REVIEW FROM UNIT ONE TO EIGHT

UNIT 1 : Gerunds vs. Infinitives

Gerunds Infinitives
Some verbs are always followed by gerunds some verbs are always followed by infinitives
I enjoy running. I need to run.
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive
I like running. I like to run.
Prepositions are always followed by a gerund

He is afraid of running.

Exercise 1 Fill in the blanks using a gerund (-ing form of verb) or an infinitive (to + verb).

I was thinking about ---------------some Christmas cookies this year. (bake)

2. The rude customer refused ---------------------- so I called the police. (leave)

3. Don't tell her the answer! She's trying ------------------------it herself. (solve)

4. He appears -----------------------a very nice person. (be)

5. We all agreed ---------------------------one another at least three times a year. (see)

6. Last night we discussed -------------------------to a new city. (move)

7. I have had many job interviews. I keep ------------too nervous and messing up. (get)

8. I promise that next year I will quit -------------------(smoke)

9. Would you like -------------------------a movie with me? (see)

10. My boss offered ------------------for my lunch but I refused. (pay)

Exercise 2.Fill in the blanks using a gerund (-ing form of verb) or an infinitive (to + verb).

I don't mind ---------------------------------you $20 if you need it. (lend)

2. He really enjoys ----------------------------------in the winter. (ski)

3. Has he finished -------------------------------the dishes yet? (do)

4. Don't forget ----------------------------the door when you leave. (lock)

5. She promised ----------------------me a call tonight. (give)

6. Have you decided --------------------your job? (quit)

7. He considered ----------------------his car but decided against it. (sell)

8. I've been trying --------------------------this picture for the last 10 minutes! (hang)

9. I intend ----------------------my aunt and uncle next spring. (visit)

10. I want -------------------to New Zealand next year. (go)

 Unit 2 Past perfect
Exercise 1 choose the correct form

1. What is the correct past perfect form of "We visit Paris"?

A. ? We've visited Paris.

B. ? We'd visited Paris.

C. ? We'd visit Paris.

D. ? We'd visiting Paris.

2. What is the correct past perfect form of "I do the laundry"?

A. ? I have done the laundry.

B. ? I had did the laundry.

C. ? I had done the laundry.

D. ? I did the laundry.

3. What is the correct past perfect form of "We can rent a car"?
A. ? We could rent a car.

B. ? We had rented a car.

C. ? We had been able to rent a car.

D. ? We 'd rent a car.

4. What is the correct past perfect form of "She makes some delicious cookies"?
A. ? She has made some delicious cookies.

B. ? She made some delicious cookies.

C. ? She had made some delicious cookies.

D. ? She had make some delicious cookies.

5. What is the correct past perfect form of "It is hot"?

A. ? It had hot.

B. ? It was hot.

C. ? It had been hot.

D. ? It had be hot.
Exercise 2. You can do this grammar quiz . It tests what you learned on the Past
Perfect lesson.

1. We ________ finished eating dinner.

had not
not had
'd had not

2. Had they _____ to her before?

spoke
spoken
spoked

3. You _____ not left yet.

would
'd
would had

4. I had never _____ her before.

see
saw
seen

5. We arrived at 8:05, but the train _____ already left.

has
have
had

6. Sarah thought she ________ to that zoo before.

has been
had be
had been

7. Nobody explained why the project had ________ on time.

n't been completed
not completed
n't complete

8. He _____ us the item had been shipped.

told say asked
9. Dad explained ________ his job due to stress.
why he quitted that he had quit that he'd quite
10. Where _____ the security guard gone?
had have did
 Exercise 3.Use the words in brackets to put each of the following into the past perfect
simple.

1 When I got to the pub, no one was there. They (go) ----------------------------------somewhere else.

2 I arrived home and found that my wife (go) --------------------------------away on holiday. All she left was a

note.
3 I didn't play tennis with Tom yesterday afternoon because I (already/play) ------------------twice in the

morning.
4 The reason I didn't go to the cinema is that I (see) ------------------------- the film twice. I didn't want to

see it for a third time.

5 A few years ago I went to my old school to visit some of the teachers. I saw Mr Field and Mrs Scott,

but Mr Wells (die) -------------------------two years earlier.

6 I was amazed to find out that I had a half-brother and that he (own)----------------------------the shop in

our street for the last ten years.

7 I got to the bus station two minutes late and saw that the bus (just/leave) --------------------------

8 I was extremely nervous about speaking at the conference. I (never/stand) ---------------------------in front

of so many people before.

UNIT 3 Phrasal verbs

A phrasal verb is a combination of words (a verb + a preposition or verb +adverb) that when
used together, usually take on a different meaning to that of the original verb.

