Quantitative Research Design

and Variables

practical
RESEARCH
2 ENGR. JHON KENDRICK T. ADRIANO

Q1 topic 2
LET'S START OUR CLASS WITH A
prayer
 discussion
OUTLINE
1 Different Kinds of Quantitative Research Designs

2 Different Kinds of Variables

 love
LANGUAGE
 Quantitative Research Design
Here are the types of quantitative research design
according to McGregor (2018):
Non-Experimental
Descriptive
Correlational
Causal-Comparative
Predictive-Exploratory
Experimental
Pre-Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
True Experimental
 Non-Experimental Design
Non-experimental research designs lack the
manipulation of an independent variable. Rather than
manipulating an independent variable, researchers
conducting non-experimental research simply measure
variables as they naturally occur (in the lab or real world)
(Price et al., 2017).
 Descriptive Research
This type of research is concerned with describing the
nature, characteristics, and components of the
population or phenomenon.

The main purpose of conducting descriptive research is to

observe, describe, and document aspects of a situation as
it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting
point for hypothesis generation or theory development.
 Descriptive Research
Examples:
a. Attitudes of Senior High School Students towards Mathematics
b. Social Media Dependency of Senior High School Students
c. Waste Management Practices of Junior High School Students
d. Awareness of Traffic Rules and Regulations of Tricycle Operators
and Drivers Association in City of Malolos
e. Disaster Ready: Assessing the Level of Awareness and
Preparedness in Disaster Risk Reduction of Senior High School
Students
 Correlational Research
This kind of quantitative research is a systematic
investigation of the nature and extent of relationships or
associations between and among variables without
necessarily investigating into causal reasons underlying
them.
 Correlational Research
Examples:
a. Read Between the Labels: Assessing the Relationship Between
Sociodemographic Factors and Food Label Literacy of Grade 12 STEM
Students
b. Eyes Wide Open: A Correlational Study between Computer Vision
Syndrome Manifestations and Screen Time among Grade 12 STEM Students
c. Correlational Analysis on the Dream Recall Frequency and Cognitive
Ability among Grade 12 STEM Students
d. Drivers Behind the Wheel: Correlational Study between the Gender
Identity and Gender Role to the Driving behavior of Licensed Drivers in
City of Malolos, Bulacan
 Causal-Comparative Research
This kind of quantitative research discusses why and how
a phenomenon occurs. This research attempts to
determine the cause of differences that already exist
between or among groups of individuals. It derives
conclusions from observations and manifestations that
already occurred in the past and now being compared to
some dependent variables.

It is also called as ex post facto (after the fact) research.

 Causal-Comparative Research
Examples:
a. Leak Out: A Comparative Analysis on the High School Students'
HIV/AIDS Awareness between their Gender and Grade Level
b. COPE: A Causal-Comparative Study of Parenting Styles’ Impact
on the Coping Behavior of Grade 12 STEM Students
c. Comparing the Reliance to Social Media in their Political Views
between Millennials and Generation Z
d. Factors Influencing the Voting Preferences of Registered Voters:
Comparative Analysis on Age Generations
 Predictive-Exploratory Research
This research attempts to answer the question of what is
likely to happen in the future. This happens by learning
the model from past experiences or data.
 Predictive-Exploratory Research
Example:
a. Predicting collegiate success through high school
academic achievements
b. Predicting risky sexual behavior through HIV
knowledge, age, and sex
 Experimental Design
A classic experimental design contains three key features:
the independent and dependent variables, experimental
and control groups, and pre-testing and post-testing.
(DeCarlo, 2018).
 Pre-Experimental Research
Pre-Experimental Design includes the basic steps in
experimental research except it does not have a group to
compare the results with.
Pre-Experimental Research
 Quasi-Experimental Research
The difference between pre-experimental and quasi-
experimental designs is that Quasi-Experimental Design
has a non-equivalent control group to compare with,
but it still does not have the randomization of
participants.
Quasi-Experimental Research
 True-Experimental Research
Unlike the first two experimental designs, True
Experimental Design employs an equivalent control
group to compare the results of the study, and
participants are randomly assigned to each group.
True-Experimental Research
Generalization
M_NI_U_ATE
_BS_R_E
_UA_I
_O_REL_TI_NA_
_O_PA_AT_VE
P_E
P_ED_C_I_E
T__E
_E_C_IPT_VE
 VARIABLE

The characteristics of the subject of the

study being measured, observed,
manipulated, or controlled, is called the
variables (Abiodun-Oyebanji, 2017).
Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

Mediating Variable
VARIABLES
Moderating Variable ACCORDING TO
Control Variable
FUNCTIONAL
RELATIONSHIPS
 Independent Variable
This type of variable is not affected by a change in
the value of another variable but affects the value of
another variable (presumed cause).

