MHz links Networks based on
indigenous technologies and
Rural Connectivity
links

3 Announce in 526‐582 56 Next Generation Low power IMT Networks in

consultation MHz Broadband & convergence use in
with MIB Broadcasting / coordination with
MIB services; (Analog TV

2
NDCP envisages maximization of socio‐economic benefits using spectrum as a resource. The
band 450‐470 MHz is one of the IMT and 3GPP bands. It may be recalled that the commercial band
93

700 MHz segment is idle for over six years. Apart from 700 MHz band, a new 600 MHz band is also
carved out from broadcasting and government use bands. Further, the 2G bands may become 4G
bands in subscribers migrate and subject to business decisions. Hence, considering the
opportunity cost, we may consider offering the spectrum band 450‐ 470 MHz to either Railways or
TSPs free for initial 5 years to build demand in the virgin band. As the applications proposed are IMT
services including uRLLC, mMTC, the proposal will enable digitalization of strong industry 4.0
applications using 5G enhancing productivity for Indian products in global market.
2 ibid. Considering the opportunity cost, we may consider offering the spectrum 526‐612 MHz band
free for initial 5 years to build demand in the virgin band between 500‐ 600 MHz as 700 MHz band
itself is yet to be exploited.
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mMTC, uRLLC of Transmitters announced

5G to be shut down)
Sub 1 GHz band Offer the band at Zero cost
for IMT for all TSPs for 5 years to
build and offer the
applications commercially
for mMTC, uRLLC and other
convergence
applications.

4 Announce 612‐703 40 (FDD) mMTC, uRLLC of This is a green field band.

MHz 5G Also recommended by TRAI
APT 600 Sub 1 GHz band for commercialization in the
MHz for IMT current recommendations.
band Subject to the outcome of
plan the auction process, take
measures to
generate demand.

5 Announce 1.427‐ 91 Mid‐band for IMT WRC 15; ITU R M.1036‐

1.518 5 (under revision); Part with
GHz government agencies;
Broadcast Studio links
require
Relocation: dependency is on
Resolution 223 (WRC‐
19)

6 Study with 2.500‐ 70 Band n41 TDD is an Current MSS services are
DoS 2.535 option affected due to interference
2.655‐ from foreign IMT stations.
2.690 ISRO planning to migrate MSS
GHz to another band.
Only India is said to be using
the band for MSS, so
interference may
continue to affect.

7 Study with 2.555‐ 80 Band n41 TDD is an Subject to precious orbital

DoS 2.635 option allocations vis a vis efficient
GHz use of the S
band
95

8 Study with 4.400‐ 400 MHz Potential band for 3GPP band with device
Government 4.800 5G, 6G services ecosystem (with other
Agencies for GHz government agencies 4.400‐
relocation or 4.940 MHz).
coexistence

9 Study with 4.800‐ 140 Potential band for IMT band (4.800‐4.990).
Government 4.940 IMT or IMT based Part under other
Agencies for GHz Private networks government agencies
relocation or 4.400‐4.940 MHz).
coexistence

10 (May be 4.940‐ 60 Potential band for 3GPP 5G Band; To maximize

decided 5.000 IMT or IMT based the value, a view may be
along with Private networks taken in tandem with the
the above outcome of the coordination
band) on the band 4.8‐4.94 GHz
above.

11 Study with 6.425‐ 600 Mid‐band for IMT WRC‐23; Res 2453 WRC‐
DoS 7.025 19 (Region 1 studies); We may
GHz await study results

12 Study 7.025‐ 100 Mid‐band for IMT WRC 23; Res 245 WRC‐
7.125 19 (Global studies); We may
GHz await study results

13 Study with 10.000‐ 500 Mid‐band for IMT WRC 23: Res 245 WRC‐
MoD for 10.500 19 (Region 2 studies); We may
coexistence GHz await study results

14 Study with 5.925‐ 500 Mid‐band for Consider for delicensing to

DoS 6.425 BWA or Lowe enable Wi‐Fi 6 in line with
GHz power Wi‐Fi global
services Developments

3
Res 811 WRC 19: 1.2 to consider identification of the frequency bands 3 300‐3 400 MHz, 3 600‐3 800 MHz, 6 425‐7
025 MHz, 7 025‐7 125 MHz and 10.0‐10.5 GHz for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT), including possible
additional allocations to the mobile service on a primary basis, in accordance with Resolution 245 (WRC‐19).
 96