Phrasal Verb Examples

Sit down / stand up / look for / hand out / put off / switch off / write down etc.

When we use phrasal verbs, we use them like normal verbs in a sentence, regardless if it’s
a regular or irregular verb.

1. Stand up when speaking in class, please.

2. We’ll have to wake up early if we want breakfast.
3. Take off your shoes before you walk on the carpet.

20 popular phrasal verbs

Break up
Meaning: to end a relationship
Example: John and Mary broke up after 7 months of dating.
Bring up
Meaning: to mention something
Example: Remember, don’t bring up Mary’s breakup when you talk to her.

Carry on
Meaning: to continue doing what you have been doing
Example: Sorry, I didn’t mean to interrupt. Carry on with your speech.

Carry out
Meaning: to perform a task or assignment
Example: I couldn’t carry out my plan for the month.

Come across
Meaning: to seem or appear to have a specific quality, to make a certain impression on someone
Example: John comes across as a very positive person.

Find out
Meaning: to learn of or discover facts/information about something or someone
Example: I wanted to find out where Helena was from, I couldn’t tell by her accent.

Get along
Meaning: to have a friendly relationship with someone
Example: Alice and Sue get along very well, they never fight.

Get over
Meaning: to recover from a difficult or upsetting experience
Example: John can’t get over his breakup with Mary, it’s all he can think about.

Give up
Meaning: to stop trying to do something due to a lack of success
Example: Joan and Peter didn’t give up, they are still trying to have a baby.

Go on
Meaning: to continue
Example: The teacher waited for the students to quiet down before he went on with the lecture.

Look after
Meaning: to take care of someone, attend to
Example: Tom’s parents look after his kids when he has to work on the weekends.

Look forward to
Meaning: to anticipate something
Example: I’m looking forward to meeting my brother’s new girlfriend.

Look up
Meaning: to search for information
Example: My professor uses such difficult language that I have to look words up in a dictionary.

Put off
Meaning: postpone
Example: He had to put off the meeting because he was very busy.

Put up with
Meaning: to endure or tolerate
Example: I can’t put up with your behavior anymore.
 Take over
Meaning: to assume control over something
Example: Mrs. Jones, the math teacher, is taking a maternity leave and Mrs. Green will be taking over.

Take up
Meaning: to develop an interest in something
Example: Greg took up hiking, because he wanted to spend more time outdoors.

Try on
Meaning: to put on an item of clothing in order to see if it fits
Example: These shoes look amazing, I want to try them on.

Turn out
Meaning: to end up, result
Example: The cake turned out to be very good, although Annie had a problem making it.

Work out
Meaning: end happily
Example: I was worried about the play I directed, but it all worked out in the end

Reference : https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/phrasal-verbs/

Phrasal Verb Exercises

Exercise 1 choose the correct phrasal verb.

1. Someone broke into my car last night and stole the stereo. (broke down/broke into)
2. Will you be able to get by this month with the little you have?(get off / get by)
3. His father always taught him not to _____ those people with less. (look up to / look
down on)
4. Stop complaining and -------------your work! (get on with / get over)
5. The boss wants you to _____ your figures for this month to him. (hand out / hand in)
6. We’re going to have to _____ our trip to Spain until September. (put up/ put off)
7. I _____ Amir today at the supermarket. It was great to see him. (ran out of / ran into)
8. I’m so tired of Sophie _____ her engagement ring all the time. (showing off, showing
up)
9. The police would not _____ to the kidnapper’s demands. (give up/ give in)
10. I thought I would _____ for a cup of coffee. Is that okay? (drop off/ drop in)
11. Have you ever _____ such an unusual piece of art? (come forward/come across)
12. It’s important to _____ on time. (show up / show off)
13. _____ your feet when walking; you don’t want to trip! (uplift / lift up)
14. The tree was _____ by the wind. (blown up / blown over)
15. He _____ his hat to show me his new haircut. (took off / took up)
 16. I just can’t seem to _____ this book. (get off / get into )

Exercise 2 Fill in the blanks with one of the phrasal verbs from the box.

run out of - get over - set off - tell off - let down - put up - switch off - tear down - take off - look up

1. Did the plane------------------------------------------ on time?

2. He'll never--------------------------------------- his grandfather's death.
3. We could------------------ you------------------------ for the night if you have no place else to stay.
4. Could you----------------------------- the number------------------------------ in the telephone directory?
5. Don't tell me we've----------------------------------- milk again.
6. If we don't---------------------------- soon, we won't get there in time.
7. We don't need the light on. Could you------------------- it---------------------------- ?
8. They're going to----------------------------- these flats and build new houses.
9. George has----------------------- me----------------------------- this time. He failed his exams again.
10. The teacher ordered him into his room to-------------------- him--------- because of the fight in the
playground.

