Experiment 4 2000

EXPERIMENT#2
DETERMINE ION CONCENTRATION IN A SOLUTION
Objective
1. Determine the various conductivity of serial sodium chloride solution and calcium
carbonate solution.
2. Observe the relationship between conductivity and concentration in a solution.
Introduction
Conductivity is the ability of a solution to pass an electric current. Compounds dissolved in

water will take up ionized state. These electrically changed ions enable the passage of current
through the solution.
The electric conductivity of aqueous solutions depends on several parameters:
a) Concentration of the solution

b) Degree of dissociation of the substance
c) Mobility of the ions
d) Charge of the ions
Measurement of the conductivities of the same electrolyte at different concentrations enables

several important characteristic data of the substance to be determined. Also conductivity is
used to determine the purity of a solution or to indicate the total of concentration of all various
ions in that solution.
Conductivity can be used to measure concentration of a compound dissolved in water; the level
of conductivity referred to standard tables or graphs (calibration curve) that convert this to
concentration.
The unit of measurement for conductivity is Siemens/cm. This is a very high conductivity level,
so in practice, millisiemens/cm (mS/cm) and microsiemens/cm (μS/cm) is commonly reported.
In theory, ideal conductivity cell measures the ability of current to flow through a trapped
volume of solution between two plates 1 cm square, and separated by 1 cm.
If conductivity cell has becomes fouled with residue from adhering samples this should be
removed using a suitable solvent; check it is compatible with the materials used in the probe
assembly or it should be then thoroughly rinsed with deionized water.
Chemicals
Sodium chloride serial solutions (0.1 mol/l; 0.5 mol/l; 1.0 mol/l; 2.0 mol/l)
Calcium carbonate serial solutions (0.1 mol/l; 0.5 mol/l; 1.0 mol/l; 2.0 mol/l)
Solution sample contains sodium chloride
Solution sample contains Calcium carbonate
Distilled water
Equipment
Sensor Cassy
Cassy Lab
Conductivity sensor
Crossed bosshead
Miniature clamp
Beakers
Volumetric flask, 50 ml
Bulb pipette 10 mL; 25 mL
Pipette balls
Spatula
Weighing paper
Funnel
Balance
Watch glass
Procedure
1. Preparing the solutions

 Before preparing the solutions, label the volumetric flask needed with each
solution concentration.
 Analytical balance, pipettes, volumetric flasks, spatula, watch glass dish and
funnel are required.
 NaCl standard solutions (0.1 mol/l; 0.5 mol/l; 1.0 mol/l; 2.0 mol/l) in 50 ml
volumetric flask. (Mw of NaCl is 58.44 g/mol)
i. 0.1 mol/l NaCl : weigh exactly 0.292 g of NaCl powder on watch glass using analytical
balance. Transfer to beaker that has 25 ml distilled water. Mix thoroughly using the spatula
and using the funnel pour the solution to 50 ml volumetric flask. Add distilled water until
mark. Mix the solution upside down.
 CaCo3 standard solutions (0.1 mol/l; 0.5 mol/l; 1.0 mol/l; 2.0 mol/l) in 50 ml
volumetric flask. (Mw of CaCo3 is 100.0869 g/mol)
Calculate amount of CaCo3 powder needed to make the standard solutions!!
2. Experiment Setup
Plug the chemistry box with the conductivity sensor into input A of the sensor CASSY. After
thoroughly rinsing the conductivity sensor with distilled water, fix it in the clamp, so that its
height can be adjusted with the crossed bosshead.
3. Carrying out the experiment

One after another measure the conductivity of distilled water, solutions of sodium chloride and
sodium acetate, starting with the lowest concentration and keeping the following order:
 Rinse the electrode and the beaker thoroughly with 20 ml of the solution.
 Fill the rest of the solution into the beaker.
 Adjust the height of the conductivity sensor so that its immersion depth in the
liquid is 2 cm and its distance from every wall at least 1 cm.
 If necessary, change the measuring range in Setting Conductivity CA1. Always
select possible measuring range.
 When the displayed value is stable, record the measured value by pressing F9 or
the clock symbol.
 Enter the concentration and the substance associated with the measured value in
the diagram. To do this, press Alt + T, type the substance and the value of the concentration and
the position text at desired place in the diagram with the mouse.
 In order to simplify the evaluation, select Append New Meas. Series in
Measuring Parameters before measuring the conductivity of a new substance.
 Before measuring the conductivity of a new substance, thoroughly rinse the
beaker and conductivity sensor with distilled water.
4. In measuring conductivity, follow the same step as the sequence given:

i. Pure distilled water
ii. Sodium chloride solutions; start from the lowest concentration.
iii. Sample solution contains sodium chloride in a certain concentration.
iv. calcium carbonate solutions; start from the lowest concentration.
v. Sample solution contains calcium carbonate in a certain concentration
Take the first reading of conductivity before the number goes down!!
Before measuring the conductivity, mix the solution by turning upside down several times!!
5. Record the value in the table given in Evaluation.

Evaluation
1. Record the data in tables below.

No Solution Conductivity in (mS/cm)
1 Pure distilled water
2 NaCl 0.1 mol/L
3 NaCl 0.5 mol/L
4 NaCl 1.0 mol/L
5 NaCl 2.0 mol/L
6 Sample contains NaCl
7 CaCo3 0.1 mol/L
8 CaCo3 0.5 mol/L
9 CaCo3 1.0 mol/L
10 CaCo3 2.0 mol/L
11 Sample contains CaCo3
2. Using the above data, plot the Conductivity (mS/cm) in Y axis against
Concentration (in mol/L) in X axis!
 Use manual plot with graph paper.
 Draw separately: NaCl and CaCo3.
 Add pure distilled water conductivity value as blank in each curve.
 Find the equation (linearity by least square) of each line (NaCl calibration curve and
CaCo3 calibration curve).
3. Determine the concentration of NaCl and CaCo3 in the samples (in mol/l)
4. In the case of conductivity measurement; find three difference between NaCl and
CaCo3.
5. Explain the following terms:
a) Strong electrolytes
b) Weak electrolytes
c) Degree of dissociation
6 Write the conclusion of the experiment.

Experiment 4 2000

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EXPERIMENT#2

DETERMINE ION CONCENTRATION IN A SOLUTION

Conductivity is the ability of a solution to pass an electric current. Compounds dissolved in

The electric conductivity of aqueous solutions depends on several parameters:

a) Concentration of the solution

Measurement of the conductivities of the same electrolyte at different concentrations enables

Solution sample contains sodium chloride

Solution sample contains Calcium carbonate

Bulb pipette 10 mL; 25 mL

1. Preparing the solutions

3. Carrying out the experiment

4. In measuring conductivity, follow the same step as the sequence given:

5. Record the value in the table given in Evaluation.

1. Record the data in tables below.

1 Pure distilled water

2 NaCl 0.1 mol/L

3 NaCl 0.5 mol/L

4 NaCl 1.0 mol/L

5 NaCl 2.0 mol/L

6 Sample contains NaCl

7 CaCo3 0.1 mol/L

8 CaCo3 0.5 mol/L

9 CaCo3 1.0 mol/L

10 CaCo3 2.0 mol/L

11 Sample contains CaCo3

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