4.1.2 Specific Actions Millimetre bands:

Table 3

SI. No Status IMT Bands Quantity Potential for Remarks

(MHz) 5G, 5G+. 6G
and BWA
1 Announce 31.000 – 300 Indigenous Green field Mobile Band;
31.300 GHz technologies Low power Mobile Pvt
Networks based on
indigenous
technologies

2 Band segmentation 37.000‐ WRC‐19 IMT

39.500 GHz Band‐
We may announce it for
FSS and other services,
subject to efficient
deployment of satellite
systems. Otherwise, it
may be reviewed for IMT
requirement
after 5 years.

3 Band segmentation 39.500‐ Potential WRC‐19 IMT

40.500 GHz band for low Band‐Reserved for MSS
power IMT (39.500‐
based Private 40.500) and Low power
networks Pvt Networks subject to
feasibility.

4 Announce 40.500‐ 3000 Millimetre‐ WRC‐19 IMT

43.500 GHz (TDD) band for IMT Band; Open the band for
Commercial use @ ZERO
Cost for 5 years to generate
demand to all TSPs

5 Push for Indian 45.500‐ WRC‐19 IMT

need in foot notes 47.000 Band; Proposed for MSS and
GHz NGSO
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6 Study 47.200‐ WRC‐19 IMT

48.200 Band;
GHz Proposed for MSS and NGSO

7 Announce 66.000‐ 5000 Millimetre‐ WRC‐19 IMT Band

71.000 band for IMT This is a green field band.
GHz May take five or more years
to mature. Offer the band
ZERO cost for all TSPs for 5
years to build and offer the
applications in uRLLC,
MMTC and
FWA commercially

4.2 Private Networks/Non‐Public Networks/Industry 4.0 in 5G, 5G+, 6G Era

Non‐public networks are intended for the sole use of a private entity such as an enterprise as per
3GPP TS 22.261. First step towards the Industry 4.0 (IR 4.0) is the digitalization of asset‐ intensive
industries to have connected ecosystem to improve business efficiency and automated processes.
To realize the full vision of Industry 4.0, the next generation of industrial wireless, based on 3GPP
mobile technologies such as 4.9G/LTE and 5G, are essential. And to develop device ecosystem,
identification of frequencies is necessary as Radio frequencies are significant importance to a
country’s economy and society because they allow all wireless communications devices, including
mobile phones and wireless broadband, to operate.
To enable new usage of the spectrum and to support innovation in order to meet the local wireless
connectivity demands of Industry 4.0, timely identification and allocation of spectrum is necessary.
Advantages:

• This will support growth and innovation across a range of sectors such as
manufacturing, enterprise, logistics, agriculture, mining, and health.
• It could enable organizations to set up their own local networks with greater control over
security, resilience, and reliability than they may have currently.
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Global trend and spectrum consideration are placed at Annexure. As can be seen from the
annexure, most countries have made spectrum available in mid‐band & in millimetre bands. To
reap the benefits of the already available device ecosystem in these bands, similar bands may be
provided for the purpose of deployment of private networks in India also. Further, a few new bands
in IMT and other mobile bands, as part of coexistence with other services could be considered for
study on developing indigenous technologies for Private networks as well.

Figure 14

Globally in this direction, many countries have already assigned spectrum bands for the innovation
and proliferation of the private 5G services as shown in below table:
99

Table 4

Mid band (1‐6 GHz) mm Wave bands

S. No. Country
Quantity (in
Non‐Public Network MHz) Non‐Public Network Quantity

3800‐4200 MHz
2390‐2400 MHz 400 MHz
1 UK
1781.7‐1785 10 MHz 24.25‐26.5 GHz 2250
MHz/1876.7‐1880 MHz 3.3 MHz (shared, Indoor use) MHz

CBRS band‐3.5
GHz (3550‐3700
2 USA
MHz)
EBS band‐2.5 Ghz 150 MHz
(educational purposes)

24.25‐27.5 GHz
3700‐3800 MHz (for (Technology
3 Germany regional and local 5G and Service‐ 3250
networks) 100 MHz neutral MHz
basis)

