Parts of speech

1. Noun
2. verb
3. Adjective
4. Adverb
5. Pronoun
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Determiners
9. interjection

Elements of sentence structure

S= subject S + VT + O
He reads a book
V= verb S+ VI + A
| Birds fly in the sky.
O= object S+ V+ C
He is a boy
C= complement S + V+ IO + DO
He gave me a pen
A= adverb S + V + DO + To/For+ IO
He gave a pen for me.
VT= verb transitive
VI= verb intransitive
DO= direct object
IO= indirect object

Determiners-
(a) article-a, an, the
(b)demonstrative –this, that, these, those
(c) possessive- his, her, my, our, their, its
(d) ordinals-first, second, third, fourth
(e)general ordinals- next, last, previous. Another
(f) quantifier-some, any, no, much, many, more, less, most, few, a few, little, a little, each, every,
both, either, neither, a lot of, lots of, a great number of, plenty of, several of
(g)cardinal number- one, two, three, four, five
multiple number- once, twice, double, triple,
preposition- for of , of , with, about, from, after, before, down, up, on, above, over, aside, out,
through, to,

1
 Auxiliary/helping verb
Be verb- am is are, was were.
Do verb- do, does, did + VB
Have verb- have, has, had+ v3
Modal verb- can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, have to, has to, had to, had
better, would rather, be going to + VB

clause

S+ finite verb

Conjunction

Principal – F A N B O Y S
F= for, A=and, N=nor, B= but, O=or, N= nor, Y= yet, S= so

Main clause,+ fan boys conjunction+ main clause.

Main clause; + main clause

He went to London, and he found a good job

She could have got a good job in the city, or She could have gone to work in poor Africa.


choose the correct sentence:
A. I like fried chicken, but I really really love cous cous.
B. She went to the shop, but she could not find anything she liked
C. He is an engineer, and a doctor
D. both A+b

Subordinate conjunction- wh word( what, when, where, how, why, while, whatever,
whenever, whoever), Though, Although, if, since, as, because, that, until, till, unless,
whether, as if, before, after, as long as, provided that, only if, so that, even if, even though

 Subordinate clause, + main clause

If he studies a lot, he will succeed.

main clause+ subordinate clause

He will succeed if he studies a lot.

2
 The correct sentence is:
A. Although the weather was awful, we went fishing, and caught a lot of fishing.
B. We went on fishing, although the weather was bad.
C. We went on fishing the weather although, was bad.
D. Although we went on fishing.
Find the correct use of “ although”
(a) He likes music although he is busy.
(b) We decided to return. Although, it was raining
(c)My grandfather is over 70, he is although active.
(d) Although he is young, he is careful.

 Correlative conjunction-
both….. and
not only… but also
not........ but
either…….or
neither……nor
whether….or
so…….. that
as………as
so…….. as
no sooner……. Than
scarcely……….. when
hardly ……………. Than
the………. the

Conjunctive adverb- accordingly, also, besides, consequently, conversely, finally, furthermore,

hence, however, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, nonetheless,
otherwise, similarly, still, subsequently, then, therefore,

Main clause,+ conjunctive adverb;+ main clause

Remember that following verbs require an infinitive for a verb in the complement

Agree Decide Hesitate Need Refuse

Appear Demand Hope Offer Seem
Arrange Deserve Intend Plan Tend
Ask Expect Learn Prepare Threaten
Claim Fail Manage Pretend Wait
Consent forget mean promise Want

3
Incorrect: He wanted speak with Mr. Brown.
Correct: He wanted to speak with Mr. Brown.
Incorrect: We demand knowing our status.
Correct: We demand to know our status.
Incorrect: They didn’t plan buying a car
correct: They didn’t plan to buy a car.
Choose the correct sentence:
One of the least effective ways of storing information is learning _______ it.
(a) how repeat
(b) repeating
(c) to repeat
(d) repeat
Choose the incorrect word or phrase
Representative democracy seemed evolve simultaneously during the eighteenth and nineteenth
(A) (B) C)
centuries in Britain , Europe, and the United states.
(D)

Remember that the following verbs require – ing form for a verb in the complement.

admit Complete Deny

Appreciate Consider Discuss
Avoid delay Enjoy
Finish practice Risk
Keep Quite Stop
Mention Recall Suggest
Miss Recommend Tolerate
Postpone regret understand

Incorrect: She is considering not to go

correct: She is considering not going
Incorrect: We enjoy talk with your friend
correct: We enjoy talking with your friend.