UNIT 4 Passive Voice

I/ What is the passive voice?
In general we tend to use the active voice. That is when a subject does an action to an
object.

1. Somebody stole my laptop. (subject = Somebody / action(verb) = stole / object = my laptop)

The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the verb) and the
object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the subject is either less
important than the action itself or that we don’t know who or what the subject is.

1. My laptop was stolen. (The object – now the subject = My laptop / action= was stolen)

1. Passive : Napa Valley is known for its excellent grapes.

2. Active : [Many people] know Napa Valley for its excellent grapes.

1. Passive : Twenty civilians were killed in the bomb explosion.

2. Active : Someone killed twenty civilians in the bomb explosion.

II/ The passive agent

When we know who the subject is, we put it at the end with by. We call this an agent.

1. Passive : The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (agent =Leonardo Vinci )
2. Active : Leonaro Da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
 Most writing instructors and editors recommend against using the passive voice, when
possible. The reason for this is that when you use the active voice, your writing is
clearer and less complicated.

1. Active : While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, a police officer pulled him
over and gave him a speeding ticket.
2. Passive : While Mr. Taylor was driving down Highway 101, he was pulled over and
given a ticket by a police officer.

If it’s a long sentence and you know who the subject is, it’s best to use the active
voice. The passive is often used to report something or to state a fact.

1. Highway 15 was closed yesterday due to a serious road accident.

2. A lot of corn is grown in Iowa.

III/Forming the passive voice

The passive voice is not a tense in English. Each tense has its own passive voice which
is created by using a form of the auxiliary verb to be + V3 (past participle)
The passive voice in each tense:

Tense Auxiliary verb + sample V3 (past Examples

participle)

Present simple am, is, are + made Many cars are made in Japan.

Present am, is, are + being + sent The document is being sent right now.
progressive

Past simple was, were + invited John was invited to speak at the
conference.

Past was, were + being + washed The dog was being washed when I got
progressive home.

Future (will) will be + signed The contract will be signed tomorrow.

 Tense Auxiliary verb + sample V3 (past Examples
participle)

Future (going am, is, are + going to be + built A bridge is going to be built within the
to) next two years.

Present perfect has, have + been + sold That start-up has been sold for $5
million.

Past perfect had + been + hired The new manager had been hired before
John left the company.

Future perfect will + have been + finished The car will have been loaded by the
time he gets home..

Modals: can, could + be + issued A passport can only be issued at the

can/could embassy.

Modal: have to have to, has to, had to + be + A babysitter has to be arranged for this
arranged evening..

Modal: must must + be + stopped Criminals must be stopped before they

commit crimes.

All of the rules for passive negatives and questions are the same as for the active voice.

Note: Verbs that have no object (no one to “receive” the action) cannot be put into the

passive, such as, arrive, come, die, exist, go, happen, have, live, occur sleep, etc.
 VI/ Passive Voice – Exercises
1. Fill in the correct passive form of the verb in parentheses.

1. After the earthquake, aid was sent to the people of Haiti. (sent)
2. The electricity was cut off because the bill hadn’t been paid. (not pay)
3. Penicillin ------------------------------------- by Alexander Fleming in 1928. (discover)
4. Statements ------------------------------------- from all the witnesses at this moment. (take)
5. Whales ---------------------------------------- by an international ban on whaling. (must protect)
6. Both weddings -------------------------------------------- by Good Taste. (cater)
7. A Picasso --------------------------------------- from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.(steal)
8. ------------------------ this washing machine ------------------------ in Germany? (make)
9. Tea -------------------------------------------- in China. (grow)
10. When we reached the airport, we found that all the flights---------------------------due to the storm. (cancel)
11. The fax --------------------------------------------- until tomorrow morning. (not send)
12. The soundtrack of a movie ___---------------__ always __----------------___ after the filming is finished. (is/add)

2.Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. John collects money. ------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Anna opened the window. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. We have done our homework. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. I will ask a question. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. He can cut out the picture. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. The sheep ate a lot. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. We do not clean our rooms. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. William will not repair the car. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Did Sue draw this circle? ------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. Could you feed the dog? ------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1. Julia rescued three cats. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. The students handed in the reports. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Maria crashed into the blue car. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Alex learned the poem. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Steven has forgotten the book. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. The technician has not repaired the DVD recorder.--------------------------------------------------------------
7. They play handball. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. Sue puts the rucksack on the floor. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. The girls had lost the match. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. The teacher is not going to open the window. --------------------------------------------------------------------
 UNIT 5 Future perfect
Will + have + ppv ( by / in / before / at this time + time)
1. Change the verb into the correct form:

1. By this time tomorrow, I --------------------------------------------(finish) the project.

2. By 8 o'clock, the kids --------------------------------------------( (fall) asleep.
3. By tomorrow morning, he --------------------------------------------( (sleep) wonderfully.
4. By next year, she --------------------------------------------(receive) her promotion.
5. Robin --------------------------------------------( (sell) his car by next Sunday.
6. Morgan --------------------------------------------( (clean) the entire house by lunch.
7. We --------------------------------------------( (dance) a few dances before midnight.
8. At this time tomorrow morning, they --------------------------------------------( (begin) working.
9. At this time next week, we --------------------------------------------(catch) the thief.
10. By 2013, I --------------------------------------------( (live) in Madrid for 5 years.
11. In 2020, they --------------------------------------------( (work) here for 20 years.
12. By September, Julie --------------------------------------------( (teach) us for over a year.
13. By October, I --------------------------------------------( (study) English for 3 months.
14. On Monday, she --------------------------------------------( (wait) for 2 weeks.
15. Before Saturday, you --------------------------------------------( (do) all of your homework.

2. Exercises – Future Perfect Simple ( will + have + ppv) and Future Perfect
Progressive (will + have +been + verb + ing)

1. Tamara will have completed her Bachelor’s Degree by June. (complete)

2. The customer service department will have been operating for 2 years by then.
(operate)

1. By the time I start my shift, Dr. Frazier --------------------------------------------for 18 hours straight.

(work)
2. Sheila --------------------------------------------the scholarship by the time she starts school in
September. (get)
3. By this time next month, I hope they---------------------------------------building the community
center. (finish)
4. Professor Adams ---------------------------at this university for 25 years by the time he retires in
June. (teach)
5. By this time tomorrow night we --------------------------------------------in Australia. (arrive)
6. ---------------------------------he -----------------------------------the message by the time your flight takes off?
(receive)
7. Dana --------------------------------------------the night shift by the time you get up in the morning. (not
finish)
8. The team --------------------------------------------at the exhibition for five hours by the time I arrive
there. (work)
9. By the time we get on the plane, they ----------------------------already -----------------the luggage. (load)
10. By 2025, I hope researchers --------------------------------------------a cure for cancer. (find)

UNIT 6 Conditional Type 3

If + sbject + had + ppv + subject + would + have + ppv.
Subject +would + have + ppv + if + subject + had + ppv.

1. Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type III) by putting the verbs into the correct
form.

had studied w ould have

2. If you (study) for the test, you (pass) it.
3. If you (ask) --------------------------me, I (help) --------------------------you.
4. If we (go) --------------------------to the cinema, we (see) --------------------------my friend Jacob.
5. If you (speak) --------------------------English, she (understand) --------------------------
6. If they (listen) --------------------------to me, we (be) --------------------------home earlier.
7. I (write) --------------------------you a postcard if I (have) --------------------------your address.
8. If I (not / break) --------------------------my leg, I (take part) --------------------------in the contest.
9. If it (not/ start) --------------------------to rain, we (walk) --------------------------to the museum.
10. We (swim) --------------------------in the sea if there (not / be) --------------------------so many sharks there.
11. If she (take) --------------------------the bus, she (not / arrive) --------------------------on time.

2. Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type III) by putting the verbs into the
correct form.

If the weather -------------------------- (to be) nice, they ------------------------------------ (to play) football.
1. If we -------------------------- (to go) to a good restaurant, we ------------------------------ (to have) a better
dinner.
2. If John -------------------------- (to learn) more words, he -------------------------- (to write) a good report.
3. If the boys -------------------------- (to take) the bus to school, they -------------------------- (to arrive) on
time.
4. If the teacher -------------------------- (to explain) the homework, I ---------------------------------- (to do) it.
 5. If they -------------------------- (to wait) for another 10 minutes, they -------------------------- (to see) the
pop star.
6. If the police -------------------------- (to come) earlier, they -------------------------- (to arrest) the burglar.
7. If you -------------------------- (to buy) fresh green vegetable, your salad -------------------------- (to
taste) better.
8. If Alex -------------------------- (to ask) me, I -------------------------- (to email) the documents.
9. If he -------------------------- (to speak) more slowy, Peggy -------------------------- (to understand) him.

UNIT 7 Reported Speech

Reported Speech: Useful Rules & Examples https://7esl.com/reported-speech/

Reported speech is often also called indirect speech in English. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about
the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in
the past too.

For Example :

Direct speech: I’ve lost my umbrella. ---------Reported speech: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.