28.2‐28.3 GHz* (for

indoor & Campus‐ for
Broadband fixed
4 Japan wireless services)
Planned for Planned for Future: 100 MHz
300 MHz 28.2‐29.1 GHz 900 MHz
Future: 4.6‐4.9
GHz

5 Sweden 3720‐3800 MHz (Local and 24.25–25.1 GHz

80 MHz 850 MHz
regional licenses) (Local 5G)

6 Netherlands 3450‐3500 MHz/3750‐ 26 GHz (for local and

3800 MHz (Year 2026) 50 MHz shared use)

7 France 2570‐2620 MHz 50 MHz

8 Russia 24.25‐24.65 GHz 400 MHz

9 Norway 2300‐2400 MHz 23 GHz band

3600 MHz 100 MHz 26 GHz band
10 New Zealand 2575‐2620 MHz 45 MHz
24.9‐26.5 GHz
(beauty contest, 1600
11 Malaysia national basis) MHz
26.5‐28.1 GHz (first 1600
come‐first serve) MHz
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4.2.1 Specific Actions: Private Networks

Table 5

Sl. Status Potential IMT Bands Quantity Remarks

No. (MHz)
1 Announce 3.670‐3.700 GHz 30 Low power IMT Pvt Networks
Study 3.700‐3.800 GHz 100 TRAI recommendation
2 Announce 24.25‐24.750 GHz 500 24.25‐24.65 GHz ‐ Currently
reserved for BSNL; More
suitable for low power campus
networks considering its
proximity for EESS Passive
service spectrum. It is required
to protect 23.8 GHz from out of
band emissions
from these segments.

3 Announce 582‐614 MHz 32 Low power IMT Pvt Networks

based on indigenous
technologies
4 Announce in 526‐582 MHz 56 Low power IMT Pvt Networks in
consultation coordinated use with MIB
with MIB services on non‐interference
and non‐protection from TV
transmission

5 Study with 4.800‐4.940 GHz 140 Option 1: IMT

MoD Option 2: Low power IMT Pvt
6 Announce 4.940‐5.000 GHz 60 Networks
7 Study with 3.700‐4.200 GHz As Segments to be identified
DoS available
8 Study with 28.500‐29.500 GHz TRAI recommendation
DoS
9 Study with 39.500‐40.500 GHz 1000 DoS MSS service would be
DoS predominant user. Co‐sharing
with Low power IMT Pvt
Networks
10 Study 31.000 – 31.300 GHz 300 Low power Mobile Pvt
Networks based on indigenous
technologies
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4.3 Unlicensed/License Exempt Operations

The BIS study report4 on spectrum needs for smart infrastructure stresses the need for delicensed
/unlicensed spectrum to service various infrastructure needs.

The report mentions that the world is undergoing an unprecedented pace of urbanization, and so
is India. This rapid scale of urbanization will need smarter, sustainable cities based on smart
infrastructure that are able to manage city utilities and services effectively and efficiently for its
citizens.
With the Government of India initiative of developing 100 smart cities as light house projects being
already underway, the technology adoption and smart infrastructure deployment in Indian cities has
accelerated like never before. Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M)
communications have become buzz words in the technology domains. The Ministry of Urban &
Housing Affairs (MoUHA) in its initial concept note on Smart Cities have identified Social
Infrastructure, Physical Infrastructure, Institutional Infrastructure and Economic Infrastructure as
the four pillars of a smart city.
Beyond leveraging ICT in the digitization of Institutional, Economic, Social & Governance
Infrastructures of a city, a glimpse into the physical infrastructure brings out a few staggering
numbers on the business aspect of this ICT Infrastructure paradigm and its intervention in a smart
city. Consider the scenario in India, as an example:

• In next five years, more than 350 million Smart Electricity Meters are going to be procured &
deployed under the NSGM (National Smart Grid Mission). All these 350 million Smart Meters
are going to use Communication Modules and Gateways/DCUs (Data Concentrator Units). At a
conservative figure of One DCU/Gateway to 500 Smart Meters, 250 million Communication
Modules & 0.5 million DCUs/Gateways shall be needed for the last mile communication in the
Smart Metering (AMI) Deployments alone
• Smart Streetlights in next five years, are going to use more than 150 million Communication
Modules and at least half a million of DCUs/Gateways.
• Smart Buildings are going to deploy more than 50 million smart Sensors and at least 500K‐ 800K
DCUs/gateways.
• Similarly, various applications of the Smart Infrastructure paradigm like Smart Water, Smart
Gas, Smart Traffic, Smart Environment, Smart Waste Management, Smart Sewage Disposal etc.
are going to use a few billions of Smart Sensors with Communication Modules and
DCUs/Gateways correspondingly with at the least worst-case ratio of 1:100 to 1:500.

