Chapter 1 – Functions and relations

Solutions to Exercise 1A
1 a {8, 11} c X ∪ Y = {2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 23}

b {8, 11} d X\Y = {2, 3, 5, 11}

c {1, 3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30} e Z\Y = {2}

d {3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32} f X ∩ Z = {2, 7, 9}

e {3, 8, 11, 18, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 32} g [−2, 8] ∩ X = {2, 3, 5, 7}

f {1, 8, 11, 25, 30} h (−3, 8] ∩ Y = {7}

i (2, ∞) ∩ Y = {7, 9, 15, 19, 23}

2 a {3, 18, 22, 23, 24}
j (3, ∞) ∪ Y = (3, ∞)
b {25, 30, 32}

c {3, 18, 22, 23, 24} 5 a X ∩ Y = {a, e}

d {1, 25, 30} b X ∪ Y = {a, b, c, d, e, i, o, u}

c X\Y = {b, c, d}
3 a
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 d Y\X = {i, o, u}
b
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 a B ∩ C = {6}
c b B\C = {2, 4, 8, 10}
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5

d c A\B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
d A\B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
e A\C = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10}
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 (A\B) ∪ (A\C) = {1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
f
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
e B ∩ C = {6}
A\(B ∩ C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
4 a X ∩ Y = {7, 9}
f A\B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
b X ∩ Y ∩ Z = {7, 9} A\C = {2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10}

1
 (A\B) ∩ (A\C) = {5, 7} 9 a
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2
g B ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10}
A\(B ∪ C) = {5, 7} b

h A ∩ B ∩ C = {6} −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
c
7 a [−3, 1) 0 1 2 3
b (−4, 5] d
√ −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
c (− 2, 0)
e
1 √
d (− √ , 3)
2 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
e (−∞, −3) f
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (0, ∞)

g (−∞, 0) 10 a

h [−2, ∞) −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
b
8 a (−2, 3)

b [−4, 1) −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
c [−1, 5] c

d (−3, 2] −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
d

−8 −6 −4 −2 0

2
Solutions to Exercise 1B
1 a Domain = R c y
range = [−2, ∞)
2
b Domain = (−∞, 2]
range = R x
0 8
c Domain = (−2, 3) Domain = R+ ∪ {0}
range = (−∞, 2]
range = [0, 9)
d y
d Domain = (−3, 1)
range = (−6, 2)
(4, 4)
e Domain = [−4, 0] (1, 2)
x
range = [0, 4] 0
Domain = [0, ∞)
range = [0, ∞)
f Domain = R
range = (−∞, 2) e y

2 a y 5

x
0 5
1 x Domain = [0, 5]
0 range = [0, 5]
Domain = R
range = [1, ∞) f y
b y (4, 18)

2
3 x
0 4
x Domain = [0, 4]
−3 0 3 range = [2, 18]
−3
Domain = [−3, 3]
range = [−3, 3]

3
 g y range = {4}
(2, 4)
0 4 a function Domain = R
x range = {4}
−1 −2 2
−5 b not a function
(−1, −5)
Domain = [−1, 2] Domain = {2}
range = [−5, 4] range = Z

c function
h y
Domain = R
range = R
4

−2 2 d not a function
x Domain = R
0
Domain = R range = R
range = (−∞, 4]
e not a function
Domain = [−4, 4]
i y
range = [−4, 4]

1
x 5 f (x) = 2x2 + 4x;
0 1 g(x) = 2x3 + 2x − 6
Domain = R a f (−1) = 2(−1)2 + 4(−1) = −2
Range = R
f (2) = 2(2)2 + 4(2) = 16
f (−3) = 2(−3)2 + 4(−3) = 6
3 a not a function
Domain = {−1, 1, 2, 3} f (2a) = 2(2a)2 + 4(2a) = 8a2 + 8a
range = {1, 2, 3, 4}
b
b function g(−1) = 2(−1)3 + 2(−1) − 6 = −10
Domain = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2} g(2) = 2(2)3 + 2(2) − 6 = 14
range = {−4, −1, 0, 3, 5} g(3) = 2(3)3 + 2(3) − 6 = 54
c not a function g(a − 1) = 2(a − 1)3 + 2(a − 1) − 6
Domain = {−2, −1, 2, 4} = 2(a3 − 3a2 + 3a − 1) + 2a − 8
range = {−2, 1, 2, 4, 6}
= 2a3 − 6a2 + 8a − 10
d function
Domain = {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3} 6 g(x) = 3x2 − 2

4
 a g(−2) = 3(−2)2 − 2 = 10 c 3x − 2 = 0
g(4) = 3(4)2 − 2 = 46 x=
2
3
b i g(−2) = 3(−2)2 − 2 = 12x2 − 2
9 a f : R → R where f (x) = 2x + 3
ii g(x − 2)2 = 3(x − 2)2 − 2 =
3x2 − 12x + 10 b 3y + 4x = 12

iii g(x + 2)2 = 3(x + 2)2 − 2 = 3y = 12 − 4x

3x2 + 12x + 10 4x
y=4−
3
iv g(x2 ) = 3(x2 )2 − 2 = 3x4 − 2
−4x
f : R → R where f (x) = +4
3
7 f (x) = 2x − 3
c f : [0, ∞) → R where f (x) = 2x − 3
a f (3) = 2(3) − 3 = 3
d f : R → R where f (x) = x2 − 9
b f (x) = 11
e f : [0, 2] → R where f (x) = 5x − 3
11 = 2x − 3x = 7

c f (x) = 4x 10 a y
4x = 2x − 3 (6, 7)
2x = −3 (2, 3)
x
x=
−3 0
2

d f (x) > x range = [3, ∞)

2x − 3 > x b y
x>3

8 g(x) = 6x + 7 h(x) = 3x − 2 x
0 (2, −1)
a 6x + 7 = 3x − 2
3x = −9 range = (−∞, −1]

x = −3

b 6x + 7 > 3x − 2
3x > −9
x > −3

5
c y h y
(4, 19)

−1 1 0
2 x x
0 −1 0.2
(−2, −11)
(−4, −7) range = (−11, 19)
range = [−7, ∞)
11 f (x) = 2x2 − 6x + 1; g(x) = 3 − 2x
d y
a f (2) = 2(2)2 − 6(2) + 1 = −3
2 (3, 11)
− f (−3) = 2(−3)2 − 6(−3) + 1 = 37
3 2 x
0 f (−2) = 2(−2)2 − 6(−2) + 1 = 21

b g(−2) = 3 − 2(−2) = 7
range = (−∞, 11)
g(1) = 3 − 2(1) = 1
e y g(−3) = 3 − 2(−3) = 9
(3, 4) c i f (a) = 2a2 − 6a + 1
−1 1
x ii f (a + 2) = 2(a + 2)2
0
− 6(a + 2) + 1
range = (−∞, 4] = 2a2 + 2a − 3

f y iii g(−a) = 3 + 2a
(6, 17)
1 iv g(2a) = 3 − 4a
3
x v f (5 − a) = 2(5 − a)2
−1 0
(−2, −7) − 6(5 − a) + 1
range = [−7, 17] = 2a2 − 14a + 21

g y vi f (2a) = 8a2 − 12a + 1

(−5, 14)
vii g(a) + f (a) = (2a2 − 6a + 1)
(−1, 2)
+ (3 − 2a)
x
0 = 2a2 − 8a + 4

range = [2, 14]

