AP Physics 1 Unit 2: Motion in Two Dimensions Section 2.1 — Vectors...........cccccccccceecesseeeeeeesseeseeeeeeeesssssseeeeeeeseeneeeee Section 2.2 — Projectile Motion Section 2.3 — Relative Velocity.............cccccccccesseceseserseeseeeeseserseeeessetesseeesesereeen dlAP Physics 1 Unit 2: 2D Kinematics 2.1 Vectors Focus Question: How can we find the horizontal and vertical components of a vector quantity? ‘Vectors — Quantities that have magnitude and direction. You represent a vector by drawing an arrow. The length of the arrow is proportional to its magnitude. The oriention of the arrow is the direction. Example A: The HMS Boaty McBoatface sails due east with a velocity of 10 m/s when there is no wind. Ona certain day, a westward win of 3 m/s blow. Draw vectors representing the boat's velocity with no wind, the wind, and the resultant velocity vector the boat. S|) gh Es ——=—— aE Boat 10 m/s Wind 3 m/s Boat with wind 13 m/s (resultant) Example B: Create vectors to present the following quantities B A = Vector A: 4N, 60° above the positive x-axis. = Vector B: 4.N, 120° with the x-axis. = Vector C: 2N in the negative y direction. *A and B are the same length since they have the same magnitude. *C is half the length of A and B since its half their magnitude. c ‘Vector Components: Vector quantities in two dimensions can be expressed as a combination of their x and y ‘components. cos 8, component of v acting horizontally vy =v sin 8, component of v acting vertically Example C: A vector of magnitude 25 m/s acts 60° above the horizontal. Find the x and y components of the vector. m Vy = 25 cos 60 = 12.5— . m = 25sin60 = 21. 75 20Vector Addition: To combine vectors graphically, you can use the tail-to-head method. resultant R=A+B *reverse B’s direction Example D: A student walks 2 blocks north of Suncoast and 3 blocks east. Draw a vector to represent their total displacement from Suncoast 3 resultant *the resultant has an x-component of 3 and a y-component of 2. By the Pythagorean Theorem: resultamt = (2? + 3? = V13 blocks north-east J To combine vectors mathematically, add up the x-components together and the y-components together to find the components of the resultant vector. The resultant force and direction can then be found using properties of right triangles. ysics, cosine is used for horizontal components and sine for vertical. This is for when the angle given is the angle with the horizontal, which is true most of the time. However, keep in mind this is reversed if given the angle with the vertical. 21Example E: A weather balloon is released and rises at a constant speed of 15 m/s relative to the ground. The wind blows eastward at 6.5 m/s. What is the velocity of the balloon? A V Resultant velocity: v = 16? + 6.5? © 17.2 m/s Resultant angle: @ = tan™? z =67° | ae *The velocity is 17.2.m/s at angle of 67?above the ground. If you give 17.2.m/s ve . asthe answer, thisis only the speed, not the velocity. A velocity has both a 6.5 m/s magnitude (17.2 m/s) and direction (67°) To add vectors in Physics 1) Find the x and y components of each vector. 2) Add the x components together to get Ry (x component of resultant vector). 3) Add the y components together Ry. 4) Use R= [R? +R? to get the magnitude of the resultant. 5) Use 6 = tan™*(®) to get direction of resultant. Example F: Two forces act as shown. a) Find x and y components of the resultant force ) Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force. The 12 N vector will be defined as A, the 10 N vector will be defined as B, and the resultant will be defined as R 12N *A is positive in both the x and y directions *B is negative in y and positive in x. Rx = Ax +Bx so" ast Rx = 1A cos 45 -[0c.530 oe j =| 1 5 +B Ry 2 Ia iaiSe Ws 90 Ry = 13.449 10N Re J RePaRy? = PTT: 13.5 O = tag Aa 1. sv 2Example G: Two forces act as shown. a) Find x and y components of the resultant force. ) Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force The 10 N vector will be defined as A, the 8 N vector will be defined as B, and the resultant will be defined as R. *A is positive in the x and y directions. *B is negative in x, and has no y-component (By = 0) 20N Rx=Ax +Bx Re= 10cos30 - 8 =. 66 N Ry- Ay» by Ry - (0n30"O = 5) 30" 8N Re RAR? = )6C 45? = 5.04 N @= tan" (<%) = 82° Rate your understanding: 2D Motion 23AP Physics 1 Unit 2: 2D Kinematics 2.2 Projectile Motion Focus Question: How does the velocity of a projectile change during its path of motion? Projectile Motion — Motion on a curved path, with only gravity acting on it. Notation for projectiles + x —horizontal position y —vertical position + horizontal velocity vy — vertical velocity * a, —horizontal acceleration (always zero) ay ~ vertical acceleration (always g downward) Analyze horizontal motion under the effects of gravity. Example A — Launching an object horizontally: A rock of mass m is thrown horizontally off a building of height h. The speed as it leaves the top of the building is v,. a) Find i) the time for the object to hit the ground, ii) the horizontal distance traveled, and iii) the final velocity For a horizontally launched projectile, the all the initial velocity is in o—— the x-direction. Thus, the x-component of velocity is always vi. For the | ~] y-component, it is initially zero since all the initial velocity is horizontal. Over time in the air, the y-component accelerates with b