Definition of Biosensor

THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA
SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY
CLASS: HND 1 BIOCHEMISTRY

COURSE TITLE: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INSTRUMENTATION
COURSE CODE: GLT313
GROUP: 11
REG NUMBERS: 0831, 0832, 0833, 0834, 0835, 0836, 0837, 0838,
0839, 0840, 0841, 0842, 0843, 0844, 0845
PRESENTED TO
REV. SIS. LYDIA OKORAFOR M.

MR. JOHN OSILAMA
TOPIC
PRESENTATION ON BIOSENSOR
DEFINITION, WORKING PRINCIPLES, COMPONENT PARTS, SCHEMATIC

DIAGRAM, APPLICATION & MAINTENANCE.
OCTOBER, 2023
DEFINITION OF BIOSENSOR
A biosensor is an analytical device that combines a biological component with a
physicochemical detector to detect and quantify specific biological or biochemical substances.
Biosensors are used to monitor various biological processes, detect pathogens, measure specific
molecules in body fluids, and assess environmental contaminants. The biological component of a
biosensor can be enzymes, antibodies, cells, tissues, or nucleic acids, which interact with the
target analyte and generate a measurable signal. This signal is then converted into a quantifiable
output by the transducer, allowing for the detection and analysis of the target substance.
Biosensors find applications in various fields, including healthcare, environmental monitoring,
food and beverage industry, and biotechnology.
WORKING PRINCIPLES OF BIOSENSOR
Recognition: The biosensor is exposed to the sample containing the target analyte. The
biological recognition element selectively binds with the target analyte. For example, in an
enzyme-based biosensor, the enzyme catalyzes a reaction with the analyte.
Biological Reaction: The binding or reaction between the biological recognition element and the
target analyte produces a biochemical response. This reaction might involve the conversion of a
substrate, the binding of molecules, or a change in the concentration of certain ions.
Signal Transduction: The biochemical response is then transduced into a measurable signal by
the transducer. For instance, if the transducer is based on electrochemical principles, the
biochemical reaction might lead to the generation of electrical current or potential.
Signal Amplification and Processing: In many cases, the biosensor signal is amplified to
improve sensitivity. The amplified signal is then processed and analyzed using appropriate
electronics and software.
Output: The final output can be in the form of a digital readout, a graphical representation, or
any other format suitable for the specific application. This output is correlated with the
concentration of the target analyte in the sample.
COMPONENTS PARTS OF BIOSENSOR
Components of biosensor:
The block diagram of the biosensor consists of three segments namely, sensor, transducer,
and electrical circuit.
Sensor or detector: The first segment is the sensor or detector which is a biological component.
it is a biochemical receptor. It interacts with the analyte and signal the change in its composition
as electrical signal.
Transducer: The second segment is the transducer and it is a physical component which
amplifies the biochemical signal received from detector, alters the resulting signal into electrical
and displays in an attainable way.
Electrical circuit: It is the associated part which consists of Signal Conditioning Unit, a
Processor or Micro-controller and a Display Unit.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF BIOSENSOR

APPLICATION AND MAINTENANCE OF BIOSENSOR
APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS:
Healthcare:
 Glucose Monitoring: Biosensors are commonly used by diabetic patients to

measure blood glucose levels.
 Disease Diagnosis: Biosensors help diagnose various diseases by detecting

specific biomarkers.
 Drug Testing: Biosensors are used to test drug effectiveness and monitor drug
levels in the body.
Environmental Monitoring:
 Water and Air Quality: Biosensors detect pollutants and contaminants in water
and air.
 Soil Analysis: Biosensors help assess soil quality and detect harmful substances
in the soil.
Food Industry:
 Food Safety: Biosensors are used to detect pathogens, toxins, and contaminants
in food products.
 Quality Control: Biosensors help monitor fermentation processes and assess

food quality.
Biotechnology and Research:
 Enzyme Research: Biosensors aid in studying enzyme kinetics and behavior.
 Drug Discovery: Biosensors are used in drug screening assays to identify

potential drug compounds.
Defense and Security:
 Biological Warfare Agents: Biosensors are employed to detect biological

warfare agents.
 Explosives and Chemicals: Biosensors can be used for the detection of