6
 viii g(a) − f (a) = (3 − 2a) d f (x) > 0
− (2a2 − 6a + 1) 3x2 + x − 2 > x
2
from (a), the x-intercepts are −1,
= −2a2 + 4a + 2 3
as the coefficient of x2 > 0
the shape of the graph y = f (x) is
12 f (x) = 3x2 + x − 2

a f (x) = 0
∴ f (x) > 0 for
3x2 + x − 2 = 0 2
using the quadratic formula x ∈ (−∞, −1) ∪ ( , ∞)
p 3
−(1) ± (1)2 − 4(3)(−2)
x= e f (x) > x
2(3)
√
−1 ± 25 3x2 + x − 2 > x
x=
6 3x2 − 2 > 0
2
x = −1, x2 >
2
3
in set notation  √ 3  √ 
− 2   2 
( )
2
x ∈ −∞, √  ∪  √ , ∞

−1,
3 3 3

b f (x) = x f f (x) ≤ −2
3x2 + x − 2 ≤ −2
3x2 + x − 2 = x 1
from (c), the x-intercepts are − , 0
3x2 = 2 3
as as the coefficient of x2 > 0
2 the shape of the graph y = f (x) is
x2 =
3
p
x = ± 2/3
in set
 r notation
r  " #
2 2 −1
,0

, ∴ f (x) ≤ −2 for x ∈
 
−
 


 3 3

 3

c f (x) = −2 13 f (x) = x2 + x
3x2 + x − 2 = −2
a f (−2) = (−2)2 + (−2) = 2
3x2 + x = 0
x(3x + 1) = 0 b f (2) = (2)2 + (2) = 6
∴ either x = 0 or 3x + 1 = 0 c f (−a) = (−a)2 + (−a) = a2 − a
−1
x = 0, d f (a) + f (−a) = (a2 + a) + (a2 − a)
3
in set notation
= 2a2
( )
−1
0,
3

7
 e f (a) − f (−a) = (a2 + a) − (a2 − a) 1
f =6
g(x)
= 2a
1 = 6g(x)
f f (a2 ) = (a2 )2 + (a2 ) = a4 + a2 1 = 6(3x − 2)
1 = 18x − 12
14 g(x) = 3x − 2 18x = 13
a g(x) = 4 13
x=
18
3x − 2 = 4
x=2
15 a f (x) = kx − 1
b g(x) > 4 3 = 3k − 1
3x − 2 > 4 k=
4
3
x>2
in set notation b f (x) = x2 − k
{x : x > 2}
3=9−k
c g(x) = a k=6
3x − 2 = a
c f (x) = x2 + kx + 1
a+2
x= 3 = 9 + 3k + 1
3
−7
d g(−x) = 6 k=
3
−3x − 2 = 6 k
−8 d f (x) =
x= x
3 k
3=
3
e g(2x) = 4
k=9
6x − 2 = 4
x=1 e f (x) = kx2
3 = 9k
1
k=
3

8
 f f (x) = 1 − kx2 1
c =9
x2
3 = 1 − 9k 1
x=±
9k = −2 3
−2 1
k= d x= =2
9 x
x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
16 a 5x − 4 = 2 (x − 1)2 = 0
6
x= x=1
5
1 e (x + 1)(x − 2) = 2
b =5 ∴ either x + 1 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x
1 x = −1 x = 2
x= ∴ x = −1, 2
5

9
Solutions to Exercise 1C
1 a The functions which are one - to - 6 a Domain: R range: R
one are b and c
b Domain: R+ ∪ {0} range: R+ ∪ {0}

2 a The functions which are one - to - c Domain: R range: [−2, ∞)

one are b,d and f
d Domain: [−4, 4] range: [0, 4]

3 a The graphs of functions are i, iii, iv, e Domain: R\{0} range: R\{0}
vi, vii, and viii.
f Domain: R range: (−∞, 4]
b The graphs of one - to - one functions
are iii, and vii. g Domain [3, ∞) range: [0, ∞)

4 y2 = x + 2, x ≥ −2 7 a Domain: R range: R
√
y=± x+2 b Domain: R range: [−2, ∞)

two possible functions f and g are c Domain [-3, 3] range: [0, 3]

√
f : [−2, ∞) → R f (x) = x + 2 d Domain: R\{1} range: R\{0}

range of f : [0, ∞) = R+ ∪ {0}

8 a R\{3}
√
g : [−2, ∞) → R g(x) = − x − 2 √ √
b (−∞, − 3] ∪ [ 3, ∞)
range of g : (−∞, 0] = R− ∪ {0}
c R

d [4, 11]
5 a y
e R\{−1}
√
f h(x) = (x + 1)(x − 2)
2 Domain : (−∞, −1] ∪ [2, ∞)
x
0 g R\{−1, 2}
b two possible functions are the right
h Domain: (−∞, −2) ∪ [1, ∞)
half
g1 : [0, ∞) → R g1 (x) = x2 + 2 √  1
i f (x) = x(1 − 3x) Domain : 0,
and the left half 3
g2 : (−∞, 0) → R g2 (x) = x2 + 2 j [−5, 5]

10
 k [3, 12] 13 a y
(−3, 8)
9 a y 8

5
x
−3 0
x
−1 0 1 2 b range = [5, ∞}
−1
−2 
1
 , x>3


14 f (x) = 

 x
b [−2, ∞) 2x,
 x≤3

a f (−4) = 2(−4) = −8
10 Domain: (−3, 0] ∪ [1, 3)
b f (0) = 2(0) = 0
range: [−2, 3)
1 1
c f (4) = =
(4) 4
11 Domain: [−5, 4]  1
, a>0


d f (a + 3) =  a+3


range: [−4, 0) ∪ [2, 5] 2a + 6,

a≤0


1 3
12 a y 


 2a
, a>
2

e f (2a) = 

(2, 10) 3
(−4, 9)


4a, a≤


2
6
5
 1
, a>6


f f (a − 3) = 

a−3

x 
0
2a − 6,

a≤6
−4 −4 2

b Domain = (−∞, 2] 15 a f (0) = 4

range = [5, 10] ∪ {−4} √ √
b f (3) = (3) − 1 = 2
√ √
c f (8) = (8) − 1 = 7
(√
a, a ≥ 0
d f (a + 1) =
4, a<0

e f (a − 1) =

11
 (√
a − 2, a−1>1⇒a≥2 b Odd
4, a−0<1⇒a<2
c Neither

16 a y d Even

e Odd

f Neither

x
−2 −1 0 1 19 a Even
−1
b Even
−2
range = [−1, ∞) c Odd

d Odd
ax + b, x < −2




f (x) =  cx + d, −2 ≤ x ≤ 3

17

 e Neither
ex + f, x > 3


using the points given f Even
x < −2



 −x − 4, g Neither
1



 x − 1, −2 ≤ x ≤ 3
f (x) = 

 2 h Neither
1


− x + 2, x > 3



2
i Even

18 a Even

12
Solutions to Exercise 1D
1 a ( f + g)(x) = 3x + x + 2 it is even
= 4x + 2 ( f + g)(x) = x2 + x + 1, x ∈ R
Domain: R it is neither odd nor even
( f g)(x) = 3x(x + 2) ( f g)(x) = x3 + x, x ∈ R
it is odd
= 3x2 + 6x
Domain: R
3 y
b ( f + g)(x) = 1 − x2 + x2 = 1
Domain: (0, 2]
(from Domain (g) ∩ Domain ( f ))
6
( f g)(x) = (1 − x2 )x2 4
2
= x2 − x4 x
Domain: (0, 2] −2 0 2
(from Domain (g) ∩ Domain( f ))
√ 1 x+1
c ( f + g)(x) = x+ √ = √
x x 4 y
Domain: [1, √∞) (from g)
x
( f g)(x) = √ 12
x
=1 8
Domain: [1,∞) (from g) 4
√
d ( f + g)(x) = x2 + 4 − x x
0 2 4 6
Domain: [0, 4] √ (from g)
( f g)(x) = x 4 − x
2