4
https://www.services.bis.gov.in:8071/php/BIS_2.0/eBIS/wp‐
content/uploads/2020/11/Spectrum‐Requirement‐for‐Smart‐Infrastructure‐ 20200924‐
FINAL‐1.pdf
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• Even if the unified Communication Infrastructure is deployed, the number of sensor

Communication modules is not going to reduce; only the DCUs/Gateways needed shall reduce
but shall need enhanced features and design complexities.
To summarize, it is reported that India is going to need a minimum of 8‐10 billion Communication
Modules to be integrated into the Smart Sensors and Controllers and 10-50 Million Gateways that
shall be needed to operate and maintain the Nation‐wide Critical Infrastructure that needs to be
deployed to enable and empower the citizens to lead a sustainable, safe, and secure life.
Further, there is a strong appetite for mobile accessories considering India’s billion mobile
ecosystem. Device accessories including headphones, wireless charges, smart devices connecting
to mobiles, smart devices connecting household devices and appliances are envisaged to
transform the quality of experience for the consumer.
As many devices are expected to be connected in near future, present allocation of frequency band
of 3 MHz (865‐868 MHz) in the Sub Giga Hertz Frequency Bands may not be sufficient for the entire
M2M/IoT/Smart Cities ecosystems requirements to offer seamless services.
Unlicensed spectrum is going be key in serving the following smart infrastructure needs for the
public in a big way in next ten years.

• Energy
• Water
• Waste Management
• Intelligent Transport System – Smart Parking, Traffic Congestion Management…
• Manufacturing, SCADA & Industrial Automation
• Health – Active Assisted Living
• Agriculture o Environment
• Smart Homes & Buildings
• Personal devices and accessories
• Household appliances
103

Figure 15: Source ITU

The BIS report recommends 18 MHz of contiguous unlicensed spectrum to meet the target of 5
billion IoT devices as per NDCP 2018 either in 850 MHz band (851‐869 MHz) or in 900 MHz band.
Considering that, the report is for the next ten years, the separation band i.e., 915‐935 MHz should
be considered for operating low-power SRDs considering the globally developed device
ecosystem.
About spectrum for short-range devices (SRD), the device ecosystem is present in several small
bands across the radio spectrum. These devices range from audio assist devices, hearing aids,
traffic and telematics devices, active medical implant devices including pacemakers, wearable
devices, wireless chargers, and inductive devices, among others. A whole list of the product range
is requested from the industry from time to time. Though several bands are delicensed, there is a
need to continuously scan the landscape and take necessary action to make available world‐class
equipment and devices to the Indian public in a timely manner.
Hence, a standing committee under Member (Technology) is envisaged to be constituted with
members from DoT, WPC, Academia, and Industry to periodically review on a quarterly basis and
make recommendations to DoT for delicensing these very low power devices ranging from
nanowatts to milliwatts
To begin with, as done earlier, the recommendations/ decisions of the European Commission, FCC,
and ETSI could be taken into consideration who primarily contribute to the development of the
device ecosystem.
 104

4.3.1 Specific Actions: Unlicensed / License‐Exempt operations

Table 6

Sl. Status Band Quantity Proposal Remarks

No. (MHz)
1 Announce 915‐935 20 Delicense for low The band is part of
MHz power IoT / M2M government agency’
Operations spectrum. However,
the proposed use of
IoTs is at very low
power levels, no
interference is
envisaged. Similar to
the case of 24.0‐24.25
GHz (NFAP‐18 footnote
IND 34)
2 Announce 5.875‐5.925 50 Delicense for use Current allocation for
of C‐V2X systems Dedicated Short Range
(Cellular Vehicle to Communication (DSRC)
Everything) for for Intelligent
intelligent Transport Systems (IND
transport in smart 30). DSRC has not
city / highway taken off and the band
safety and other is lying idle. Replace
DSRC with C‐V2X.
applications
3 Announce 57.000‐ 4560 Delicense for Wi‐Fi services based on
61.560 GHz indoor and 802.11.ad, ay would
(2*2.16 outdoor low enable Gigabit Wi‐Fi
GHz) power operations services. The band is
suitable for delicensing
(Opportunity to due to peaking oxygen
connect absorption in this range
Households and even within V Band.
Enterprises
4 Announce 5.925‐6.425 500 Potential for Delicense for Wi-Fi 6E
GHz gigabit Wi-
Fi services
105