It is also known as the predictor or explanatory

variable.
 Dependent Variable
The value of this variable may change due to the
change in the value of another variable
(presumed effect).

It is also known as the criterion or

response variable.
 Mediating Variable
The variable that “stands between” the independent
and dependent variables and exercises an influence
on the dependent variable apart from the
independent variable.

It is also known as the intervening variable.

 Moderating Variable

This variable strengthens or weakens the effect the

independent variable has on the dependent variable
based on its value.
 Control Variable
Another type of variable that researchers measure
for the purposes of eliminating it as a possibility,
because it is not the central variable of concern, in
explaining the dependent variables or outcomes.

It is also known as the extraneous variable.

 Nominal Variable

Ordinal Variable

VARIABLES Interval Variable

ACCORDING TO
Ratio Variable
LEVEL OF
MEASUREMENT
 Nominal Variable
The first level is the Nominal Variable, which deals with
non-numeric variables or where the numbers have no
value.

Of the four levels of measurement, it is the least precise

and informative because it only categorizes the
characteristics or identity of the variable and their order
does not matter.
 Nominal Variable
Variable: Ice cream flavor
Data: Chocolate, Vanilla, Strawberry

These data only tell us the flavor of the ice cream and does
not have any quantitative or numerical information about
the ice cream.
Although we can still assign numbers to each flavor (1 =
Chocolate, 2 = Vanilla, and 3 = Strawberry), but we cannot
perform any mathematical operations to these numbers
because it will not make any meaning such as:

1 (Chocolate) + 3 (Strawberry) = 4 (Mango)

2 (Vanilla) > 1 (Chocolate)

Other examples of Nominal Variable:

Gender: male, female
Nationality: Filipino, Korean, Thai, Japanese
 Ordinal Variable
The second level is the Ordinal Variable, and just like with
Nominal Variable, it also categorizes the characteristics or
identity of the variable but the order or rank of each
category matters, although the distance between the
categories is unknown.
 Ordinal Variable
Variable: Ice cream size
Data: Small, Medium, Large

These data tell us the different sizes of ice cream orders and
we can arrange them in order that large is bigger than
medium, and the medium is bigger than small, and the
other way around. But without knowing their numeric size,
we do not know the difference between each size of ice
cream orders.
Also, we still cannot apply other mathematical operations such
as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division because it
will still not make any meaning such as:

Small + Medium = Large

Small x Large = Extra Large

Other examples of Ordinal Variable:

Likert scale: strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree
Educational Level: elementary, secondary, tertiary
Socioeconomic Status: lower class, middle class, upper class
Difficulty Level: easy, average, hard
 Interval Variable
The third level is the Interval Variable, and just like with
the Ordinal Variable, the order matters but there is an
equal distance between each interval.
Variable: Ice cream storage temperature
Data: -5˚C, 0˚C, 10˚C, 15˚C

Aside from using inequality symbols, we can also perform

addition and subtraction to make meaning about the data:

-5˚C < 10˚C

-5˚C is colder than 10˚C
10˚C – (-5˚C) = 15˚C
There is a 15˚C difference between the two data.
15˚C + 2˚C = 17˚C
The temperature is 2˚C hotter than the previous data.
 Interval Variable
It is important to take note that 0˚C does not mean that
there is an absence of temperature, because in Interval
Variable there is no true zero.

Other examples of Interval Variable:

Time in 24-hrs format: 00:00, 01:00, …22:00, and 23:00
Angle: 0,̊ 180,̊ -90,̊ 360˚
Intelligence Quotient: 69, 70, …129, 130
 Ratio Variable
The highest level of measurement is the Ratio Variable, it
is the most precise and informative among the four levels
of measurements. Just like with Interval Variable, there is
an equal distance between each interval and the order
matters. On top of that, the ratio between the two sets of
data is meaningful.
 Ratio Variable
Variable: Ice cream prices
Data:
Chocolate Vanilla Strawberry
S - ₱12.00 S - ₱16.00 S - ₱20.00
M - ₱14.00 M - ₱18.00 M - ₱22.00
L - ₱16.00 L - ₱20.00 L - ₱24.00

With these data, we can present equalities, inequalities,

and perform several mathematical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
₱16.00 (Large Chocolate) = ₱16.00 (Small Vanilla)
Large Chocolate ice cream has the same price with a Small
Vanilla ice cream

₱18.00 (Medium Vanilla) < ₱20.00 (Small Strawberry)

Medium Vanilla ice cream is cheaper than a Small Strawberry
ice cream

₱12.00 (Small Chocolate) : ₱24.00 (Large Strawberry)

Small Chocolate ice cream is half the price of a Large
Strawberry ice cream
 Ratio Variable
It is also important to take note that Ratio Variable has a
true value of zero, meaning zero is the absence of the
characteristics being measured.