Domain: [0, 4] (from g) 5 y y = x + √x + 2

(2, 4) y= x
2 a functions f and h are even, g and k are
(2, 2)
odd
(0,√2) y = √x + 2
1
b ( f + h)(x) = x + 1 + 2 , x ∈ R\{0}
2
x
x 0
it is even
1 (−2, −2)
( f h)(x) = 1 + 2 , x ∈ R\{0}
x
it is even
1
(g + k)(x) = x + , x ∈ R\{0}
x
it is odd
(gk)(x) = 1, x ∈ R\{0}

13
6 y 9 y
y=x
16
(1, 1) 12
0 y=x− x 8
x
(1, 0) 4
y=− x
(1, −1) x
0 2 4

7
y
10 y
1
y =x (1, 2) (1, 1) 16
1+ 1
y =x 12
(−1, 1) x2
y = 12 8
x x
−1 0 4
local min. at x
−2, −1 (−1, −1) 0
4
−4 2 4

8 a y
y = x2 + 3x + 2 y
11
(−2, 4)
y = √x + 2

(0, √2)
2
(0, 0) y = x2
x y = ( f + g)(x)
(−2, 0) y = √x + 2 − 2x x
0 2
y = −2x y = 3x + 2 −
3
b y
(0, 2√2)
y = √2 − x
12 a y
y = √x + 2 y = ( f + g)(x) (2, 6)
(−2, 2) (2, 2)
√2
x (2, 3)
−2 0 2
y = f(x)
x
(0, 0)
y = g(x)

14
 b y b y
y = f(x)
y = x2 + 2x + x
(1, 1) y = x2 + 2x
(−1, 1) (1, 0)
x y= x
(−1, 0)
(1, −1) x
(−1, −1) 0
y = ( f + g)(x) y = g(x)
c y
13 a y
y = x2 + 3 (1, 1) y = x
(− 3, 6) y = x2 (1, 0)
x
( 3, 6) 0
y=3 (1, −1) y = −x2 + x
(− 3, 3) ( 3, 3)
x y = −x2
0

15
Solutions to Exercise 1E
1 a f (g(x)) = 2(2x) − 1 = 4x − 1 d h ◦ f (3) = 3(3)2 + 6(3) + 1 = 46
g( f (x)) = 2(2x − 1) = 4x − 2
e f ◦ h(0) = 9(0)2 + 12(0) + 3 = 3
b f (g(x)) = 4(2x + 1) + 1 = 8x + 5
g( f (x)) = 2(4x + 1) + 1 = 8x + 3 f h ◦ f (0) = 3(0)2 + 6(0) + 1 = 1

c f (g(x)) = 2(2x − 3) − 1 = 4x − 7 1
g( f (x)) = 2(2x − 1) − 3 = 4x − 5 4 a h ◦ g : R+ → R, h ◦ g(x) =
(3x + 2)2

d f (g(x)) = 2(x2 ) − 1 = 2x2 − 1 3

b g ◦ h : R\{0}, g ◦ h(x) = +2
g( f (x)) = (2x − 1)2 = 4x2 − 4x + 1 x2
1 1
e f (g(x)) = 2(x − 5)2 + 1 c h ◦ g(1) = =
(3(1) + 2)2 25
= 2x2 − 20x + 51
3
g( f (x)) = (2x2 + 1) − 5 d g ◦ h(1) = +2=5
(1)2
= 2x2 − 4

f f (g(x)) = 2(x2 ) + 1 = 2x2 + 1 5 a range( f ) = [−4, ∞)

g( f (x)) = (2x + 1)2 range(g) = R+ ∪ {0}

b f ◦ g : R+ ∪ {0} → R, f ◦ g(x) = x − 4
2 a f ◦ h(x) = 2(3x + 2) − 1 = 6x + 3 range(f ◦ g) = [−4, ∞)

b h( f (x)) = 3(2x − 1) + 2 = 6x − 1 c g ◦ f does not exist because the range

of f is not a subset of the Domain of g
c f ◦ h(2) = 6(2) + 3 = 15

d h ◦ f (2) = 6(2) − 1 = 11 1
6 a f (g(x)) = (2x) = x
21 
e f (h(3)) = 6(3) + 3 = 21 f ◦ g : R\ → R, f ◦ g(x) = x
21 
f h( f (−1)) = 6(−1) − 1 = −7 Range: R\
2
g f ◦ h(0) = 6(0) + 3 = 3 b g ◦ f : R\{0} → R, g ◦ f (x) = x
Range : R\{0}
3 a f ◦ h(x) = (3x + 1)2 + 2(3x + 1)
= 9x2 + 12x + 3 7 a the range of is [−2, ∞), which is not
a subset of the Domain of g, ∴ g ◦ f
b h ◦ f (x) = 3(x2 + 2x) + 1 = 3x2 + 6x + 1 does not exist.
c f ◦ h(3) = 9(3)2 + 12(3) + 3 = 120

16
 b f ◦ g : R+ ∪ {0} → R, f ◦ g(x) = x − 2 b Range of f is R+ ∪ {0}
Domain of g is (−∞, 3]
The range of f is not a subset of the
Domain of g
∴ g ◦ f does not exist.

11 a S is the maximal Domain of f,

∴ S = [−2, 2]

b Range of f = [0, 2]
8 a the range of g is [−1, ∞), which is not range of g = [1, ∞)
a subset of the Domain of f ((−∞, 3]),
∴ f ◦ g does not exist. c f ◦ g is not defined as the range of g
is not a subset of the Domain of f .
b the range of g∗ needs to be [−1, 3] at g ◦ f is defined as the range of f is a
most. subset of the Domain of g.
g∗ : [−2, 2] → R, g∗ (x) = x2 − 1
f ◦ g∗ : [−2, 2] → R, f ◦ g∗ (x) = 4 − x2
12 For both f ◦ g and g ◦ f to exist, the
range of g must be a subset of the
9 a The range of g is R, which is not a Domain of f and the range must be a
subset of the Domain of f , subset of the Domain of g.
f ◦ g does not exist.
Domain of f : [2, ∞]; Range of
b the range of g needs to be R+ at most. f : (−∞, a − 2]
∴ let g1 : {x : x < 3} → R,
g1 (x) = 3 − x Domain of g : (−∞, 1]; range of
then f ◦ g1 : {x : x < 3} → R, g : [a, ∞)
1
f ◦ g1 (x) = √
3−x So a ≥ 2 from f ◦ g

& a − 2 ≤ 1 from g ◦ f
10 a the Domain of f is R, the range of g is
R+ ∪ {0} ∴ 2≤a≤3
∴ f ◦ g exists.