Tense Changes in Reported Speech

When changing from direct to indirect speech, you need to change the grammar in certain ways.

Verb tense forms usually need to change. The tenses generally move backwards in this way:

 Present Simple Tense ( do/ does ) into Past Simple Tense (did)
 Present Continuous Tense (am /is / are doing) into Past Continuous Tense (was /were doing)
 Present Perfect Tense ( has/ have done) into Past Perfect Tense (had done)
 Past Simple Tense (did) into Past Perfect Tense (had done)
 Past Continuous Tense (was / were doing) into Past Perfect Continuous Tense(had been doing)
 Past Perfect Tense (had done) (The tense remains unchanged) (had done)
 Will into Would
 Will be into Would be
 Will have into Would have
 Will have been into Would have been
Other Verb Form Changes in Indirect Speech
 Can into Could
 Could (The verb remains unchanged)
 Have to into Had to
 Must into Must/Had to
 May into Might
 Might (The verb remains unchanged)
 Should (The verb remains unchanged)
Changes in Time and Place in Reported Speech
Time and place references often have to change in Indirect Speech

Direct speech Indirect Speech Direct speech Indirect speech

 Now Then Today That day

Here There This That

Tomorrow The following day/ The Next week The following week/ The
next day/ The day after next week/ The week after

Yesterday The previous day/ The day Last week The previous week/ The
before week before

Ago Previously/ Before Tonight That night

No Change in Verb Tenses in Reported Speech

There is no change in verb tenses in Indirect Speech when:

The introductory verb is in the Present, Present Perfect or Future.

Direct speech: I love Chocoate . ---------Reported speech: He says (that) he loves chocolate.

The introductory verb in this sentence is « says » therefore there is no change in verb tense in Indirect speech.

Introductory Verbs in Indirect Speech

 Tell, say, ask
 Verb + that + clause: complain, deny, explain, exclaim, remark, promise, boast, inform somebody, claim, agree,
suggest
 Verb + to + infinitive: agree, offer, refuse, demand, threaten, promise, claim
 Verb + indirect object + to + infinitive: advise, allow, beg, command, encourage, forbid, invite, want, instruct,
permit, urge, order, remind, warn
 Verb + “ing” form: admit (to), accuse somebody of, apologize for, boast about/ of, complain to somebody of,
deny, insist on, suggest
 Verb + how: explain to somebody
 Wonder
Changes of Pronouns in Reported Speech
In indirect speech, you need to be careful with personal pronouns. They need to be changed according to the situation. You
need to know the context.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech Indirect Speech Direct Speech Indirect Speech
I He / she We They You I he she we they
They They She She He / It He / It

Reported Questions in English

When you are changing a question from direct speech into indirect speech, you follow the same kinds of rules as
for statements. To report a question, we use verbs such as: inquire, wonder, want to know, ask…

Direct speech: Do you love me ? . --------- Reported speech: He asked her if she loved him.

Direct speech: where did you go ? . --------- Reported speech: SHe wanted to know where she had gone..
 Reported Commands and Requests in English

Reported Orders, Commands and Requests are formed using the to-infinitive and not to-infinitive.

he reporting verbs for the orders/ commands/ requests are: order, shout, demand, warn, beg, command, tell, insist,
beseech, threaten, implore, ask, propose, forbid…

When we change from direct to indirect speech, the pronoun and tense changes that are also needed.

Direct speech : stay at home. ------------ Indirect speech : the government ordered people to stay at home.

Direct speech : do not go out. ------------ Indirect speech : the police warned people not to go out.

Reference : https://7esl.com/reported-speech/

Mixed Exercise 1

Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note whether the sentence is a request, a statement or a
question.

1. He said, "I like this song."

→ He said-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. "Where is your sister?" she asked me.
→ She asked me ---------------------------------------------------------------------
3. "I don't speak Italian," she said.
→ She said---------------------------------------------------------------------
4. "Say hello to Jim," they said.
→ They asked me---------------------------------------------------------------------
5. "The film began at seven o'clock," he said.
→ He said---------------------------------------------------------------------
6. "Don't play on the grass, boys," she said.
→ She told the boys---------------------------------------------------------------------
7. "Where have you spent your money?" she asked him.
→ She asked him ---------------------------------------------------------------------
8. "I never make mistakes," he said.
→ He said---------------------------------------------------------------------
9. "Does she know Robert?" he wanted to know.
→ He wanted to know ---------------------------------------------------------------------
10. "Don't try this at home," the stuntman told the audience.
→ The stuntman advised the audience---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. He said that he liked that song.
2. She asked me where my sister was.
3. She said that she didn't speak Italian.
4. They asked me to say hello to Jim.
5. He said that the film had begun at seven o'clock.
6. She told the boys not to play on the grass.
7. She asked him where he had spent his money.
8. He said that he never made mistakes.
9. He wanted to know if she knew Robert.
10. The stuntman advised the audience not to try that at home.