4.4 Spectrum for Innovation and Experimentation – THz Research

Spectrum for innovation and experimentation is attracting investments globally considering the
available facilitation from a country. Indian start‐ups and SMEs are gearing up well in wireless
technologies and this provides an opportunity to open unused and new bands to enable innovation
blossom in line with global trends. Some segments would be permitted with unlicensed operations
and the rest under special innovation program.
New bands for Experimentation and delicensing

Open spectrum bands > 95 GHz bands to trigger innovation and Experimentation to take lead in
the development of innovative Wireless products under Make in India in new bands.

• Offer experimental licenses (like that of FCC)5 for the 95 GHz to 3 THz range to promote
innovation and new product development.
• Maximum 10 years experimental license
• These licenses would offer increased flexibility compared to conventional experimental
licenses by providing for longer license terms, license transferability, and the ability to sell
equipment during the experimental term.
• Permitted to market experimental devices designated to operate in the bands above 95
GHz via direct sale. (i.e., To allow direct sales to members of the general public)
• Delicense 4 segments of bands for unlicensed operations to enable new product
innovation and development.

4.4.1 Specific Actions: Spectrum for innovation and experimentation

Table 7

Sl. Status Band Quantity (MHz) Proposal

No.
1 Announce 95 GHz – 3 THz As per Offer experimental
experimental licenses with enabling
needs conditions for
commercial sale and
operations

2 Announce 116.000‐123.000 GHz 7000 Unlicensed operations

in Indoor and outdoor
for TEN years
3 Announce 174.800‐182.000 GHz 7200 As above

5
FCC Order Spectrum Horizons: First Report and Order – ET Docket 18‐21
 106

4 Announce 185.000‐190.000 GHz 5000 As above

5 Announce 244.000‐246.000 GHz 2000 As above

4.5 Measure to promote Experimentation in Satellite-based products and services

Suitable Experimental License rules should be developed for satellite‐based experiments and trials
and granted Experimental License in a time‐bound manner at affordable costs. A detailed policy
should be worked out in consultation with all stakeholders, especially the department of space on
how to facilitate experimental use of the spectrum.

4.6 Experimental Test Zones

Wireless product development involves rigorous testing of product functions under real radiating
conditions subjecting to seasonal variations, varying characteristics of radiating resources, and
mitigation of potential interference issues. This requires outdoor testing as part of maturity cycle in
real field conditions. There is a need to enhance ease of doing business by reducing transaction
costs involved in obtaining such outdoor testing permissions and coordination involved with
licensed users especially if the products are being developed in licensed bands. DoT has already
facilitated spectrum framework for experimentation, R&D, Manufacturing, Technology Trials and
Demonstrations primarily for indoor through self‐declaration and for outdoor cases through
coordination as applicable. However, there is a strong need for facilitating such outdoor testing in
‘Spectrum Regulatory Sandboxes’, so that innovators could access these test zones quickly
facilitating ease of doing R&D.
It is proposed to establish outdoor / radiating testing facilities under two categories in demarcated
zones:

• Outdoor Testing in Unallocated, Unallotted, Unassigned, Unsold bands which are literally
available but NOT being used in the country and currently not offered to enable R&D and
experimentation.
• Outdoor Testing in assigned bands (which generally can’t be offered for testing as they are
being used by the telecom licensees) in interior and remote areas where such bands are not
being used.
The central theme of Spectrum Test Zones is to set up ‘Spectrum Regulatory Sandboxes’ in
different Geographical zones (remote), Campuses, Academic institutes, R&D Lab campuses,
Government campuses (e.g., CDoT, CDAC, ITI, BEL, SAMEER etc.), Telecom Service Providers, etc.,
wherein Startups, SMEs, Organizations, etc., could test their wireless products/ technologies I the
bands for various radio services as identified in the Radio Regulations for R&D, Experimentation,
etc.
107

4.6.1 Specific Action: THz Testbed

DoT should invite proposals to establish a THz test bed in partnership with industry and academia
to enable state-of-the-art R&D in THz research and technologies.