17
Solutions to Exercise 1F
1 a Let y = f −1 (x) then d Let y = f −1 (x) then
x = 2y + 3 x=
3y − 2
x−3 4
y= 3y = 4x + 2
2
x−3 4x + 2
f −1 (x) = f −1 (x) = y =
2 3
b Let y = f −1 (x) then
3 a Let y = f −1 (x) then
x = 4 − 3y
4−x x = 2y − 4
y= x+4
3 f −1 (x) = y =
4−x 2
f −1 (x) = Domain ( f −1 ) = range ( f ) = [−8, 8]
3 x+4
∴ f −1 : [−8, 8] → R, f −1 (x) =
c Let y = f −1 (x) then 2
range ( f −1 ) = Domain ( f ) = [−2, 6]
x = 4y + 3
x−3 b let g−1 (x) = y then
y= 1
4 x=
9−y
x−3
f −1 (x) = 1
4 9−y=
x
1
2 a Let y = f −1 (x) then g−1 (x) = y = 9 −
x
x=y−4 Domain (g−1 ) = range (g) = R−
1
∴ g−1 : R− → R, g−1 (x) = 9 −
f −1 (x) = y = x + 4 x
range (g−1 ) = Domain (g) = (9, ∞)
b Let y = f −1 (x) then
c Let h−1 (x) = y. Then
x = 2y
x x = y2 + 2
f −1 (x) = y =
2 y2 = x − 2
√
c Let y = f −1 (x) then y=± x−2
3 but range (h−1 ) = Domain (h)
x= y =R+ ∪ (0} √
4
4 ∴ h−1 (x) = y = x − 2
f −1 (x) = y = x Domain (h−1 ) = range (h)√= [2, ∞)
3
∴ h−1 [2, ∞) → R, h−1 (x) = x − 2
range (h−1 ) = [0, ∞)

18
 d Let f −1 (x) = y. Then b y
x = 5y − 2
x+2 1
f −1 (x) = y =
5 x
Domain ( f −1 ) = range ( f ) = −1 0 1 2 3
−1
[−17, 28]
x+2
∴ f −1 [−17, 28] → R, f −1 (x) =
5 1
range ( f −1 ) = Domain ( f ) = [−3, 6] 5 Let f : R → R, f (x) = −3
x
Let y = f −1 (x). Then we can write
e Let g−1 (x) = y. Thenx = y2 − 1 1
x= −3
y2 = x + 1 y
√ 1
y=± x+1 Hence y = .
x+3
but range (g−1 ) = Domain (g) = 1
That is f −1 (x) = .
(1, ∞) √ x+3
∴ g−1 (x) = x + 1 The Domain of f −1 is R\{−3}
1
Domain (g−1 ) = range (g)√= (0, ∞) f −1 : R \ {−3} → R, f −1 (x) =
x+3
∴ g−1 (0, ∞) → R, g−1 (x) = x + 1 y
range(g−1 ) = (1, ∞)
√
f Let h−1 (x) = y. Thenx = y
h−1 (x) = y = x2 f −1
Domain (h−1 ) = range(h) = R+ x
∴ h−1 : R+ → R, h−1 (x) = x2 −3 0
range (h−1 ) = Domain (h) = R+ −3
f

4 a Interchange x and y
x = y2 + 2y
Completing the square: 6 a to find f −1 (2), use f (x) = 2
(y + 1)2 − x − 1 = 0 2 = 3 − 2x
√
y+1=± 1+x 1
f −1 (2) = x =
√ 2
y = −1 ± 1 + x Domain f −1 = range( f ) = [−3, 3]
but range (g−1 )=Domain (g) =
[−1, ∞) √ 7 a Let f −1 (x) = y
∴ g−1 (x) = y = 1 + x − 1
Domain (g−1 ) =range (g) =√[−1, ∞) x = 2y
g−1 [−1, ∞) → R, g−1 (x) = 1 + x − 1 x
f −1 (x) = y =
range (g−1 ) = [−1, ∞) 2
Domain f −1 = range( f ) = [−2, 6]

19
 range f −1 = Domain( f ) = [−1, 3] but range (g−1 ) = Domain(g)
x
∴ f −1 [−2, 6] → R, f −1 (x) = = (−1, 3)
2 √
∴ g−1 (x) = y = x − 1
b Let f −1 (x) = y Domain g−1 = range(g) = (0, 16)
√
∴ g−1 : (0, 16) → R, g−1 (x) = x − 1
x = 2y2 − 4
range (g−1 ) = (−1, 3)
(x + 4)
y2 =
r
2 g Let g−1 (x) = y. Then
(x + 4)
x= y−1
p
y=±
2
but range f −1 = Domain( f ) = g−1 (x) = y = x2 + 1
[−0, ∞) Domain g−1 = range(g) = [0, ∞)
(x + 4) ∴ g−1 : [0, ∞) → R, g−1 (x) = x2 + 1
r
∴ f (x) = y =
−1
2 range g−1 = [1, ∞)
Domain f −1 = range( f ) = [−4,
r ∞)
(x + 4) h Let h−1 (x) = y. Then
∴ f −1 [−4, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) =
2 q
range f −1 = [0, ∞) x = 4 − y2
y2 = 4 − x2
c {(4, 2), (6, 1), (8, 3), (11, 5)} √
Domain = {4, 6, 8, 11} y = ± 4 − x2
range = {1, 2, 3, 5} but range (h−1 ) =√ Domain (h) = [0, 2]
∴ h−1 (x) = y = 4 − x2
d Let h−1 (x) = y.Then Domain (h−1 ) = range (h) = √[0, 2]
√
x = −y ∴ h : [0, 2] → R, h (x) = 4 − x2
−1 −1

h−1 (x) = y = −x2 range (h−1 ) = [0, 2]

Domain h−1 = range(h) = R+
8 a x = 2y + 4
∴ h−1 : R+ → R, h−1 (x) = −x2
x−4
range (h−1 ) = R− y=
2
implied Domain: R and range: R
e Let f −1 (x) = y. Then
y
x = y3 + 1
y = 2x + 4
1
f −1 (x) = y = (x −1) 3 (x − 4)
y=
Domain ( f −1 ) = range( f ) = R (0, 4) 2
(−2, 0)
f −1 : R → R, f −1 (x) = (x − 1)3 x
range ( f −1 ) = R 0 (4, 0)
(0, −2)
f Let g−1 (x) = y. Then
x = (y + 1)2 3 − f −1 (x)
b x=
√ 2
y=± x−1
f (x) = 3 − 2x
−1

20
 implied Domain: R range: (−∞, 2]
and range: R y
y
y = (x − 1)2
3 (0, 4)
(0, 2)
3 (4, 0)
2 x
x 0 (2, 0) y = − x + 2
0 3 3
2 3−x
y= 2 1
y = 3 − 2x f f −1 (x) =
x
Domain: R+
c x = ( f −1 (x) − 2)2 range : R+
√
± x + 2 = f −1 (x) y
but range ( f −1 ) =dom( f ) = [2, ∞)
√
∴ f −1 (x) = x + 2 1
y=x
Domain: [0, ∞)
range: [2, ∞)
x
y y = (x − 2)2 0
y=2+ x

1
(0, 2) g x=
( f −1 (x))2
x f −1 (x) = ± √
1
0 (2, 0) x
but range f (x) =Domain( f ) = R+
−1
1
∴ f −1 (x) = √
d x = ( f −1 (x) − 1)2 x
√ Domain: R+
f −1 (x) = x + 1
Domain: [0, ∞) range: R+
range: [1, ∞) y
y
y = 12
x 1
y= x+1 y=
x
(0, 1) y = (x − 1)2 x
x 0
0 (1, 0)
1
h x = (h−1 (x) − 4)
e similar to (c) 2
√
but f −1 (x) = − x + 2 h (x) = 2x + 4
−1

Domain: [0, ∞)

