MINE DRAINAGE

SYSTEM
Objectives:
● Basic of mine drainage system and contemporary issues
● Problem solving on mine drainage system issues

Faizal Agung Riyadi, S.T., M.T.

Program Studi Teknik Pertambangan
Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta
[email protected] +6282226917527
 Preliminary Test

https://forms.gle/YTjhwqASGhieAdQy5
Mine Drainage
Mine drainage requires the design and operation of a system for collecting the
water entering the mine, retain it, or disposing of it.

Mine Dewatering
Mine dewatering is the action of removing mine water from from a low point in
a mine. The water source could groundwater, runoff and seeping from nearby
bodies of water.
Reference:
- Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003.
- McLanahan - Why Dewatering Is Important in the Mining Industry
Hydrology Cycle
Continuous process of
water in the air, on the
surface and below the
ground.

The most important processes are:

Precipitation;

Infiltration & Percolation (recharge);

Discharge & Run off;

Evaporation & Transpiration;

Transport & Condensation

Image Source: https://www.h2odistributors.com/pages/info/info-water-cycle.asp

The Urgency
1. Prevents flooding into the mining area by flow diversion
2. Prevents contamination into larger water body (surface & groundwater)

Scope of Mine Drainage System

Collection & Dispose of Water

Water Quantity Water Quality

- Diversion Channel - Sedimentary

Pond
- Retention Pond - Water Treatment
Facility
 Planning Executions

2 4

3 5
1

Reference: https://novascotia.ca/natr/meb/education/mining-cycle.asp
Drainage Design Flow Process

Determining Volume Velocity

Rainfall Analysis Drainage Design
(Q)

● Rainfall & Rain Time data ● Determine the drainage area. ● Determine the channel type &
● Analysis for rainfall intensity (Catchment Area - A in km^2) ● Calculate Channel dimension
design determination - I and Determine the runoff vector. ● Calculate retention pond
(mm/h) ● Determine the Runoff parameter
● Consideration for Extreme Coefficient (C) ● Calculate Sedimentation pond
Rainfall ● Calculate the runoff volume parameters
velocity Q (m^3/s) using the ● Water Treatment
rational formula below.

Q = 0.278 C I A
Component of Mine Drainage System Design
Chapter 1 - Rainfall Analysis

Chapter 2 - Runoff Volume Volocity - Q

Chapter 3 - Diversion Channel Design;

Chapter 4 - Retention Pond Design;

Chapter 5 - Sedimentary Pond Design;

Chapter 6 - Acid Mine Drainage;

Chapter 7 - Pumping
 - Chapter 1 -
Rainfall Analysis
Gumble Distribution

Keterangan :
Xt = Curah Hujan Rencana
(mm/hari)
X̄ = Curah Hujan rata-rata
(mm/hari)
SD = Standart Deviation
Yn = Reduced Mean
Sn = Reduced Standart Devition
Yt = Reduced Variate

Keterangan :
n = Jumlah sampel
m = Urutan sampel
T = Periode Ulang Hujan
Keterangan :
Pr = Resiko Hidrologi
Tr = Periode Ulang Hujan
Tl = Umur Tambang
 Strategy for Extreme Rainfall

Identification of peak rainfall

Identification of rainfall anomaly pattern

Retention Pond

Open:

https://www.worldweatheronline.com/rantaupanjang-weather-averages/east-kalimantan/id.aspx
 - Chapter 2 -
Runoff Volume Velocity - Q
Determination of Catchment Area

Image Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin#/media/File:EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita,_Romania.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin#/media/File:Hydrographic_basin.svg
Determination of Runoff Coefficient
Runoff Volume Velocity - Q

Q = 0.278 . C. I. A
Q = Volume Volocity / Debit (m^3/s)
C = Runoff Coefficient
I = Rainfall Intensity (mm/h)
A = Catchment Area (km^2)
 - Chapter 3 -
Diversion Channel Design
Diversion Channel