4.7 Spectrum studies enablement

4.7.1 Spectrum Center of Excellence for Competency and Capacity building in
Spectrum Management
The recent times have seen more and more dependency on wireless systems for various
communications requirements in almost all sectors. This is specifically so in cellular and
broadband wireless networks. With the explosion in the use of wireless broadband, the radio
frequency spectrum has become a very valuable resource. Various stakeholders like the
government departments, operators, and technology developers are looking for the right
technologies and policies to make the best of the available spectrum to meet the current and future
demands of wireless communications.
Due to the ever‐increasing need for spectrum, the frequencies being licensed are also increasing
rapidly. In the case of broadband wireless networks, as the networks evolved from 2G to 3G to 4G,
the frequency bands also moved from 0.8 GHz to 1.8 GHz to 3.3 GHz, and now towards millimeter
wave bands in 5G. The computing platforms are also becoming powerful enough to handle the
demands of higher frequency bands. Many of these bands are new to the applications and
technologies that they will be subjected to.
Broadband networks are considered as critical infrastructure in India like anywhere else in the
world. Many government services are run over broadband networks. The whole economy and the
national GDP itself depend on how good the communication infrastructure is established across
the country.
Spectrum, though the most critical element to meet this requirement, is however considered a
scarce natural resource. It needs to be utilized optimally and in a very efficient manner. The
Government policies need to ensure the best use of the spectrum by various agencies that fulfill
the national requirements and the need of its citizens. The technologies implemented should be
the most efficient and suitable for that spectrum band. There is a need to understand various
aspects of the radio spectrum while arriving at policy and technological decisions. For example,
the propagation characteristics change dramatically as we move to mm‐wave frequencies, and
one must revisit the existing spectrum licensing model to ensure high spectrum efficiency. One
also needs to explore spectrum-sharing modes of licensing. Finally, with so much spectrum being
licensed, monitoring for compliance and unauthorized use becomes equally important. All
 108

of this calls for entirely new studies on propagation and coverage regions of different types of
antennas at high frequencies, real‐time geospatial databases for licensing and monitoring,
dynamic opportunistic use of white spaces as determined from the database, IoT sensors for
nation‐wide monitoring of spectrum, simulators for multi‐antenna wireless links, etc.
To cater to these, the proposed Institute of Advanced Radio Spectrum Engineering and
Management Studies (IARSEMS) should draw a roadmap for 6G spectrum research.

4.7.2 Spectrum Infrastructure for Coexistence studies

Spectrum is going to play a more critical socioeconomic role in forwarding the Digital India
program. However, the Indian market poses a quite challenging and potential environment for the
deployment of wireless technologies and services. It is challenging because of limited
technological competencies in government agencies to appreciate the coexistence opportunities
involved in spectrum sharing, and identification of new bands among different stakeholders,
especially the government agencies. This presents a big challenge for the deliberations at ITU,
APT, and stakeholder discussions with the government. It further gets aggravated with the
arguments ranging from ‘global studies don’t apply to India-specific uses’ to ‘there are no ITU
studies yet’ or ‘it is not possible to share’ etc. On another side, the Indian market presents a
tremendous opportunity due to the imminent need for wireless technologies due to its sheer size
in terms of population, largely middle class, geography, rapidly growing appetite for internet
services, economic ambition to reach $5 trillion by 2025 ($1 trillion from the digital economy) and
large unconnected segments (enterprises, infrastructure, villages).
In view of the explicit need to promote coexistence opportunities by taking note of country-specific
requirements, identifying new bands, to develop clarity & take a position in global spectrum
discussions there is a demand to institutionalize coexistence testing mechanisms and build
spectrum testing infrastructure. The time lag between the identification of bands necessary for the
country’s needs and the rolling out of services needs to be minimized to minimize the opportunity
cost.
Creating an institutional framework to ‘enable ongoing studies on coexistence of spectrum,
identification of new bands’ on a neutral platform is critical to address the above challenges and
reap the opportunities for the industry and public.
It is recommended to set up a “Spectrum Studies Council” (SSC) on priority under a collective
engagement with premium academic institutions with spectrum expertise in PPP mode.
Considering the size of the studies, it is going to be a mammoth task unless multiple expert
institutions and industries come together with stakeholders in partnership with DoT. This is more so
because WRC is scheduled for next year (2023), and several countries are carrying out on‐ground
studies since 2019.
109

The studies should invariably take note of models considering key technology components,
deployment scenarios, system parameters, channel model, propagation model, and updated
protection requirements. Create on-ground sharing study groups by involving the stakeholders.
Timelines of deliverables should be harmonized globally while keeping the focus on national and
regional requirements.

