Integral Calculus is a branch of mathematics concerned with the theory and

applications of integrals and integration.

The process we use in finding the function when its derivative is given is called
Integration or Antidifferentiation.

The following table shows the relationship of the two above mentioned
processes.
Given (Input) Process Answer (Output)
Function Differentiation Derivative
Derivative Integration Function

The table shows that given a function we use differentiation to find the derivative.
On the other hand, given the derivative, we use integration to get the unknown
function.

For example, if the given function is

y = 5x2 + 7
by the process of differentiation, we will get the derivative,
y’ = 10x
Doing the reverse, if we are given the derivative
y’ = 10x
by integration, we can solve for the function
y = 5x2 + 7
However, the constant 7 will be replaced by a constant C to give a more general
solution or answer. This is because the derivative y’ = 10x is the derivative of a
family or class of functions of the form
y = 5x2 + C
where C is an arbitrary constant.
SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
d
In differentiation, is the operator symbol which means that we have to
dx
differentiate the expression that follows the symbol. Now, for integration, the
operator will be∫ dx , read as “the integral of… with respect to x’ or simply “the
integral of dx”.

Let us study the following integral which identifies the symbols and notations.

∫ 10 xdx=5 x 2 +C
∫ - the integral sign
10x – the given derivative of the unknown function which is called the integrand.
dx – the differential of x; this tells what the variable of integration is
5x2 – the particular integral
C – the constant of integration
5x2 + C – the unknown function or the indefinite integral

TYPES OF INTEGRAL
1. Indefinite Integral – integral without limits of integration.
Example: ∫ 10 xdx=5 x +C
2

2. Definite Integral – integral with limits of integration and with a definite value
as answer.

|
2
2
Example: ∫ 10 xdx=(5 x ¿ ) ¿
2

1 1
¿ 5(2)2 – 5(1)2
¿ 20 – 5
2

∫ 10 xdx=15
1
 Note: In the given example, 1 and 2 are called the limits of integration. One (1) is

the lower limit and 2 is the upper limit. The symbol |21 means we have to evaluate
(or find the value of) the expression before the symbol. To evaluate, the upper
limit is substituted first to the variable or variables in the expression minus the
value obtained when the lower limit is then substituted.

BASIC FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES

A. Basic Formulas
1. ∫ adx=ax +C ; a is any constant
Examples:

a. ∫ dx=x+ C
b. ∫ 3 dx =3 x +C
c. ∫ 3 dy =3 y+ C
1 1
d. ∫ 2 dy = 2 y+ C

n+1
x
2. ∫ x n dx= n+1 +C ; for n ≠ -1

Examples:

2 +1 3
x x
a. ∫ x dx=
2
+ c= +C
2+ 1 3
1+1 2
x x
b. ∫ xdx= 1+1 + c= +C
2
2 5
2 +1 5
x3 x3 3
c. ∫
3
x dx= + c= + C∨ x 3 +C
2 5 5
+1
3 3
x √2 +1
d. ∫ p √2 dx= √ 2+ 1
+c

B. Basic Principles or Properties

 1. ∫ cf ( x ) dx=c ∫ f ( x ) dx
Examples:

a. ∫ 3 x 2 dx=3∫ x2 dx

( )
3
x
¿3 +C
3
3
¿ x +C
b. ∫ 4.6 ydy=4.6∫ ydy

( )
2
y
¿ 4.6 +C
2
2
¿ 2.3 y +C
1 1
∫ 5 √m2 dm= 5 ∫ √ m2 dm
3 3
c.
2
1
¿ ∫ m 3 dm
5

( )
2
+1
3
1 m
¿ 5 2
+1
3

()
5
1 m3
¿
5 5
3

()
5
1 3 3
¿ m
5 5
5
3 3
¿ m +C
25

2. ∫ [ f 1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x ) ±… ± f n ( x ) ¿ dx=∫ f 1 ( x ) dx+∫ f 2 ( x ) dx ± … ±∫ f n ( x ) dx ¿

Examples:

a. ∫ ( 2 x +5 ) dx=2∫ xdx+∫ 5 dx
 ¿ 2∫ xdx+5 x +¿ ¿

( )
2
x
¿2 +5 x
2
2
¿ x + 5 x +C
b. ∫ ( 7 y 6+ 8 y 4−5 y 3 +3 ) dy
¿ ∫ 7 y dy +∫ 8 y dy−∫ 5 y dy +∫ 3 dy
6 4 3

¿ 7 ∫ y dy +8∫ y dy−5 ∫ y dy +3∫ dy

6 4 3

( ) ( ) ( )
7 5 4
y y y
¿7 +8 −5 +3 y
7 5 4
7 8 5 5 4
¿ y + y − y +3 y+ C
5 4

∫ (5 x +3 x +7 ) dx
1
c. 4 2

1
¿ ∫ 5 x dx+∫ 3 x 2 dx+∫ 7 dx
4

1
¿ 5∫ x 4 dx+ 3∫ x 2 dx+ 7∫ dx

()
3

( x5 )+3 x3
5 2
¿5 +7 x
2
3
5
¿ x + 2 x 2 +7 x+ C