Source: Faizal Agung Riyadi, Tedy Agung Cahyadi, Nurkhamim, and Supandi. 2019. “Desain Saluran Terbuka Berbasis Microsoft Excel
Perhitungan Dan Pemodelan Yang Praktis Dan Effisien”. KURVATEK 4 (2), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.33579/krvtk.v4i2.1563.
References:
1. Chow, V. T. Open Channnel Hidraulics. Tokyo: Kogakusha Company & McGraw·Hill Book Company. 1959
2. McKay, S. K., & J. C. Fischenich. Robust prediction of hydraulic roughness., Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and
Development Center. Report Number: ERDC/CHL CHETN - VII -11. 2011
n – C – f Correlation

Source: Faizal Agung Riyadi, Tedy Agung Cahyadi, Nurkhamim, and Supandi. 2019. “Desain Saluran Terbuka Berbasis Microsoft Excel
Perhitungan Dan Pemodelan Yang Praktis Dan Effisien”. KURVATEK 4 (2), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.33579/krvtk.v4i2.1563.
n – C – f Correlation

Determining the Manning’s n Coefficient:

1. Based on channel Condition
2. Based on channel base grainsize (Stricler, Wong-Parker, Maynord, Riyadi,
et.al.).
Determining C & f Coefficient for Chezy & Darcy - Weisbach Equations :
Calculated from Manning’s n coefficient
References:
1. McKay, S. K., & J. C. Fischenich. Robust prediction of hydraulic roughness., Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Engineer Research and
Development Center. Report Number: ERDC/CHL CHETN - VII -11. 2011
2. Faizal Agung Riyadi, Tedy Agung Cahyadi, Nurkhamim, and Supandi. 2019. “Desain Saluran Terbuka Berbasis Microsoft Excel
Perhitungan Dan Pemodelan Yang Praktis Dan Effisien”. KURVATEK 4 (2), 61-78. https://doi.org/10.33579/krvtk.v4i2.1563.
“Koefisien α” is the key!

Koefisien α merupakan koefisien dimasukkan ke dalam persamaan untuk

memperoleh nilai ketingian air (y) dari formula Chezy, Darcy-Weisbach, dan
Manning. Untuk koefisien α sangat tergantung dari sudut kemiringan saluran (Ɵ)
yang ditunjukkan dari besar dari tiap rasio jari-jari hidrolis (R), perimeter basah (P),
dan luas penampang basah (A) terhadap tinggi air (y).
Summary Koefisien α - Rectangular
Summary Koefisien α - Trapezoidal
Summary Koefisien α - Triangular
Koefisien α dan
Formula Untuk Menghitung Tinggi air (y)
Contoh Kasus
Kalkulator
Desain Saluran FAR
Opsi di dalam Kalkulator Desain Saluran FAR

Tipe Geometri salurn

Methods / Formula. (Input: Q, i, n (or C / f))

Manning’s n input

- Table reference

- Calculated from channel bed grain-

size

- Direct paticle size input

or refering to Wenthworth Scale

Optional chart data plotting

 - Chapter 4 -
Retention Pond
Retention Pond
Retention pond / wet pond / wet detention basin / stormwater management pond (SWMP)

An artificial pond with vegetation around the perimeter and a permanent pool of water in its design.

Functions:
1. Manage surface runoff
2. Flood control
3. Erosion control
4. Serve as an artificial wetland
5. Water Reserve
6. Improve the water quality

Reference:
WEF Manual of Practice No. 23; ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering Practice No. 87. 1998. ISBN 1-57278-039-8. Chapter 5.
Characteristic of SWMP Types
Detention Infiltration
No Characteristics Retention Pond
Pond Pond

1 Storage of Water Partially Permanent Temporary Temporary

2 Means of Discharge Controlled Flow Controlled Flow Infiltration

3 Base Material Type Impermeable Impermeable Permeable

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schemes-of-the-wet-detention-pond-in-Odense-Aarhus-and-
Silkeborg_fig1_224931578
How RETENTION PONDS Manage Storm Water Runoff

Maintenance Requirements for Detention & Retention Basins

 - Chapter 5 -
Sedimentation Pond Design
Skema Umum Kolam Pengendapan

Sumber: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2022
Pemilihan Lokasi
Kriteria penilaian

Sangat sesuai (X =
5)
Sesuai (X =
4)
Tidak sesuai (X =
3)
Sangat tidak sesuai (X = 2)
Dilarang (X =
Sumber: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2022
 - Chapter 6 -
Acid Mine Drainage
 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)

- Major water quality problem as it reduces the pH of water resource, making

dissolved metals readily available for uptake by organisms
- Acid leachates from tailings deposits, which are highly concentrated in
potentially hazardous elements.
- A waste from mining sites is highly acidic, rich source of sulfate and heavy
metals.