REMEMBER: With reported speech, the pattern is the following:

1. simple present becomes simple past
2. future tenses becomes conditional
3. present continuous becomes past continuous
4. present perfect becomes past perfect
5. commands (ex. come!) become infinitive (ex. to come)

Choose the best response:

1. "He will come tomorrow".

She told me that he ________ tomorrow.

is coming

will come

would come

2. "I see the clouds.".

He told me that she ________ the clouds.

sees

is seeing

saw

3. "My mother is taking the bus to work tomorrow".

He told me that his mother ________ the bus to work tomorrow.

is taking

was taking

will take

4. "I will call you".

I told her that I ________ her.

will call

would call

would have called

5. "I have been there".

She told me that she ________ there.

had been

has been

was

6. "I will be studying tomorrow".

I told him that I ________ tomorrow.

will be studying

would be studying

will study

7. "Open the window!".

He asked me ________ the window.

to open

open

opened
 8."I am happy".
She told me that she ________ happy.

has been

is

was

9. "I have seen that movie".

He told me that he ________ that movie.

had seen

will have seen

has seen

10. "I am flying to India tomorrow".

He told me that he ________ tomorrow.

is flying

was flying

will fly
Q1 - I told him ____ do it.
to not
to don't
not to
don't
Q2 - He asked us ____ show our passports.
if
to
for
Q3 - She asked us if we ____ finished the work on Monday.
have
had
Either could be used here.
Q4 - She asked us ____ on time.
to be
for being
Q5 - She asked if she ____ leave early.
can
could
Q6 - They asked me _____ going to the party.
that I was
if I was
Q7 - He told me ____ my father.
phone
to phone
Q8 - She said that no one _____ to the meeting last week.
 has come
had come
Q9 - She told me ____ she wasn't going to come.
that
---
Either could be used here.
Q10 - He asked me what I _____ if I failed to get the job.
would do
would have done
Q11 - He told me he ___ be here by three o'clock at the latest and it's half past already.
will
would
Either could be used here.
Q12 - She promised she _____ do it by the end of the week and then let me down.
will
would
Either could be used here.
Q13 - She said it _____ raining when she got here.
already started
had already started
Either could be used here.
Q14 - She explained how ______ do it.
to
I should
Either could be used here.
Q15 - He said he _____ her before.
didn't meet
hadn't met
Either could be used here.

backshift

Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change pronouns and time expressions where necessary.

1. She said, "I am reading."

→ She said that ---------------------------------------------------------------------
2. They said, "We are busy."
→ They said that --------------------------------------------------------------------
3. He said, "I know a better restaurant."
→ He said that ---------------------------------------------------------------------
4. She said, "I woke up early."
→ She said that --------------------------------------------------------------------
5. He said, "I will ring her."
→ He said that ---------------------------------------------------------------------
6. They said, "We have just arrived."
→ They said that ---------------------------------------------------------------------
7. He said, "I will clean the car."
→ He said that ---------------------------------------------------------------------
8. She said, "I did not say that."
→ She said that ---------------------------------------------------------------------
9. She said, "I don't know where my shoes are."
→ She said that ---------------------------------------------------------------------
10. He said: "I won't tell anyone."
→ He said that ---------------------------------------------------------------------
11. She said, "I am reading."
→ She said that she was reading.
12. They said, "We are busy."
→ They said that they were busy.
13. He said, "I know a better restaurant."
→ He said that he knew a better restaurant.
14. She said, "I woke up early."
→ She said that she had woken up early.
15. He said, "I will ring her."
→ He said that he would ring her.
16. They said, "We have just arrived."
→ They said that they had just arrived.
17. He said, "I will clean the car."
→ He said that he would clean the car.
18. She said, "I did not say that."
→ She said that she had not said that.
19. She said, "I don't know where my shoes are."
→ She said that she did not know where her shoes were.
20. He said: "I won't tell anyone."
→ He said that he would not tell anyone.

Transform these sentences into Reported Speech

Mum said: " I'm angry with you"

Mum said she angry with me

Geoffrey said: I'm cooking lunch today

Geoffrey said he lunch

My boyfriend said: I'll go to the cinema tomorrow

 My boyfriend said he to the cinema

Her teacher said: " You must do your homework every day"

Her teacher said she do her homework every day

Their father said: " I can speak three languages"

Their father said he speak three languages

Paul said: "I have been on holidays"

Paul said he on holidays

Relative pronouns , adverbs and clauses
What is a relative pronoun?
A relative pronoun is one which is used to refer to nouns mentioned previously,
whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used
to join two sentences.