Other examples of Ratio Variable:

Length in centimeters or inches
Weight in kilograms or pounds
Sales in peso
Score on a test
Generalization
M_DE_A_I_G
_NTE__AL
_N_EP__DE_T
_R_INA_
_ON__OL
_ATI_
M_D_AT_NG
D_P_N_EN_
_OM_NA_
RECITATION
 RECITATION
1. The main objective of this study is to determine if
there is a relationship between the attachment to
stuffed animals and the level of anxiety and the
change in mood among the Grade 10-12 students at a
public high school in the City of Malolos, Bulacan.
 RECITATION
2. The main objective of the study is to determine if there
is a correlation between recreational and educational
screen time and the psychological well-being among
Grade 12 public senior high school students.
 RECITATION
3. The goal of the study is to determine whether there is a
connection between the excessive use of gadgets on the
behavior and academic performance of Grade 12 students.
 RECITATION
4. How do Generation Z students of different age levels
differ in their perceptions of gateway drugs at a public
high school in the City of Malolos in Bulacan?
 RECITATION
5. How do male Generation Z students differ from female
Generation Z students in their perceptions of gateway
drugs at a public high school in the City of
Malolos in Bulacan?
 RECITATION
6. How do Generation Z students who are members of the
LGBTQ community differ from non-LGBTQ members on
their level of perception of gateway drugs at a
public high school in the City of Malolos in Bulacan?
 RECITATION
7. The purpose of the study is to compare the level of
disaster risk reduction awareness and preparedness when
facing different geological and hydro-meteorological
hazards among senior high school students of a public
high school in the City of Malolos, Bulacan.
 RECITATION
8. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship
between the sociodemographic status and food label
literacy of Grade 12 students from a public high school in
the City of Malolos, Bulacan.
 RECITATION
9. The purpose of this study is to determine if there is a
relationship between gender identity and gender role in
the driving behavior of licensed drivers in the City of
Malolos, Bulacan.
 RECITATION
10. The study's main objective is to compare the age
groups in terms of the given factors influencing the voting
preferences of the liable voters in the 2022 National
Elections that reside in the City of Malolos, Bulacan,
Philippines.
 RECITATION
11. The purpose of this study is to test if there is a
difference in the point of view in the different strands by
comparing the satisfaction of students to the national and
local government’s response amidst the COVID-19
pandemic for the Grade 12 SHS students on a public high
school in the City of Malolos, Bulacan.
 RECITATION
12. The purpose of this study is to determine the trust
level and perception of senior high school students at the
public high school city of Malolos Bulacan in the
Philippine National Police.
 RECITATION
13. The purpose of the study is to determine whether there
is a relationship between the faculty instruction level of
satisfaction and academic performance of grade 12 senior
high students at a public high school in the City of
Malolos.
 RECITATION
14. The main objective of the study is to compare the
academic achievement based on the parental support and
learning modality for Grade 12 STEM students at a public
high school at City of Malolos, Bulacan.
 RECITATION
15. The purpose of this study is to determine whether
there is a difference in HIV/AIDS Awareness based on the
grade level of the students at a public high school in the
City of Malolos, Bulacan, and if there is a difference based
on their gender.
stay curious.

-end of presentation-
 REFERENCES
Baraceros, E.L. (2016). Practical research 2. Rex Book Store, Inc.

Brown, J.D. (2015). Statistics corner: Characteristics of sound quantitative research. Shiken, 19(2),
24-28.

Creswell, J.W. (2012). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and
qualitative research (4th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.

DeCarlo, M. (2018, August 7). Experimental design: What is it and when should it be used? Scientific
Inquiry in Social Work. https://scientificinquiryinsocialwork.pressbooks.com/chapter/12-1-
experimental-design-what-is-it-and-when-should-it-be-used/

Goertzen, M. J. (2017). Introduction to quantitative research and data. Library Technology Reports,
53(4), 12-18.
 REFERENCES
McGregor, S. (2018). Understanding and evaluating research. SAGE Publications, Inc. DOI:
10.4135/9781071802656.

Price, P. C., Jhangiani, R., Chiang, I. A., Leighton, D. C., & Cuttler, C. (2017). 6.1 overview of non-
experimental research – Research methods in psychology. Open Text WSU – Simple Book
Publishing. https://opentext.wsu.edu/carriecuttler/chapter/overview-of-non-experimental-
research/

Queirós, A., Faria, D., & Almeida, F. (2017). Strengths and limitations of qualitative and quantitative
research methods. European Journal of Education Studies.