Reference:
1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/acid-mine-drainage
2. Angela Tapia, Melitza Cornejo-La Torre, Erika S. Santos, Diego Arán, Alfredo Gallardo. 2019. Improvement of chemical quality of
percolated leachates by in situ application of aqueous organic wastes on sulfide mine tailings. Journal of Environmental
Management. Volume 244. Pages 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.040.
3. Bhupinder Dhir, 2018. Chapter 4 - Biotechnological Tools for Remediation of Acid Mine Drainage (Removal of Metals From
Wastewater and Leachate). Editor(s): Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad, Paulo Jorge de Campos Favas, Subodh Kumar Maiti. Bio-
Geotechnologies for Mine Site Rehabilitation, Elsevier. Pages 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812986-9.00004-X.
Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
Therefore, acid mine drainage (AMD) is :

- water quality problem

- reduces the pH of water resource
- highly concentrated in potentially hazardous elements
- dissolved sulfate and heavy metals
- caused by mining activities

Source:
a. https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/mine-drainage
b. https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Case_Study_Acid_Mine_Drainage_South_Africa
Acid Mine Generations
Genesis

Mine drainage is formed when pyrite (an iron sulfide) is exposed and reacts with air and water to form
sulfuric acid and dissolved iron. Some or all of this iron can precipitate to form the red, orange, or yellow
sediments in the bottom of streams containing mine drainage.

The acid runoff further dissolves heavy metals such as copper, lead, and mercury into groundwater or
surface water.

The rate and degree by which acid-mine drainage proceeds can be increased by the action of certain bacteria.

Effect

Problems associated with mine drainage include contaminated drinking water, disrupted growth and reproduction
of aquatic plants and animals, and the corroding effects of the acid on parts of infrastructures such as bridges.

Reference:
https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-does-mine-drainage-occur
 Acid Mine Generations

Source: Gayathri Naidu, Seongchul Ryu, Ramesh Thiruvenkatachari, Youngkwon Choi, Sanghyun Jeong, Saravanamuthu
Vigneswaran. 2019. A critical review on remediation, reuse, and resource recovery from acid mine drainage. Environmental
Pollution. Volume 247. Pages 1110-1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.085.
AMD Assessment

1. Sampling;
2. Static geochemical testwork (e.g. acid-base accounting, sulfur speciation);
3. Kinetic geochemical testwork - conducting oxygen consumption tests to
quantify acidity generation rates.
4. Modelling of oxidation, pollutant generation and release;
5. Modelling of material composition.

Reference:
Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources - Managing Acid and Metalliferous Drainage: Leading Practice
Sustainable Development Program for the Mining Industry (PDF) Australian Government handbook, 2007: pg 28 - 40
Sumber: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2022
Sumber: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2022
Sumber: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2022
Sumber: Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan
Republik Indonesia No. 5 Tahun 2022
Water Treatment Methods Determinations

1. Characterization → Checklist of Contaminants

2. Process Design → Economic, technical, operational, & environmental
3. Feasibility Study → Effectiveness & Efficiency
4. Trial → Lab-scale or Pilot
General Water Treatment Process (Flow Diagram)
Principle of waste water treatment
- Chapter 7 -
Pumping
Debit Pompa
Economic Valuation
What Contributes to The Drainage System Cost?

● Channel Construction & Maintenance

● Retention Pond Construction & Maintenance
● Wetlands Construction, Maintenance & Water Treatments Operation
● Pump unit capital, running cost & maintenance
● Externalities
 What Cause Mine
Drainage Design Failure?
What Cause Mine Drainage Design Failure?

● Failure to identify the requirements of volume Velocity (Q)

● Failure to identify the proportional runoff interception (placement)
● Failure to maintain proportional design due to deposition and disturbance.