21
 q
implied Domain: R c x= f −1 (x) − 2 + 4
and range: R
f −1 (x) − 2 = (x − 4)2
y
y = 2x + 4 f −1 (x) = x2 − 8x + 18
4 f −1 (x) = (x − 4)2 + 2
y = 1 (x − 4)
2 Therefore,
x f −1 : [4, ∞) → R,
−2 0 4
−2 f −1 (x) = (x − 4)2 + 2
y
q
9 a x= f −1 (x) + 2 (4, 2)
(x − 2)2 = f −1 (x) x
0
f −1 (x) = x2 − 4x + 4
3
f −1 (x) = (x − 2)2 d x= +1
Therefore, f −1 (x) − 2
f −1 : [2, ∞) → R, 3
f −1 (x) − 2 =
x−1
f −1 (x) = (x − 2)2 3
y f −1 (x) = +2
x−1
Therefore,
f −1 : R \ {1} → R,
3
x f −1 (x) = +2
0 2 x−1
y
1
b x=
f −1 (x) −3 − 1, 0
2
f −1 (x) − 3 =
1 0 y=2 x
x (0, −1)
1 x=1
f −1 (x) = + 3
x 5
Therefore, e x= −1
f −1 : R \ {0} → R, f −1 (x) −1
y
5
1
f (x) = + 3
−1 f −1 (x) − 1 =
x+1
x y=3
5
f −1 (x) = +1
x x+1
− 1, 0 0 Therefore,
3 f −1 : R \ {−1} → R,
5
f −1 (x) = +1
x+1

22
 2x + 3
y c f (x) =
3x − 2
x = –1 2 4
(3x − 2) + + 3
y=1 (0, 6) = 3 3
3x − 2
x
(−6, 0) 0 13
2
= + 3
q 3 3x − 2
f x = 2 − f −1 (x) + 1 2 13
= +
3 9x − 6
(x − 1) = 2 − f (x)
2 −1
2 13
f −1 (x) = 2 − (x − 1)2 x= + −1
3 9 f (x) − 6
f −1 (x) = −x2 + 2x + 1 2 13
x− = −1
Therefore, 3 9 f (x) − 6
f −1 : [1, ∞) → R, 13
9 f −1 (x) − 6 =
f (x) = 2 − (x − 1)
−1 2 2
x−
y 3
13
3 f −1 (x) − 2 =
(1, 2) 3x − 2
13 + 6x − 4
1 + √2 3 f −1 (x) =
x 3x − 2
0 2x + 3
f −1 (x) =
3x − 2
2
10 a f (x) = 1 + 11 a y
x−1
2
x = 1 + −1
f (x) − 1
2 (3, 3)
x − 1 = −1
f (x) − 1 x
2
0 (0, 0)
f −1 (x) − 1 =
x−1 b y
2
f −1 (x) = 1 +
x−1 (3, 4)
(1, 2)
x+1 (4, 3)
f −1 (x) =
x−1 (0, 1) (2, 1)
√ x
b f (x) = x − 2 0 (1, 0)
q
x = f −1 (x) − 2
x2 = f −1 (x) − 2
f −1 (x) = x2 + 2

23
 c y b B

c D
3
2 d A
x
0 2 3
13 a 3 − x ≥ 0
d y x≤3
∴ A = (−∞, 3]
1
x b minimum b is at the turning point
−4 0 1 i.e. b = 0
−4
let g−1 (x) = y
e y x=1− √y
2

y=± 1−x
3 √ (g ) =Domain (g) = [0, 2]
,but range −1

3 ∴y= 1−x
x
−3 0 Domain (g−1 ) =range(g) = [−3,√1]
−3 ∴ g−1 : [−3, 1] → R, g−1 (x) = 1 − x
f y √
14 b = −2, g−1 (x) = −2 + x+4
(1, 1)
x √
(0, 0) 15 a = 3, f −1 (x) = 3 − x+9
(−1, −1)
3
g y 16 a x=
g−1 (x)
3
g−1 (x) =
x
x Domain = R\{0}
0
q
x= g−1 (x) + 2 − 4
3
b
h y
(x + 4)3 = g−1 (x) + 2
g−1 (x) = (x + 4)3 − 2
x Domain = R
0
y = −2 p
x=2− h−1 (x)

12 a C

24
 p
c h−1 (x) = 2 − x y
h−1 (x) = (x − 2)2 4
3
Domain (h−1 ) = range (h) = (−∞, 2] 2
1
3 x
x= +1 −3−2−1 0
f −1 (x) −1 1 2 3 4
−2
3 −3
d f −1 (x) =
x−1 c Inverse is not a function
Domain = R\{1} y

2 4
e x=5− −1
3
(h (x) − 6)3 2
2 1
= (h−1 (x) − 6)3 x
5−x 0
r −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
3 2 −2
h (x) =
−1
+6
5−x −3
Domain = R\{5}
d Inverse is a
1 function
f x= 3
+2 y
(g−1 (x) − 1) 4
6
1 5
(g−1 (x) − 1)3/4 =
x−2 4
1 3
g−1 (x) = +1
4 2
(x − 2) 3 1
Domain = (2, ∞) 0
x
1 2 3 4 5 6

17 a Inverse is a function e Inverse is not

y a function
y
3 4
2 3
1 2
1
x x
−3 −2 −1 01 2 3 0
−1 −4 −3−2−1
−1 1 2 3 4
−2 −2
−3 −3
−4
b Inverse is not a function

25
 x+3 7
18 a f (x) = 1
2x − 1 b f ◦ f (x) = + 2
1 2 (2x + 3)
Domain = R\ 2 −1
2 (2x − 1)
1 7 1 7
(2x − 1) + = +
2 2x + 6 − 2x + 1
f (x) = 2 2
2( )
2x − 1 2x − 1
1 7 1 7(2x − 1)
= + = +
2 2(2x − 1) 2 14
1 1 1
range = R\ = +x−
2 2 2
Since range( f ) =Domain( f ) 1
f ◦ f is defined. f ◦ f (x) = x, x ∈ R\
2
y
1
2
x
0 1
2

c Since f ◦ f (x) = x and f −1 ◦ f(x) = x

x+3 1
f −1 = f = , x ∈ R\
2x − 1 2

26
Solutions to Exercise 1G
1 a Maximal Domain = R \ {0}; b y
Range = R+
1 g
b i
16
1
ii
16 2
iii 16 f
x
0 2 4
iv 16

c y 4 a f (x) = g(x)
x = 0 is one solution.
Now assumex , 0
1 1
x3 = x4
1 1
x x3−4 = 1
0
1
x 12 = 1
2 a Odd ∴ x = 1 or x = 0
b Even b y
c Odd
g
1
d Odd
x
e Even −2 0 2
f −1
f Odd
 7
5 a x = f −1 (x)
3 a f (x) = g(x)
1
x−2 = x−4 f −1 (x) = x 7
x2 = 1 Domain of f −1 = range of f = R
1
x = 1 or x = −1 f −1 : R → R, f −1 (x) = x 7
 6
b x = f −1 (x)
1
f −1 (x) = x 6

27
 4
Domain of f −1 = range of f = [0, ∞)

d x = 16 f −1 (x)
1
f −1 : [0, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) = −x 6 x  4
= f −1 (x)
 3 16
c x = 27 f −1 (x)  x 1 1 1
4
x  3 f (x) =
−1
= x4
= f −1 (x) 16 2
27 Domain of f = range of
−1
 x 1 1 1 f = (16, ∞)
3
f (x) =
−1
= x3 1 1
27 3 f −1 : (16, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) = x4
Domain of f = range of f = R
−1 2
1 1
f −1 : R → R, f −1 (x) = x 3
3

28
Solutions to Exercise 1H
1 For 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, the cost is $ 4. For b x > 12; also y > 20 implies
x > 2, the cost is $4 + $2 for each 80 − x > 20 so that x < 60.
extra km over 2 km, i.e $2(x − 2). The Domain is [12, 60].
Hence:
( c The function is a quadratic with
4 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
f (x) = (non-included) endpoints where
4 + 2(x − 2) if x > 2 x = 12, 60. When x = 12, A = 240;
when x = 60, A = 1200.
(
4 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
=
2x if x > 2 Endpoints are (12, 240) and
(60, 1200).
There is a turning point where
b
x=−
2a
92
=− = 46
−2
Then A = 1396.
The graph is shown here.