4.7.3 Spectrum Management Software; Dynamic Database Systems; Wideband

sensors for Spectrum Monitoring
If the spectrum is to be used efficiently, its use must be coordinated and regulated through both
national regulations and the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union
(ITU). The ability of each country to take full advantage of the spectrum resource depends heavily
on spectrum management activities that facilitate the implementation of radio systems and ensure
minimum interference. To this end, administrations should, as appropriate, make use of
computerized spectrum management systems (Handbook on National Spectrum Management
Edition of 2015)

4.7.3.1 Spectrum Management Software

Industry inputs convey the need for state‐of‐the‐art spectrum management software, which would
enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of WPC operations.
“WPC to source appropriate and advanced spectrum management SW tools to enhance efficiency
in allocation, monitoring, technology adoption and help further interference, capacity studies from
ITU/GSMA/ETSI or others, similar to Regulators like Ofcom, FCC, etc. This will also help promote
new spectrum allocations for innovations, new technologies and existing spectrum deployments,
monitoring and efficient use, at par the developed world.”
The current IT modules deployed on Saral Sanchar are administrative modules and it needs to be
complemented with spectrum management software, which is critical to enable professional and
technical management of the spectrum. Apart from a few global vendors, even ITU offers software
called SMS4DC (Spectrum Management Software for Developing Countries) at a nominal cost.
The Spectrum Management Software has several tools for spectrum engineering, allocation,
interference assessment, etc., as below.

1. Engineering tools
2. Administrative database and licensing system
3. Graphical information system
4. Links to monitoring software
5. Information on Geographic Information Platform etc.

A state‐of‐the‐art Spectrum Management Software should be deployed in DoT in the next 12 months.
 110

4.7.3.2 Dynamic Database System (DDS)

Dynamic database systems for allocation/ interference management are gaining popularity in
developed countries to enhance the efficient use of the spectrum across user segments. As per
the FCC regulations, the popular CBRS band in the USA is offered to three categories of users
depending on their priority use.
A technical committee would be formed to assess the relevance of dynamic database systems,
since there are licensed users in certain bands, the band utilization may be very limited impacting
the opportunity cost to maximize the socioeconomic benefits, especially in sub 1 GHz and mid-
band spectrum bands.

4.8 Spectrum Availability for 6G

Spectrum is one of the key enablers for new technology development and rollout. Different
countries had considered spectrum availability and regulatory readiness as key strategic steps for
early adoption, enabling the ecosystem and leading the technology development and rollout. E.g.,
USA 5G FAST6 program enabled early availability and roadmap for the 5G spectrum, including joint
coordination among various users and a strategy for vacating incumbent users to make space for
5G.
A similar approach is key for India to take lead in 6G at the same time taking steps to ensure early
availability of spectrum already identified for 5G (e.g., 5G HLF recommendations). Spectrum is a
scarce resource; therefore, all efforts should be made to maximize the usage of spectrum by
allowing sharing among contending services. The below-given approach could be considered for
the identification of spectrum, when to share and how to share.
To ensure the readiness of the spectrum for 6G, a systematic and focused approach geared
towards making the frequency ranges available is essential. The proposed approach is shown in
the Figure below.

6
The FCC's 5G FAST Plan, https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC‐354326A1.pdf
111

Identify protected
incumbents

Yes
Relocate
6G Priority Strategy
incumbents?
Yes

No No

Protection Criteria, Propagation

Strategy/Timeline/Plan for Models, System Parameters,
technology upgrade/ IMT‐2030 Network Modeling
relocation and refarming of
incumbent users

Sharing and Compatible

Studies

Sharing Feasible
without pre‐conditions
Yes
Coexistence
feasible?

