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Grammar Revision FCE

The document discusses various grammatical concepts related to passive voice, reported speech, conditionals, wishes, and unreal past. It provides examples of transforming sentences from active to passive voice and direct to reported speech. It also outlines the different types of conditional sentences and how to express wishes and unreal past situations using grammar structures like wish/if only, past tense verbs, and the past perfect.

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66 views3 pages

Grammar Revision FCE

The document discusses various grammatical concepts related to passive voice, reported speech, conditionals, wishes, and unreal past. It provides examples of transforming sentences from active to passive voice and direct to reported speech. It also outlines the different types of conditional sentences and how to express wishes and unreal past situations using grammar structures like wish/if only, past tense verbs, and the past perfect.

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PASSIVE VOICE

to be + past participle
(played, gone, etc.)

Ivan gives flowers to Maria every day.


subject direct object indirect object

Flowers are given to Maria every day by Ivan. Maria is given flowers every day by
Ivan.
Let’s conjugate BE in all the tenses for the sentence: He gives the letters.
Passive Voice Active Voice
Present Simple The letters are given He gives the letters.
Past Simple The letters were given He gave the letters.
Future Simple The letters will be given He will give the letters.
Present Continuous The letters are being given He is giving the letters.
Past Continuous The letters were being given He was giving the letters.
Be Going to The letters are going to be given He is going to give the letters.
Present Perfect The letters have been given He has given the letters.
Past Perfect The letters had been given He had given the letters.
Modals The letters can be given He can give the letters.

The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think, etc. are used in the following
passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions.

They say he is a millionaire. He is said to be a millionaire.


It is said that he is a millionaire.

They think he is lying. He is thought to be lying.


It is thought that he is lying.

They thought he had been brave to do so. He was thought to have been brave to do so.
It is thought that he had been brave to do so.

They believe he was working illegally. He is believed to have been working illegally.
It is believed that he was working illegally.

HAVE SOMETHING DONE


Have something done is a special passive structure which we use when we arrange - and
usually pay - for somebody to do a specific job for us.
IShe had her nails painted. (= She paid someone to paint her nails.)
We can use have something done in different tenses and with different modal verbs.
Only have changes. Are you having your hair cut? / I won't have my eyes tested today.

Subject Have Object Past participle


of the verb
He has his bike checked once a year.
They are having their car repaired at the moment.
We had the house painted last year.
We were having our nails varnished when he came.
She has had her hair washed.
You will have your eyes tested tomorrow.
I might have my hair cut
REPORTED SPEECH
(up-to-date / out-of-date)
Direct Speech Reported Speech

1. "I work hard," he said. 1. He said (that) he worked hard.


2. "I am working hard," he said. 2. He said (that) he was working hard.
3. "I have worked hard," he said. 3. He said (that) he had worked hard.
4. "I worked hard," he said. 4. He said (that) he had worked hard.
5. “I was working hard” he said 5. He said (that) he had been working hard.
6. "I will work hard," he said. 6. He said (that) he would work hard.
7. "I have been working hard," he said. 7. He said (that) he had been working hard.
8 ."I am going to work harder," he said. 8. He said (that) he was going to work harder.
9 ."I can work harder," he said. 9. He said (that) he could work harder.
10. "I may work harder, " he said. 10. He said (that) he might work harder.
11. "I must work harder," he said. 11. He said (that) he had to/must work harder.
12. "I should work harder," he said. 12. He said (that) he should work harder.
13. "I ought to work harder," he said. 13. He said (that) he ought to work harder.
14. "Do you work hard enough?" she said to 14. She asked him if he worked hard enough.
him.
15. "Work harder," she said to him. 15. She told him to work harder.

• Direct Speech • Reported Speech


•
tonight • that night
today • that day
this week / month / year • that week / month / year
now • then, at that time
yesterday • the day before
last night / week / month / year • the previous night / week / month /
tomorrow year
next week / month / year • the following day / the next day
two days / months / years ago • the following / next week / month /
year
• two days / months / years before

CONDITIONALS
If-clause (hypothesis) Main clause (result clause) Use
Type 1 If + present form Future / Imperative / Modal True or likely to happen in
verbs + bare inf. / Present the present or future
Simple
If the weather is nice, we will go on an excursion.
If you have done your homework, you can watch TV.
If you have a headache, take an aspirin.
Type 2 If + Past Simple or Past Would / could / might + bare Untrue in the present; also
Continuous infinitive used to give advice
If I were you, I wouldn’t speak to him again.
If he didn’t eat so many sweets, he wouldn’t have a problem with his teeth.
Type 3 If + Past Perfect or Past would/could/might + have + Imaginary situation contrary
Perfect Continuous past participle to facts in the past; also used
to express regrets or
criticism
If she had known how to use the mixer, she wouldn’t have broken it.
UNREAL PAST - WISHES
If you wish or regret something about a present situation, you use PAST TENSE
I wish / If only we were on holiday. (but we aren’t)
If you wish or regret about the your present abilities, you use COULD +INFINITIVE
I wish / If only I could speak French. (but I can’t)
If you wish or regret about the past, you use PAST PERFECT
I wish / If only you had listened to me. (but you didn’t)
If you wish for a future change that you think won’t happen, you use WOULD + INFINITIVE
I wish / If only it would stop raining. (but I know this is unlikely, so I express disappointment)

UNREAL PAST
The Simple Past can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the
present and the Past Perfect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable
situations in the past. This is called Unreal Past. Unreal Past is used as follows:

Past Simple Past Perfect


I'd rather/sooner sb ... (present) I'd rather/sooner sb ... (past)
I'd rather you left the files here, please. I'd rather you had not spoken like that
Suppose/Supposing
yesterday.
Suppose you found money in the street, Suppose/Supposing
what would you do with it? Suppose she hadn't reminded you, would
as if/as though (untrue situation in the
you have remembered?
present) as if/as though (untrue situation in the past)
He acts as if he were a genius. She looked at me as if she had never seen
it's (about/high) time + somebody else
me before.
It's about time you learnt to drive.

● I’d rather stay tonight. (same subject)


● I’d rather not have taken the bus. (same subject)
BUT
● I’d rather you didn’t shout. (different subjects)
● I’d rather you had come with me. (different subjects)

had better = should


had better + present bare inf (present/future reference)
He had better not wait any longer. (= He should not wait any longer.)
It would have been better if Past Perfect (past reference).
It would have been better if he had phoned us to tell us not to wait. = He should have phoned us
to tell us not to wait.)

● I prefer watching TV to reading books.


● I (would) prefer to eat what I want rather than count calories.
● I’d rather ski than skate.

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