2 The box has length (36 − 2x) cm,

width (20 − 2x) cm and height x cm.
So the volume V cm3 is given by

V = x(20 − 2x)(36 − 2x)

= 4x(10 − x)(18 − x)

where x > 0 and x < 10 for a box to d The maximum area is 1396 m2
exist. and it occurs for x = 46 and
The Domain is [0, 10] . y = 80 − 46 = 34.

3 a Perimeter = 2x + 2y = 160, so 4 a i S = 2x2 + 2 ↔ 2x ↔ h + 2 ↔

y = 80 − x. The area can be found by x↔h
subtracting a rectangle of dimensions = 2x2 + 6xh
12 by (y − 20) from a rectangle of V
dimensions x by y: ii V = 2x2 h where h = 2
2x
V
A = xy − 12(y − 20) S = 2x + 6x ↔ 2
2
2x
= x(80 − x) − 12(60 − x) 3V
= 2x2 +
x
= −x2 + 80x + 12x − 720
b x > 0, so maximal Domain is (0, ∞) .
= −x2 + 92x − 720

29
 3000 7 a Distance is speed by time, so during
c V = 1000 so S = 2x2 + .
x the first 45 minutes, the man runs a
A sketch using a CAS calculator 2 1
shows that there is an endpoint distance of t = t km; after 45
60 30
maximum where x = 2. Then 3
minutes, he has run km and there-
S = 1508 m2 . 2
4 1
after adds a distance of t = t
60 15
during the next 30 minutes. Hence:
5 Let x be the with of the rectangle and y  1
be the length of the rectangle.  30 t


 if 0 ≤ t ≤ 45
S (t) = 

The diagonal has length 2a. 3 1
 + (t − 45) if 45 < t ≤ 75



∴ x2 + y2 = 4a2

2 15
∴ y2 = √4a2 − x2
1
 30 t if 0 ≤ t ≤ 45


∴ y = 4a2 − x2 √

=

1 3
∴ Area = xy = x( 4a2 − x2 ) if 45 < t ≤ 75

 t−


15 2
The Domain is clearly [0,2a].
1 1
a = , b = , c = 45,
! 30 15
6 3
6 The coordinates of C are a, d = − , e = 75
a+2 2

6 6a b The graph comprises two line

a Area = a × =
a+2 a+2 segments as shown here.
 9 S
b Domain = [0, 6]; Range = 0, 7
2 75,
2
 9
c Maximum value= 0,
2 3
45,
d y 2 t
0
h 7i
4 6, 9 c The range is 0, .
2 2
2

x
0 2 4 6

30
Solutions to technology-free questions
1 a e

Domain = R, range = [1, ∞)

b Domain = R, range = R

2 a

Domain = R, range = R

c
b range = [1.5, 4]

c Interchange x and y and solve for y:

y+3
x=
2
y + 3 = 2x
y = 2x − 3
Domain = [−5, 5], range = [−5, 5]
g−1 : [1.5, 4] → R, g−1 (x) = 2x − 3
Domain = [1.5, 4], range = [0, 5]
d
d g(x) = 4
x+3
=4
2
x+3=8
x=5

Domain = R, range = R {x : g(x) = 4} = {5}

e If g−1 (x) = 4, then x = g(4) = 3.5.

{x : g−1 (x) = 4} = {3.5}
(Alternatively, solve the equation
2x − 3 = 4 for x.)

31
3 a 5x + 1 = 2 c (x − 1)(x + 2) , 0, so x , 1, −2
5x = 1 Domain = R\{1, −2}

1 d 25 − x2 ≥ 0
x=
5
( ) (5 − x)(5 + x) ≥ 0
1
{x : g(x) = 2} = −5 ≤ x ≤ 5
5
Domain = [−5, 5]
b If g−1 (x) = 2, then x = g(2) = 11.
{x : g(x) = 2} = {11} e x − 5 ≥ 0 and 15 − x ≥ 0
5 ≤ x ≤ 15
1 Domain = [5, 15]
c =2
5x + 1
1 f 3x − 6 , 0, so x , 2
5x + 1 =
2 Domain = R\{2}
1
5x = −
2
1 6 ( f + g)(x) = (x + 2)2 + x − 3
x=−
( ) (
10
) = x2 + 4x + 4 + x − 3
1 1
x: =2 = − = x2 + 5x + 1
g(x) 10
( f g)(x) = (x − 3)(x + 2)2

4
7
( f + g)(x) = (x − 1)2 + 2x
= x2 + 1
( f + g) : [1, 5] → R, ( f + g)(x) = x2 + 1
( f g)(x) = 2x(x − 1)2
( f g) : [1, 5] → R, ( f g)(x) = 2x(x − 1)2

8 f (3) = 8, so range of f is [8, ∞) (the

5 a 2x − 6 , 0, so x , 3
graph of y = f (x) is increasing for
Domain = R\{3}
x ≥ 3).
b x2 − 5 > 0 Hence Domain of f −1 is [8, ∞) and the
 √  √  range is [3, ∞).
x− 5 x+ 5 >0
√ √
x < − 5 or x > 5
 √ √ 
Domain = R\ − 5, 5

32
 Interchange x and y and solve for y:
x = y2 − 1
y2 = x + 1
√
y = x + 1 (as y > 0)
√
f −1 : [8, ∞) → R, f −1 (x) = x+1

9 a ( f + g)(x) = −x2 + 2x + 3

b ( f g)(x) = −x2 (2x + 3)  3

11 a x = 8 f −1 (x)
c ( f + g)(x) = 0 x  −1 3
= f (x)
8
{x : ( f + g)(x) = 0}  x1 1 1
3
= {−1, 3} f (x) =
−1
= x3
8 2
−x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 Domain of f = range of f = R
−1

−(x2 − 2x − 3) = 0  5
b x = 32 f −1 (x)
−(x + 1)(x − 3) = 0 x  5
= f −1 (x)
x = −1, 3 32
 x 1 1 1
5
f (x) =
−1
= x5
10 f (2) = 2, so range of f is (−∞, 2] (the 32 2
graph of y = f (x) is a straight line with Domain of f = range of
−1

endpoint at (2, 2)). f = (−∞, 0]

Interchange x and y and solve for y:  6
x = 3y − 4 c x = 64 f −1 (x)
x  6
3y = x + 4 = f −1 (x)
64
x+4  x 1 1 1
y= 6
3 f (x) =
−1
= x6
x+4 64 2
f −1 : (−∞, 2] → R, f −1 (x) = Domain of f −1 = range of f = [0, ∞]
3
The graphs are straight lines, reflections  4
of each other in the line y = x, each with d x = 10 000 f −1 (x)
endpoint (2, 2). x  4
= f −1 (x)
The graph of y = f (x) has axes 10 000
4  x 1
intercepts , 0 , (0, −4). The graph of 4 1 1
3 f (x) =
−1
= x4
y = f−1 (x) has axes intercepts (−4, 0), 10 000 10
4 Domain of f −1 = range of
0, .
3 f = (10 000, ∞)