The relative pronouns are:

Subject Object Possessive

who/
who whose
whom

which which whose

that that -

We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses tell us more
about people and things:
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
This is the house which Jack built.
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.
We use:

 who and whom for people

 which for things

 that for people or things.

Two kinds of relative clause defining or restrictive and non defining

There are two kinds of relative clause:

1. We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we are talking about:
defining or restrictive relative clause
Marie Curie is the woman who discovered radium.
This is the house which Jack built.
In this kind of relative clause, we can use that instead of who or which:
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.
This is the house that Jack built.
We can leave out the pronoun if it is the object of the relative clause:
This is the house that Jack built. (that is the object of built)

Be careful!

The relative pronoun is the subject/object of the relative clause, so we do not

repeat the subject/object:

Marie Curie is the woman who she discovered radium.

(who is the subject of discovered, so we don't need she)

This is the house that Jack built it.

(that is the object of built, so we don't need it)

2. We also use relative clauses to give more information about a person, thing or
situation: non defining / non restrictive
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.
I met Rebecca in town yesterday, which was a nice surprise.
With this kind of relative clause, we use commas (,) to separate it from the rest of the
sentence.

Be careful!

In this kind of relative clause, we cannot use that:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

(NOT Lord Thompson, that is 76, has just retired.)

and we cannot leave out the pronoun:

We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.

(NOT We had fish and chips, I always enjoy.)
 whose and whom

We use whose as the possessive form of who:

This is George, whose brother went to school with me.
We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or preposition:
This is George, whom you met at our house last year.
(whom is the object of met)
This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.
(whom is the object of with)

when and where

We can use when with times and where with places to make it clear which time or
place we are talking about:
England won the World Cup in 1966. It was the year when we got married.
I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day when the tsunami happened.
Do you remember the place where we caught the train?
Stratford-upon-Avon is the town where Shakespeare was born.

Relative Pronouns Exercises

Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. The festival, ______________ lasted all day, ended with a banquet.

A. That
B. Who
C. Which
D. What
2. I am looking for someone __________ can watch my dog while I go on vacation.
A. Which
B. Who
C. Whom
D. Whoever
3. The police needed details _____________ could help identify the robber.
A. Who
B. Whatever
C. That
D. What
4. I’d like to take you to a café _______________ serves excellent coffee.
A. What
B. Whatever
C. Which
D. Whichever
5. The clubhouse, in __________ the dance was held, housed about 200 people.
A. Which
B. Where
C. That
D. Whom
6. You can choose one person, __________ you like, to share the cruise with you.
A. Whomever
B. That
C. Which
D. Whom
7. I saw the shoes __________ you bought last week on sale for less this week.
A. When
B. That
C. Who
D. Whom
8. The winners, __________ known, will receive money and other prizes.
A. Whoever
B. Who
C. When
D. That
9. This is the place __________ we met.
A. When
B. Where
C. Who
D. That
10. The baby, ________ nap had been interrupted, wailed loudly.
A. Whose
B. Whomever
C. Whom
D. Who

Answers

1. C – The festival, which lasted all day, ended with a banquet.

2. B – I am looking for someone who can watch my dog while I go on vacation.
3. C – The police needed details that could help identify the robber.
4. C – I’d like to take you to a café which serves excellent coffee.
5. A – The clubhouse, in which the dance was held, housed about 200 people.
6. A – You can choose one person, whomever you like, to share the cruise with you.
7. B – I saw the shoes that you bought last week on sale for less this week.
8. C – The winners, when known, will receive money and other prizes.
9. B – This is the place where we met.
10. A – The baby, whose nap had been interrupted, wailed loudly.

Relative clauses - defining or non-defining?

Study the situations and then decide whether the following relative clauses are defining or non-defining.

defining – no commas
non-defining – commas

1. I have three brothers.

My brother who lives in Sidney came to see me last month.

My brother, who lives in Sidney, came to see me last month.

2. I have one sister.

My sister who is 25 years old spent her holiday in France.

My sister, who is 25 years old, spent her holiday in France.

3. Bob's mum has lost her keys.

Bob's mum who is a musician has lost her car keys.

Bob's mum, who is a musician, has lost her car keys.

4. My friend Jane moved to Canada.

My friend Jane whose husband is Canadian moved to Canada last week.

My friend Jane, whose husband is Canadian, moved to Canada last week.

5. I am a shoe fanatic.

The shoes which I bought yesterday are very comfortable.

The shoes, which I bought yesterday, are very comfortable.

