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 114
If A = !0 l. 2}, B = I 1, 3, 4 J, C ~
~ 17, a
~s • l.
Exa~npllc . Bu Cl and (AU B) n C.
nrc set~. hnd .\U ( {B.Com. / B.C.S. Bharathia
. .•BU c = l 1, 3. 4, 7, 8 J and l', ~ 2~
Solut1on
AU (BU C) = 10. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8}.
AU B = 10. 1, 2, 3, 41 and
(AUBlnC = I l, the null set.
Note: (AU B) = l0, 1, 2, 3, 41 and
\AU Bl Uc = 10, 1, 2, 3,4, 7, 81 "'AU CBUci
:. AUBUC =(AUB)UC=AU(BUC)
2. If the sets A, B and C are defined as follows:
A= 15, 6. 7, S. 91, B = 18, 9, 101 and C "' 15, 7, 111,
write down the following sets:-
(i) AU {Bn C) (ii)(AU B)n (BU C) (iii) (An Blue
(l.C.W.A. Foundation, J 94
Solution: (i) Bn C =$and AU rnn
C) = 15, 6, 7, 8, 91.
(ii) AU B = 15, 6, 7, 8, 9. 101, BU C = 15, 7, 8, 9, 10, ill
and lAUB) n (BUC) = (5, 7. 8, 9, 10}.
An B = 18, 91 and (An B)LJ C = 15, 7, 8, 9, ill.
(iii)
3. Difference of Sets : The difference of the sets A
and B is the set of those elements of A which are not the
elements ofB. In symbols, it is denoted by A-Band it 1s read
as 'A difference B' or 'A minus B'.
That is, A-B = {x Ix E A, x ~ B}
Similarly, B-A = {x Ix E B, x {E A}

~ A-B IDIIlTI B-A

Fig. 5 Venn diagram for A - B and B - A
 115
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., H. 9,12. 1~ , fiin d A - B, B-C and C-A .
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C~ !J, , ,4 6I
. J '"•

(B.Com. Mad.ra s, M 9!)

An s,v er: A-B =( 1, 8}, B-C=(2, 4, 51 and
\-13 9 12, 151.
C ~- ' '
z. If A=llO, 20, 30, 40, 501 and B=tlO , 20, 30!,
A~B::140, 50\.
3. If A= {a, b, c, d} and B = {x, Y, zl' A- B = la,
b, c, dJ.
Note : 1. Ge ner ally , A-B 1= R-A.
In example 1, B- A = (3, 5}
;tA -B
C -B = 19, 12, 151 '
:t. B-C and
A- C = 11, 2, 4, 8)
:t.C-A.
In example 2, B- .A = ~ and in example 3, B-A
=
Ix, y, z} = B~
2. A-B is a sub set of A and B-A is a sub set of
B.
3. A-B, An B and B-A are mu tua lly disjoint.
4. A-B = A-( An B) and B-A = B-( An B).
4. Co mp lem ent of a Se t : The set of all tho se
ele me nts
of the universal set , U, wh ich are not the ele1nen
ts of a set A
is the complement of the set A and is den ote d by
Ac orA or A'.
i.e., Ac= A =A '= {x Ix E U, x i A}.
That is, A' = U - A.
A U

'1,
A'

Fig. 6 Set A and its com ple me nt A'

 -.---- - - - - - -- --
Examples : 1. Tf U = !1, 2, 3, ... I and A ::: .f I ' •.l., ~
' t)

A' or A or A'= 12, 4, 6, · · · -1- '· I,

If u is the set of all alphabets and A is tl
~-
9 . f 11 I le set
consonants, A' 1s the set o a vowe s. of all
3. If U == ~O, 2, 4, 6, 8, lOt and A = f 0, 2, 4 6 8
N = ~. ' ' , 101,

4. If U == (0, 5, 10, 15J and A = ~' Ac = U.

5. A universal set is U = {l, 2, 3, 4, 5, fi, 7, 8, 9, lO}
A, B and C are as given below: · Set,
A = {1, 2, 4, 6), B = 13, 4, 7, 8} and C = f2, 3, 9, 1OJ