33
12 a f ◦ g(x) = f (−x3 ) f f ◦ ( f − g)(x) = f ( f − g(x))
= −2x3 + 3 = f (2x + 3 + x3 )
= 2(2x + 3 + x3 ) + 3
b g ◦ f (x) = g(2x + 3)
= 2x3 + 4x + 9
= −(2x + 3)3
g f ◦ ( f · g)(x) = f ( f · g(x))
c g ◦ g(x) = g(−x3 )i
= f (−2x4 − 3x3 )
= (−x )3 3

= 2(−2x4 − 3x3 ) + 3
= −x9
= −4x4 − 6x3 + 3
d f ◦ f (x) = f (2x + 3)
= 2(2x + 3) + 3 13 x ≥ −1 or x ≤ −9
= 4x + 9
 x − 64  1
5
e f ◦ ( f + g)(x) = f ( f + g(x)) 14 h (x) =
−1
2
= f (−x3 + 2x + 3)
= 2(−x3 + 2x + 3) + 3
= −2x3 + 4x + 9

34
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 E 6 − 2x ≥ 0 Turning point of function is at
6 ≥ 2x (−3, −6)
Domain must be a sub set of either:
3≥x (−∞, −3] or [−3, ∞)
∴ (−∞, 3] ∴ [6, ∞)
2 B f : [−1, 3) → R, f (x) = −x2 8 B An inverse only exists if
f (3) = −9; maximum 0 at x = 0 the function is one to one.
√
g : [−4, 4] → R, g(x) = 16 − x2
∴ (−9, 0].
Is not one to one for the specified
3 E f (x) = 3x2 + 2x Domain.

f (2a) = 3(2a)2 + 2(2a) 9 B The asymptote is at x = −2 therefore

f (2a) = 12a + 4a
2 the asymptote of the inverse is at
y = −2.
4 C f (x) = 2x − 3
2x + 1 3
letf(x) = 2( f −1 (x)) − 3 10 C f (x) = =2+
x−1 x−1
Therefore asymptotes x = 1 and
f (x) + 3 = 2( f −1 (x))
y = 2.
f (x) + 3
f −1 (x) =
2 11 B f (x) = 3x2 and g(x) = 2x + 1
x+3
f −1 (x) = ∴ f (g(x)) = 3(2x + 1)2
2
1 3 f (g(x)) = 12x2 + 12x + 3
f −1 (x) = x +
2 2 ∴ f (g(a)) = 12a2 + 12a + 3
5 E f : (a, b] → R, f (x) = 10 − x, a < b 12 E f (x) = x2 + 2x − 6 = (x + 1)2 − 7
The minimum is: ∴ vertex has coordinates (−1, −7)
f (b) = 10 − b f (−2) = (−2)2 + 2(−2) − 6 =
The maximum is: 4 − 4 − 6 = −6
f (a) = 10 − a f (4) = (4)2 + 2(4) − 6 = 18
∴ [10 − b, 10 − a) ∴ range = [−7, 18)
1 1
6 C As a is a negative real number: 13 C If a > b then a 5 > b 5
f (a + 3) = −(a + 3) + 6
f (a + 3) = −a + 3 14 C Maximal Domain
= (−1, ∞) ∩ (−∞, 4] = (−1, 4]
7 D f (x) = (x + 3)2 − 6 Graph must
√ of f = Range of
−1
be one to one to have an inverse 15 A Domain
function. f = ( 7, ∞)

35
 x= 2 f −1 (x) + 3
p
20 B Asymptotes of y(x) occur at
1 x+1=0
∴ f −1 (x) = (x2 − 3)
2 ∴ x = −1
16 B 5 − x = −2 ⇒ x = 7 And at y = −2
5 − x = 3 ⇒ x = 2 ∴ Domain of ∴ Asymptotes of y−1 (x) occur at:
f = (2, 7] y = −1 and x = −2

1 −2
17 A g : R{3} → R, g(x) = +2 21 C Asymptotes of − 5 occur
x−3 (x + 3)4
1 when x + 3 = 0
Let x = −1 +2
g (x) − 3 ∴ x = −3
1 And when y = −5
g−1 (x) − 3 =
x−2
1
g (x) =
−1
+3 22 A f : [0, ∞) → R, f (x) = (x − 2)2 f (x)
x−2
x,2 does not have an inverse function as
∴ dom g−1 (x) = R\{2} it is not a one to one function.
1
18 C f (g(x)) = g( f (x)) 23 D Note that the graph of y = 4 will
x
6 18 1
= be like that of y = 2 , but ’steeper’.
3x − 2 x − 2 x
Looking at the alternatives, D
6x − 2 = 54x − 36 stands out: its Domain runs from
1 negative to positive numbers with
x=
2 0 removed. for numbers close to
1 6
f (g( )) = = −12 0, the value of y will be very large.
2 1
3× −2 As x → 0, f (x) → ∞. Its range is
2
1 23 actually [1, ∞). (Checking each of
a + b = −12 + = −
2 2 the remaining alternatives shows that
19 B the range is correct in each case.)

36
Solutions to extended-response questions
1 a C1 (x) = 0.25x + 64
C2 (x) = 89

c From the graph or using the inequality

0.25x + 64 > 89
0.25x > 25
x > 100
Method 2 is cheaper than Method 1 if the distance travelled is greater than 100 km.

From this it can be seen that Method 2 is cheaper than Method 1 if the distance
travelled is more than 100 km.

2 a Area of each face = x2

∴ the total surface area, S = 6x2

b The volume, V = x3
1
∴ x = V3
2
and S = 6V 3

3 a The triangle is equilateral.

1 1
Area A = s2 sin 60◦ (Area of triangle = bc sin A)
2 2
√
3 2
= s . . . h1i
4

37
 s2
b By Pythagoras’ Theorem, h2 = s2 −
4
3s2
=
4
√
3s 2h
∴ h= and s = √
2 3
√ !2 √ 2
√ 2
3 2h 3 4h 3h
by h1iA = √ = × =
4 3 4 3 3

4 a By Pythagoras’ Theorem d2 = 9 − x2
p
∴ d = 9 − x2

b maximal Domain = [0, 3]

The range of the function is [0, 3]

5 Let d km be the distance travelled.

The time taken for journey travelling at 80 km per hour
d d
= ÷ 80 =
2 160

The time taken for journey travelling at x km per hour

d d
= ÷x=
2 2x
d x + 80
! !
d d d 1 1
∴ Total time taken = + = + =
160 2x 2 80 x 2 80x
distance travelled
Average speed =
total time taken
d x + 80
!
∴ S (x) = d ÷
2 80x
2 80x
=d× ×
d x + 80
160x
=
x + 80
Domain of S is [0, ∞)

38
6 Volume of cylinder = πr2 h

a The diameter has length 12 cm.