6. Mr Robinson is very famous.

Mr Robinson whom I met at the trade fair is a famous inventor.

Mr Robinson, whom I met at the trade fair, is a famous inventor.

7. Tamara has two cats. Both of them are black.

Tamara's two cats which can play outside are black.

Tamara's two cats, which can play outside, are black.

8. Kevin has four cats. Two of them are black.

Kevin's two cats which are black can play outside.

Kevin's two cats, which are black, can play outside.

9. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.

The church which we visited yesterday is very old.

The church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.

10. We are on holiday. Yesterday we visited a church.

St. Mary's Church which we visited yesterday is very old.

St. Mary's Church, which we visited yesterday, is very old.

Write relative clauses without using the relative pronoun.

1. I gave you a book. It had many pictures.

→ The book-----------------------------------------------------------
2. I am reading a book at the moment. It is very interesting.
→ The book -----------------------------------------------------------
3. You live in a town. The town is very old.
→ The town-----------------------------------------------------------
4. The sweets are delicious. I bought them yesterday.
→ The sweets-----------------------------------------------------------
5. The football match was very exciting. My friend played in it.
→ The football match-----------------------------------------------------------
6. The letter hasn't arrived yet. I posted it three days ago.
→ The letter-----------------------------------------------------------
7. He lives in a house. The house is not very big.
→ The house-----------------------------------------------------------
8. They are playing a song on the radio. Do you like it?
→ Do you like -----------------------------------------------------------
9. Jane wore a beautiful shirt yesterday. Did you see it?
→ Did you see-----------------------------------------------------------
10. Sue is going out with a boy. I don't like him.
→ I don't like -----------------------------------------------------------

Write relative clauses without using the relative pronoun.

1. I gave you a book. It had many pictures.

→ The book I gave you had many pictures.
2. I am reading a book at the moment. It is very interesting.
→ The book I am reading at the moment is very interesting.
3. You live in a town. The town is very old.
→ The town you live in is very old.
4. The sweets are delicious. I bought them yesterday.
→ The sweets I bought yesterday are delicious.
5. The football match was very exciting. My friend played in it.
→ The football match my friend played in was very exciting.
6. The letter hasn't arrived yet. I posted it three days ago.
→ The letter In both sentences we find information about the letter. The sentence where 'letter' is the
subject (first sentence) is the main information. The additional information ('I posted three days ago') is
placed after the subject. The object 'it' from the second sentence is dropped.
7. He lives in a house. The house is not very big.
→ The house he lives in is not very big.
8. They are playing a song on the radio. Do you like it?
→ Do you like the song they are playing on the radio?
9. Jane wore a beautiful shirt yesterday. Did you see it?
→ Did you see the beautiful shirt Jane wore yesterday?
10. Sue is going out with a boy. I don't like him.
→ I don't like the boy Sue is going out with.

Subject Pronouns or Object Pronouns?

Decide whether the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun or an object pronoun.

1. Do you know the girl who I danced with? ------------------------------

2. Do you know the girl who danced with me? ------------------------------
3. The apples that are lying on the table are bad. ------------------------------
4. The apples that we bought in the shop are bad. ------------------------------
5. We will stay at a hotel which is not far from the beach. ------------------------------
6. We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us. ------------------------------
7. That is a museum which I like very much. ------------------------------
8. That is a museum which lies in the heart of the town. ------------------------------
9. This is the man who Barbara visited in Scotland. ------------------------------
10. This is the man who lives in Scotland. ------------------------------

Decide whether the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun or an object pronoun.

1. Do you know the girl who I danced with? - object pronoun

2. Do you know the girl who danced with me? - subject pronoun
3. The apples that are lying on the table are bad. - subject pronoun
4. The apples that we bought in the shop are bad. - object pronoun
5. We will stay at a hotel which is not far from the beach. - subject pronoun
6. We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us. object pronoun
7. That is a museum which I like very much. - object pronoun
8. That is a museum which lies in the heart of the town. subject pronoun
9. This is the man who Barbara visited in Scotland. object pronoun
10. This is the man who lives in Scotland. subject pronoun
English relative pronouns exercises. Fill in the gaps with the right relative pronouns where necessary. If it is not
necessary to use the relative pronoun then fill in x (small x).
A teacher is a person ------------------helps others learn new things.
Is that the man ---------------------- they arrested?
There’s the dog -----------------------bit me!
There is a woman ---------------------- daughter is an English teacher.
Where is the car ------------------------you stole?
This is the city ------------------------ I was born.
1945 was the year -------------------- the war finished.
This is the reason -------------------- I am so cheerful.
Is that the man ------------------------- they arrested?
Where is the bicycle ---------------------------you stole?