Find (i) (AU BU(?)' (ii) A' - (Bn C) (iii) A - (BU CJ'
\vhere A' denotes the complementar y set of A and so on.
(I.C.W.A. Foundation, J 95 )

Solution : (i) BU C = {2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10)

AUBUC = AU(BUC) = {l,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10}
... (AUBU C)' = {5)
(ii) A' = t3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
-
Bnc = {3J
= {5, 7, 8, 9, 10}
... A' - (Bil C)
(iii) (BUC)' = f1, 5, 61 ·:BU C = I 2,3,4, 7 ,8,9,101
A- (BU C)' = f2, 4}
 ~ s ru,-t& 1),~~~ E:G ~ :
- - - J 'J _ , i)Jil Jl,t 1 he_;')
S
\. Q:W -t{b-1/1 t{U -r<>i.l.W'JJ,i
0 r

j . MYY! Vy(.,(,(1tlti Va. lo. s : (CJ

f0,i ~ - /:»;c &ti A ru<d B,

AuB = BUA o.nci An B = B nA

tlj lA \: A- B f 8 -A
l. Assoc1a-h'v.e -Lcu:.os ·
F0,, ~ tknu o'e,6 A, B Qn~ C,
Au (Bue)-= (AuB)uc and
A () ( 11 nc ) : ( An B) {l C
3. iG~ +,r', hu-Hv.e {o.cvs:
Fo'f an~, fwuu Se ~ A 1 S {A {)cl c,

Flu CBnc> = (AUB) n CAu c) ~,r,d

An (BUC) = (Fl()B) (.; (Anc)

1.Vw~ ,Bi.ihib~liv,:i X1JJJJ A~ (Bric):- tAuli)f\(AUc)

\t\A in~ Venr1 cl.:°f o»i< .
Bnc AU CBnC)

A B A B

-0
C
C
A08 Aue (AUB')n (AUc)

B A 8
A 8 A

C
C, C

,.', FroYvL Q) O.M @ ,

A \J ( Bf\ CJ ~ (A VB) 0 ( A U C') ~
 ) uJ )( b c? CuuJ> C2.~tt<.c 11.,t os +tlQ 8Q l Ao ( 8 n c J
-n<-. I' ) '\ G R u ( B I\ C) ~ L X E Al Or [ )( € ( g It C Y]

27 [x EA j O 1 [ X E B O<\a-. X ~ c]
2_7 [ -X E A or x IS ~1 0. f\. cl

r '>c £ " ()) ~f c7

::?7 L 'i< ( c ri lJ B ') l a 1'\ cl [ x €. Cn Uc. ')l
⇒ ~ E. C ,~ U BJ 1' ( A lJ c')
r f-\l.)(8,nc') c;_ (i'\UB)(\((luC\ -CD
.,(..O\I\ ~, c{_Q)\ , '\J lt....v\,~ eLQ_('\tu_"l(\ \:- o:f rus 8Q l (AU 8) n ( Fl U C)
.l\,(_Q,l'1 ) 'j C ( f\l 1R) i) (,J\ u C.\ ~ [ '\1 t ( A LJ Pi)J Q ()d [ '\j ( ( AU C )J
~ C"\j c 1\ 0 1 y c r:il o. 11 d. r '\J c A
en 1 c CJ
::::') ~f. Al 61 ~"j E B C\,,cl. 'd cc]
~ l ~EA] <Y-1 [ "-J E uj n c]
.::.; ':\ t: A lJ (BOC)
· (AO?->)(! ( Aue') C AU ( \~nc'i --@)
\-·y-om (D C\Ylc\ @ , ~UC~() c"') = l A OB) C'\ ( f\ lJ C)
t; Q') l.-l.A,uo 11 't, 4:>uf\d -m bQ CUA 1v-i ½u \-iv.e Dv <2.71
i () 't 0V, a. ch o 'ri... o :S SQ. tJ .