gravity; thus is will speed up in the down direction *For the sake of consistency, we will take up as positive for this problem. Itis also appropriate to take down as positive here. 4) For this problem, we will only consider motion in the y-direction since we have 3 knowns in the y-direction (acceleration, displacement, and initial velocity) y-direction . Vyi= O aye yt +4 at? he 46y)?? +: [2 J ii) Since we now have the time in the air, the horizontal distance can be found using Ax = vet. ection 24iii) For this part, we know the final x value (v,), but we need to find the final y-velocity to find the total velocity. : “ Vat = vi bonstent Vee J WiP+ dy? =f Wt agh = ne ‘eet : fe WO ays-g td ee te) ’) Suppose the height of the cliff were doubled. Why would the rock travel a greater horizontal distance in this case? The rock will travel further, since it will have the same horizontal speed, but will in the air longer, gi more time to travel horizontal. ©) Suppose the initial speed of the object were doubled. How would this affect the time the rock is in the air? This would not affect the time in the air. The time in the air is only based on the vertical motion of the rock, which is not affect by its horizontal velocity. Example B: A copy of Star Wars: The Last Jedi on Blu-Ray is thrown horizontally off a cliff into the trash where it belongs. It takes 3 seconds to hit the ground and shatter 40 meters away. a) How high is the cliff? There is not enough information to use the x-direction, however we do have 3 variables in the y- direction so we can use this variable to find the time in the air. *There is no general rule on whether to use the x-direction of y-direction to solve a projectile ‘kinematics problem, you have to look at the knowns and what you're looking for and make a decision on the direction to use ‘Aad? ” FoF enya" y= 45 93 height 45m ) With what speed was the movie thrown? AK = Vet oor Has Va 35, Vez 13.3. 3 25Example C — Dropping an object while moving: A plane flying horizontally at 120 m/s and height of 300 m drops a crate a) How fast is the crate traveling horizontally as it falls? 120 mis. The horizontal velocity never changes as the crate is in the air as there is no horizontal acceleration. To find the time in the air for a projectile problem, you usually will use the direction, horizontal or vertical, in which displacement is given. Since we know displacement in the y-direction, we will try using the y-direction to find time in the air. y-direction Ay =-300n ay yf ay- ~10.%* +: pe ve — De 4. [aceon ©) How far, horizontally, from where it was realized does the crate hit the ground? +b) How long does it take for the crate to hit the ground? al? Xediredion Vx "ae %% = a A caat(R0n)(7.70)¢ 924 » 4) What is the crate's velocity immediately before it hits the ground? Vip = 120% (ux is Constant Var ont pans 2-11 8s vee JF? + ye = {lao Crt = 143 % a Vi fel ° O= ton! t= 455 = 33 When using the inverse tangent function, it’s okay to ignore the negative since this will give you an angle between 0 and 90. 26Analyze the motion of a projectile fired at an angle from the ground. Relationship between v, vx, and vy v, =vcos@ y = vsind 0 ‘An object launched an angular will follow a trajectory that is vy=0 (max height) femeeeeue s Pee) eee et gcrecear with horizontal) vcos 0 During the motion of the particle Assuming there is no air resistance, no force impedes the motion of a projectile in the horizontal direction. The horizontal component of motion has an acceleration equal to zero “there is never any horizontal acceleration for projectiles in high school physics Gravity acts to accelerate a projectile downward. The vertical component of motion has an acceleration equal to the acceleration due to gravity, which is g downwards To solve problems involving projectile motion, horizontal and vertical motions are considered separately. At Attime t=t Vy = vcos 0 vsind vsin@— gt 27Example D: A cannon ball is launched at angle of 40° and a velocity of 60 mis. a) Find the vertical and horizontal components of the initial velocity. - cosHO = HG % = 60 sia HO Bie ) How long after being launched will the cannon-ball hit the ground? " 0 To find the time in the air, the y-direction will be used. We know when the ball lands, it’s y-displacement is 0 (it takes off from the ground and lands on ground level). We also know that the final y-velocity is -39 ms since this is the negative of the launch velocity (again this is only true when launch and landing heights are equal) direction ate 2Vy tat Vyr a “y Stat Bye 2 -34%5 ay= 0 $- Be = TBs L ©) How far away will the cannon ball land? direction AX= Vet = (U6 %\(785) = 3549 54 4) How would increasing the launch angle affect the time that the projectile is in the air? Increasing the launch will increase the time the ball in the air. This is because it will have a greater y- component of velocity and will therefore travel higher and have to fall further, making it stay in the air longer. ¢) How are launch angle and maximum height related? The height reached is based on the y-component of the ball’s velocity. Ithas more of its velocity in the y- direction, and thus a greater vertical velocity, with a higher launch angle “Higher launch angles also leads to less horizontal speed. Both horizontal speed and vertical speed affect horizontal distance traveled. A smaller angle leads to greater horizontal speed while a higher angle leads to more time to travel in the x-direction. The angle that leads to the greatest horizontal distance is 45°. 