explosives and hazardous chemicals.
MAINTENANCE OF BIOSENSORS:
Calibration and Validation:
 Regularly calibrate the biosensor to ensure accurate and reliable measurements.
 Validate the biosensor performance against known standards and controls.
Cleaning and Sterilization:
 Clean the biosensor components carefully to remove residues and contaminants.
 Use appropriate sterilization methods, especially for biosensors used in healthcare

applications.
Storage:
 Store biosensors in the recommended conditions to preserve the stability of

biological recognition elements.
 Use appropriate storage buffers and solutions to prevent degradation.
Handling:
 Handle biosensors with care, especially the sensitive biological components.
 Avoid physical damage and extreme temperature fluctuations.
Regular Testing and Quality Control:
 Implement routine testing procedures to check the biosensor's functionality.
 Conduct quality control checks to ensure consistent performance.
Battery and Power Management (for portable biosensors):

 If the biosensor is battery-operated, monitor and replace batteries as needed.
 Implement power-saving measures to extend battery life for portable devices.
Data Management and Analysis:
 Properly manage and store the data obtained from biosensor measurements.
 Use appropriate software for data analysis and interpretation.
Periodic Maintenance Checks:
 Schedule periodic maintenance checks with the manufacturer or a qualified

technician to ensure optimal performance.
 Replace worn-out components and perform necessary upgrades as technology

advances.
REFERENCES
Su, L., Jia, W., Hou, C., Lei, Y.: Microbial biosensors: a review. Biosens. Bioelectron. 26, 1788–
1799 (2011)
Haupt, K.: Molecularly imprinted polymers in analytical chemistry. Analyst 126, 747–756 (2001)
Siqueira, J.R., Jr., Caseli, L., Crespilho, F.N., Zucolotto, V., Oliveira, O.N., Jr.: Immobilization of
biomolecules on nanostructured films for biosensing. Biosens. Bioelectron. 25, 1254–
1263 (2010)
Dolatabadi, J.E.N., Maschinchian, O., Ayoubi, B., Jamali, A.A., Mobed, A., Losic, D., Omidi, Y.,
Guardia, M.: Optical and electrochemical DNA nanobiosensors. Trends. Anal.
Chem. 30(3), 459–472 (2011)

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THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA

SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE

CLASS: HND 1 BIOCHEMISTRY

REV. SIS. LYDIA OKORAFOR M.

DEFINITION, WORKING PRINCIPLES, COMPONENT PARTS, SCHEMATIC

WORKING PRINCIPLES OF BIOSENSOR

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF BIOSENSOR

 Glucose Monitoring: Biosensors are commonly used by diabetic patients to

 Disease Diagnosis: Biosensors help diagnose various diseases by detecting

 Quality Control: Biosensors help monitor fermentation processes and assess

Biotechnology and Research:

 Enzyme Research: Biosensors aid in studying enzyme kinetics and behavior.

 Drug Discovery: Biosensors are used in drug screening assays to identify

 Biological Warfare Agents: Biosensors are employed to detect biological

 Explosives and Chemicals: Biosensors can be used for the detection of

Calibration and Validation:

 Regularly calibrate the biosensor to ensure accurate and reliable measurements.

 Validate the biosensor performance against known standards and controls.

Cleaning and Sterilization:

 Clean the biosensor components carefully to remove residues and contaminants.

 Use appropriate sterilization methods, especially for biosensors used in healthcare

 Store biosensors in the recommended conditions to preserve the stability of

 Use appropriate storage buffers and solutions to prevent degradation.

 Handle biosensors with care, especially the sensitive biological components.

 Avoid physical damage and extreme temperature fluctuations.

Regular Testing and Quality Control:

 Implement routine testing procedures to check the biosensor's functionality.

 Conduct quality control checks to ensure consistent performance.

Battery and Power Management (for portable biosensors):

 Implement power-saving measures to extend battery life for portable devices.

Data Management and Analysis:

 Use appropriate software for data analysis and interpretation.

Periodic Maintenance Checks:

 Schedule periodic maintenance checks with the manufacturer or a qualified

 Replace worn-out components and perform necessary upgrades as technology

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