By Pythagoras’ Theorem
122 = h2 + 4r2 . . . ˙h1i
122 − h2
∴ r2 =
4
π 
V1 (h) = 144 − h h 2
4
h2
!
= π 36 − h
4
As V1 > 0, h > 0 and r > 0 Domain of V1 = (0, 12)

b by h1i
h2 = 144 − 4r2
√ √
∴ h = 144 − 4r2 = 2 36 − r2
√
∴ V2 (r) = πr2 × 2 36 − r2
√
= 2πr2 36 − r2
Domain of V2 = (0, 6)

Domain range
7 a f R R
g R R
ran f = dom∴ g g of exists,
go f (x) = g(x + 1) = 2 + (1 + x)3

b g o f is a one-to-one function
∴ (g o f )−1 is defined,
Solve the equation g o f (x) = 10
2 + (1 + x)3 = 10
∴ (1 + x)3 = 8
∴ 1+x=2
∴ x=1
∴ (g o f ) −1
is defined, (g o f )−1 (10) = 1
( 2
x −4 if x ∈ (−∞, 2)
8 f (x) =
x if x ∈ [2, ∞)

39
 a

b i f (−1) = 1 − 4 = −3 as − 1 ∈ (−∞, 2)

ii f (3) = 3 as 3 ∈ [2, ∞)

c S = (−∞, 0] as f is one to one for this interval. and −1 ∈ S .

d h(x) = 2x,
( then2 f (h(x)) = f (2x)
(2x) − 4 if 2x ∈ (−∞, 2)
f (2x) =
2x if 2x ∈ [2, ∞)
4x − 4 if x < 1
( 2
Therefore f o h(x) =
2x if x ≥ 1
( 2 !
x − 4 if x ∈ (−∞, 2)
Now h o f (x) = h
x if x ∈ [2, ∞)
2x − 8 if x < 2
( 2
h o f (x) =
2x if x ≥ 2

9 For 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
1
Area = × t × 3t
2
3
= t2
2

For t > 1
Area = area of triangle4 + area of rectangle
1
= × 1 × 3 + 3(t − 1)
2
3
= + 3t − 3
2
3
= 3t −
2

40
 3
2
 t for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1



A(t) =  2

3
for t > 1

3t −


2
Domain of A = [0, ∞)
Range of A = [0, ∞)

10 a Charge is 0.35 per 200 metres. That is 5 × 0.35 = $1.75 per km.
Hence S (d) = 1.75d + 12

b $30 for distance under 24 km, Then 1.5(d − 24) + 30 = 1.5d − 36 + 30 = 1.5d − 6 for
30
 0 ≤ d ≤ 24
distances over 24 km. T (d) = 

1.5d − 6 d > 24


d i S (17) = 1.75 × 17 + 12 = $41.75

ii T (15) = $30

e S (45) = 1.75 × 45 + 12 = $90.75

T (45) = 1.5 × 45 − 6 = $61.50
Thrifty is cheaper.

f The graphs cross before d = 24

30 < 1.75d + 12
18 < 1.75d
72
<d
7
ay + b
11 a Let x =
cy + d
∴ x(cy + d) = ay + b
and xcy − ay = b − xd
y(xc − a) = b − xd

41
 b − xd
∴y=
xc − a  
a b − xd
Hence f −1 : R\ → R, f −1 (x) =
c xc − a
ax + b a cb − da
For the range of f note: f (x) = = + (by division)
a cx + d c c(cx + d)
∴ range of f = R\
c a
and Domain of f = range of f = R\
−1
( )c
−d
range of f = Domain of f = R\
−1
c

3x + 2
b i For f (x) =
3x + 1
a = 3, b = 2, c = 3, d = 1
2−x
and f −1 (x) = ; Domain of f −1 = R\{1}
3x − 3
3x + 2
ii For f (x) =
2x − 3
a = 3, b = 2, c = 2, d = −3
3x + 2
( )
3
and f (x) =
−1
; Domain of f = R\
−1
2x − 3 2

x−1
iii For f (x) =
−x − 1
x−1 1−x
f (x) =
−1
= ; Domain of f −1 = R\{−1}
−x − 1 x + 1
−x + 1
iv For f (x) =
x+1
1 − x
f −1 (x) = ; Domain of f −1 = R\{−1}
x+1
c If f −1 = f then Domain of f −1 = Domain of f
a −d
∴ = (we will assume c , 0)
c c
∴ a = −d
ax + b
As f (x) =
cx + d
b − xd
and f −1 (x) =
xc − a
ax + b
If a = −d f (x) =
−1
= f (x)
cx + d
∴ For c , 0 f −1 = f ⇔ a = −d

12 a i Y B = r cm (sides of square)

ii ZB = r cm (sides of square)

42
 iii AZ = (x − r) cm

iv CY = (3 − r) cm

b CY = CX = 3 − r (tangents from a point)

AX = AZ = x − r (tangents from a point)
Therefore AC = AX + XC = x − r + 3 − r = x + 3 − 2r
Using Pythagoras’ Theorem for triangle ABC
x2 + 9 = (x + 3 − 2r)2
i.e. x2 + 9 = (x + 3)2 − 4r(x + 3) + 4r2
∴ x2 + 9 = x2 + 6x + 9 − 4rx − 12r + 4r2
∴ 0 = 6x − 4rx − 12r + 4r2
0 = 2r2 − 2r(x + 3) + 3x
∴
2(x + 3) ± 4(x + 3)2 − 24x
p
∴ r=
4
2x + 6 ± 4(x2 + 6x + 9) − 24x
p
=
4
√
2x + 6 ± 4x2 + 36
=
4
√
x + 3 ± x2 + 9
=
2
x+3
But r <
2 √
x + 3 − x2 + 9
∴r=
2

When x = 4,
c i √
7− 25
r=
2
i.e. r = 1
1
ii When r =
2 √
1 (x + 3) − x2 + 9
=
2 2
p
∴ − 2 − x = − x2 + 9
∴ 4 + 4x + x2 = x2 + 9
∴ 4x = 5
5
x = (Note this must be tested because of squaring)
4

43
 px + q
13 f (x) = x ∈ R\{−r, r} for x ∈ R\{−r, r}
x+r
a f (x) = f (−x)
implies
px + q −px + q
=
x+r −x + r
∴ (−x + r)(px + q) = (−px + q)(x + r)
∴ −px2 − qx + pxr + qr = −px2 − pxr + qx + qr
∴ 2pxr = 2qx
∴ pr = q
px + pr
∴ f (x) =
x+r
∴ f (x) = p

b f (−x) = − f (x)
implies
−px + q −px − q
=
−x + r x+r
∴ −px + qx − prx + qr = px2 + qx − pxr − qr
2

∴ 2px2 − 2qr = 0
i.e. px2 = qr
qr
∴ p= since x , 0.
x2
Px + q
Substitute for p in f (x) = :
x+r
qr
+q
f (x) = x
x+r
qr + qx
=
x(x + r)
q(x + r
=
x(x + r)
q
= (make that x ± −r)
x
c i If p = 3, q = 8 and r = −3
3x + 8
f (x) =
x−3
3y + 8
Consider x =
y−3

44
 yx − 3x = 3y + 8
∴ yx − 3y = 3x + 8
∴ y(x − 3) = 3x + 8
3x + 8
∴ y=
x−3
3x + 8
f (x) Hence f (x) =
−1
x−3
Domain of f −1 = R\{3}
3x + 8
ii x=
x−3
3x + 8 = x2 − 3x
0 = x2 − 6x − 8
√
6 ± 36 + 32
∴ x=
2
√
6±2 9+8
=
2
√
= 3 ± 17

x+1
14 a f : R\{1} → R, f (x) =
x−1
Note: For this function f = f −1 from Question 10.
2+1
i f (2) = =3
2−1
3+1
f ( f (2)) = f (3) = =2
3−1
f ( f ( f (2))) = f (2) = 3

ii f ( f (x)) = x for all x

45
 x−3
b f : R\{−1} → R, f (x) =
x+1
!
x−3
f ( f (x)) = f
x+1
x−3
−3
= x+1
x−3
+1
x+1
x − 3 − 3x − 3
=
x−3+x+1
−x − 3
=
x−1
!
−x − 3
f ( f ( f (x))) = f
x−1
−x − 3
−3
= x−1
−x − 3
+1
x−1
−x − 3 − 3x + 3
=
−x − 3 + x − 1
−4x
=
−4
= x
i.e. : f ( f x) = f −1 (x)

46