Sharing Feasible with

No mitigation measures

LAST RESORT:
Band
Segmentation

Figure 16: An approach towards ensuring timely and predictable availability of 6G spectrum
(Source: 5GIF)
 112

5. Annexure
A.1 Term of Reference of Task Force
• To reform mid‐band and sub-1-GHz spectrum
• To consider the feasibility of 6 GHz and 10 GHz bands
• To consider more candidate bands in mmWave bands
• To explore the feasibility of the THz band
• To recommend options on secondary use of spectrum
• To consider new spectrum ownership and sharing models enabling flexible spectrum
allocation
• To consider the integration of emerging coverage solutions like Satellites, Drones, unmanned
aerial vehicles etc. and consider their spectrum requirements
• To provide a roadmap for channel measurements and new channel models for mmWave and
THz bands
• To identify co‐existence and dynamic spectrum sharing study items
• Any other items in the scope of 6G activities and overall deliverables
113

A.2 Major decisions of WRC‐19 w.r.t. ITU Region 3

A.2.1 Mobile Broadband
• IMT‐Additional bands for International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) identified in the
24.25‐27.5 GHz, 37‐43.5 GHz, 45.5‐47 GHz, 47.2‐48.2, and 66‐71 GHz bands, facilitating the
development of fifth generation (5G) mobile networks. A total of 17.25 GHz was identified
for IMT in comparison with 1.9 GHz available before WRC‐19 with certain regulatory
conditions and exceptions.
• Wi‐Fi networks – Regulatory provisions revised to accommodate both indoor and outdoor
usage and the growth in demand for wireless access systems, including RLANs for end‐
user radio connections to public or private core networks, such as Wi‐Fi, while limiting their
interference into existing satellite services.
• High‐altitude platform stations (HAPS) – Additional frequency bands Identified for High
Altitude Platform Systems – radios on aerial platforms hovering in the stratosphere – to
facilitate telecommunications within a wide coverage area below for affordable broadband
access in rural and remote areas.
 114

A.2.2 Satellite Services

• Earth exploration‐satellite (EESS) service – Protection accorded to EESS
with the possibility of providing worldwide primary allocation in the
frequency band 22.55‐23.15 GHz to allow its use for satellite tracking,
telemetry, and control.
• Non‐Geostationary Satellites – Regulatory procedures established for
non‐geostationary satellite constellations in the fixed‐satellite service,
opening the skies to next‐generation communication capabilities. Mega‐
constellations of satellites consisting of hundreds to thousands of
spacecrafts in low‐Earth orbit are becoming a popular solution for global
telecommunications, as well as remote sensing, space and upper
atmosphere research, meteorology, astronomy, technology
demonstration and education.
• Regulatory changes introduced to facilitate rational, efficient, and
economical use of radio frequencies and associated orbits, including the
geostationary‐satellite orbit.
• Broadcasting‐satellite service (BSS) – Protection of frequency
assignments, providing a priority mechanism for developing countries to
regain access to spectrum orbit resources.

A.2.3 Transport
• Railway radiocommunication systems between train and trackside
(RSTT) – Resolution approved on Railway radiocommunication systems to
facilitate the deployment of railway train and trackside systems to meet
the needs of a high‐speed railway environment in particular for train radio
applications for improved railway traffic control, passenger safety and
security for train operations.
• Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) – ITU Recommendation (standard)
approved to integrate ICTs in evolving Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
to connect vehicles, improve traffic management and assist in safer
driving
• Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) – Expanded
coverage and enhanced capabilities for GMDSS.
• Earth stations in motion (ESIM) – The decision on ESIMs will connect
people while in planes, ships, and trains to communication links with
geostationary satellites.
115

A.3 Global Focus on Tera Hz

• About 10 years, a considerable amount of time to use spectrum
• Necessity and Demand, Global movements on THz

Time aspects Demand aspects

• Case study of 5G • "THz" as one of the keywords of 6G

Spectrum
• KOR, USA, UK, CHN, JPN, etc.
• About 10 years and
more time until • MNOs, Manufacturers (BS, UE, Chip,
commercialization measuring)
• Policy Tracker 6G webinar
• ITU‐R, 3GPP, IEEE, etc.

Necessity to start studies on THz towards 6G around 2028‐2030

Figure 17: Samsung Research

38
 Ministry of Communications
Department of Telecommunications
Sanchar Bhawan, 20 Ashoka Road
New Delhi - 110001
E-mail: [email protected]