Choose the correct answer:

Strausss finished ________ two of his published composition before his tenth birthday
(A) write
(B) written
(C) to write
(d) writing
Choose the incorrect word or phrase
(a) many people have stopped (b) to smoke (c) because they are afraid that it (d) may be harmful

4
to their health.

Verb phrase that require an –ing form in the complement

approve of do not mind keep on
be better of forget about look forward to
can’t help get through object to
count on get through think about
insist on think of

I like travelling to visit different place . in this sentences the verbal noun is
(a) travelling (b) visit (c) world (d) places

1. Every year millions of Bangladeshi children____ the custom of different religious festivals.
A. enjoying B. to enjoy C. who enjoy D. enjoy D
2. Industrial psychologist have found that most people_______ to work even if they become
very wealthy.
A. continuing B. continue C. who continue D. continues B
3. ______ a wrong number, it is important to apologize before hanging up.
A. you dial B. it dials C. it dialing D. If you dial D

4. Of all the cities in Texas,

(a) that San Antonio is probably the most picturesque B
(b) San Antonio is probably the most picturesque
(c) Probably San Antonio the most picturesque
(d) The most picturesque probably that San Antonio

5. ______, including repression and regression, are the mind’s ways of dealing with shock.
(a) Defense mechanisms are (b) Defense mechanisms
(b)Defense mechanisms that (d) Types of defense mechanisms B

6. The government, in an attempt to encourage profitable loans,__________.

(a) are lower interest rates on bank loans regularly C
(b) interests rates on bank loans have been regularly lowered
(c) has regularly lowered interest rates on bank loan
(d) Interest rates have been regularly lowered on bank loans

7. Cupid, one of the ancient Roman gods,______________.

(a) were a little winged child (b) representing as a little winged child C
(c) was represented as a little winged child (d) a little winged child

5
 Nominal that clause
That + subject + verb + verb + ext.
choose the correct sentence
________ migrate long distances is well documented.
(a) That it is bird (b) That birds (c) birds that (d) It is that birds ans. b
__________ is caused by a virus was not unknown until 1911.
(a) That measles (b) As measles (c) Measles (d) What if measles ans. a

 WH Question
WH + Auxiliary verb + S + verb + extension.
Where do you live?
Select the correct sentence
When ________ here?
(a) have you get (b) did you get (c) you
get (d) had you get
When _________ penicillin
a) did Flemng invent b) Flemng invented
c) Flemng invents (d) has flemng
invented

Embedded question/ indirect question

Subject + verb + WH word + Subject + Verb + extension.
Incorrect: I do not remember what is her name.
correct: I do not remember what her name is.

Auxiliary verb+ Subject+ verb WH word + subject + verb extension?

Incorrect: Do you remember what is her name.
Correct: Do you remember what her name is?

Choose the correct sentence :

Recently there have been several outbreaks of disease like legionnaire’s syndrome, and doctors
don’t know ______________.
(A) what is the cause
(B) The cause is what
(C) is what the cause .
(D) what the cause is.

Choose the incorrect word or phrase

In Ground controller Approach, the air traffic controller informs the pilot how far is the plane
(A) (b) (C)

6
from the touchdown point.
(D)

Noun clause
1. The subject of a verb
That you should say so surprises me.
What he said was true.
2. The object of transitive verb
He says that he won’t go.
I do not know when I shall return
I hoped that it was true.
3. Object of a preposition
There is no meaning in what you say
Pay careful attention to what I am going to say
4. Object of a complement
My belief is that he will not come.
Life is what we make it.

Adjective clause
He is the man whom we all respect
I know the man who is honest.
The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixed
The house where the accident occurred is nearby.
The reason why I did it is obvious.

Adverb clause
When you have finished your work you may go home.
Where you live I will live
I will give you a map so that you can find the way
Because I like you I shall help you.
If I like you, I shall help you.
He is older than he looks
Though I am poor , I am honest.

Phrase
Noun phrase.
Early to bed is a good maxim.
To win a prize is my ambition
|He hopes to win the first prize

7
Adjective Phrase-
The magistrate was a man with a kind nature.
A man in great difficulties came to me for help.

Adverb phrase
Rama ran with a great speed
You can buy it in all places.
+