28Example E: Graphs of Projectiles: An object is launched at a positive velocity and angle 0 < @ < 90. ) Sketch graphs for the horizontal displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the object. x) -veoset \, a, ein wens) HEE H> HAE ++ +> $ ) Sketch graphs for the vertical displacement, velocity, and acceleration of the object. y /\ , XS , t t Het ~vsin' + Example F — Using the horizontal direction to find time: A football player kicks a football with an initial velocity of 30 m/s at angle of 42° above the field. The goal post is 22 m away and 10 m high. Assuming the is kicked straight towards the center of the goal post (the kick does go wide), does the ball go over the goal post? To answer the question, the x-direction will be used to find time since x-displacement is known, Then the y- displacement can be found at this time and compare it to the goal post to determine if it went over or under. ee meg | 5 = Te [? Farm Xedicection bx 2a AX2Vet 2 +2 =H =Gocsda =. 4995 yalirection Wy = 30sin=dO% ay. wy} agat ; ay ay QO 445) HAO). 1%) $2 ag 14.9. 1’. goes over goal pest 29Example G — A harder airplane problem: An airplane attempts to drop a bomb on a target. When the bomb is released, the plane if flying upward at an angle of 30° above the horizontal at a constant speed of 200 m/s. At the point of release, the plane's altitude is 2.0 km. The bomb hits the target. a) Determine how much time it takes the bomb to hit the target after it is released. ’) What is the height of the airplane when the bomb hits the ground? -10 % — 3009 = 1094 - 54? Wj = 200 sin 30 06 % 542-100+-400-O $-? Using quednbic solver! +2} 32s ») The plane continues flying up with its initial y-velocity. Once its change in height is found, it is added to the initial height. Ah 2(300sin30)(34) = 3900 hei It = hy tah = 8000 m+ 2M0dm = 5200 mn } TL:DR: There is only one equation for the x-direction, since a:=0. This equation is a form of Ax = te, where the initial and final velocities are the same since the x-velocity is constant. Ax = Vt In the vertical direction, acceleration is always g downwards. 1 > Ay =v,.t- pat? > 02, = v3, — 2gdy 30AP Physics 1 Unit 2: 2D Kinematies 2.3 Relative Veloci Focus Question, What is a reference fame? Suppose you are flying across the Pacific at 580 mph. The in-flight meal on the tray in front of you appears motionless(and cold and bland but that’s not important right now), however, itis also moving across the Pacific at 580 mph. This is because you and the in-flight meal are in the same inertial reference frame. Reference Frame: A coordinate system fixed to a single point that is at rest or moving. (AS ——+ 65 mph Ss Reference Frame from inside car A: > Car A—From an observer in Car A’s perspective, car A is at rest. > Car B-Car A sees Car B approaching at 70 + 65 = 135 mph. > Car C—Even though Car C is at rest, an observer in car A sees car C approaching it at 65 mph, which is car A’s velocity Reference Frame from inside car B: > Car A-Car B sees Car A approaching at 65 + 70 = 135 mph. This is the same as the speed A approaching B at since they approach each other at the same speed. > Car B-Car Bis at rest. > Car C—Even though Car C is at rest, an observer in car B sees car C approaching it at 70 mph. Reference Frame from inside car C: > Car A-Car C sees A approaching at 65 mph. > Car B- Car Bis approaching at 70 mph. > Car C-Car Cisarest. *since C is at rest, it measures all the velocities relative to the Earth since it is not moving relative to Earth.Example A: You are sitting in the back of a bus on a field trip. The bus is traveling at 30 mis. Your teacher is walking towards the back of the bus at a rate of 4 m/s to yell at you for acting like a schmuck. Find the velocity of your teacher relative to the ground. 30 m/s velocity = 30 + (4 m/s) = 26 m/s *The student sees the teacher approaching them at 4 mis, but the teacher is moving 26 ms in the direction of the bus with respect to the ground. Solve problems involving relative velocity. Example B: A cowboy is siding on the top of a train car that is moving at a constant velocity. He throws his hat up in the air, and then catches it as it falls, Draw the trajectory of the hat: i) from a reference frame fixed to the train , ii) from the reference frame of an observed standing still as the train passes and iii) from an observer on the ground walking opposite the train’s direction. i) Since the hat and cowboy have the same horizontal velocity, the cowboy only sees the vertical motion of the hat. i) The ground observer will see the vertical and horizontal velocity cof the hat since they see the train moving relative to them. ji) Since the ground observer's x-velocity will add to the train's, they will see a greater x-velocity. Example C: An airplane drops a bomb on a target. At one particular instant, the bomb is falling at a rate of 20 ms directly below the airplane. An observer on the ground sees the bomb moving towards the ground at an angle with a speed of 80 mis. How fast is the airplane flying with respect to the ground? mi 2. 2. Plane with respect to ground [e003 80 20 m/s Bomb with Vy = 77 m/s respecte ground ae Bomb with respect to ground Rate your understanding: Relative Motion 32