8
B A

C C
C

AnC
B A B ' B
A A
-,-., lll/Cl~ •==-----=--=------:==~ ----~ -11•
Nok: A0(8oc):: (flD!l)U/Anc) C[JYt br j)•ovod o~

~ole.ows ~o ·
toJ Y. be 0()~ ~ t of tke SQL Ar'\ (tjuc J
~ ) 'x' C An (BUC) ---=> [x E Al o.ncl [x f l 8ucJl
~[xEAlOnd_[xc?.,o-r /v E: ( J
.

-:::; [x c A und "{ c BJ or [ x c1

r-
~ LxECAn~)
· r -1 o~. LXe<nricll
6q

-=}' X E. ( An B) lJ ( An C)

,· . An(Buc) c (rinB') u C 0nc ') -CO

/' r1
J I..A-'
VIA i c12,, 11
:i 1
()J;L.W
(J
~ of M 8el r Pl np.., J 1, r F

~,'d r tAf\B)ucA0c) =?[~f cnnB')JOY ~€:CAnciJ

~ [ '½' f A o.nd '½ t Q] o, f ru0 En/, Ord•
1

=7~fAl 00cl r~t:B Gr "jfc]

:::'! LJ' e Al CA(\ cl ["'d c cBu c.) J
~:JEAnC~uc)
.' (AnBJU(A(\CJ ~ 0()(8UCJ --{:!)
Prorvt GJ a.r1c) Q?, A0 (Bue\.:: CAr1B)U CAnc).
ti . Q) To.\.. ,e;i\,\ a,d-i 6 11 \,\ ~ +o he c>U'.A 1Yi ~ u ~- ve
~V- (9-'(l ~ 3~
 1t . £j Q M0"3 ll\ /\ .S Lo. r._, b'
1
:

foe ~ +vi 0 <l'U:\ A Mc,\ B,

( AU BJ A' n BI
I .:::. C.Xn ~
(Af\8')':: Alu~ I

f-"o..,- ~ ~ s tli A 113, o.no! C' J

A - C8 lJ c) ::: CA - B') f\ CA _ c ') on o{

A -(8() c') ::: CA - rf) u CA - c)
(I) ve-.- l,~ ti.\ ~ l ( Au i,) -= AI o B I
1
t\Nt.o 1,1 9 1-t, ver1n cJ,.., °' 3yq rYI ,
/\Ui?, ,_.. (AOBJ 1 :::-U-(f)UB}
u
A B
<

A ' ~V ~A Bi~v-B
- A 1n B)
u u
u
E B A I3 -~

n-o l'Vl Q; i.. @' 0 l1B) '~ 'A ' n B i io V.e,u frPc9.
 N o te : <AU Bl' == A' n B
' c a n b e p ro v e d a s foll
L e t x be any e le m e n t o ows a·
f th e s e t (A U B )'
Then, x E (A U B )' ⇒
tx E U l a n d [x ~ (A U B)]
⇒ fx E U ] a n d (x
(l A a n d x ~ B
)
⇒ lx E U a n d x ~ A ]
a n d [x e U and
⇒ xi
{.x E A '] a n d [x E: B ']
⇒ x E (A' n B'1
.-. <AUBY c N nB'
.. .
C o n si d er y, a n y e le m
T h en } y e [A 'n B'1 ⇒
e n t o f th e s e t A' B '. n
(y E A ') a n d [y E B ')
⇒ ly E U a n d ye=A
] a n d (y E U and ye ..
⇒ (y E U ] a n d (y ~
A a n d Y iB ]
⇒ [y E U ] a n d [y
~ (A U B )]
⇒ y E (A UBY
:. N n B ' r (A U B )'
F ro m (1) a n d <2J, th e
.
' .. . .r

c o n c lu
2 . If A a n d B a si o n is (AIJ B )' =
re a n y t, v o s e ts B'. A'n
, p ro v e th
(A n B f = A 'U B' b y u
U si n g V e n n d ia g ra m s
.
~A
I ,
~B U A 1l
, ./ ,,
'- ./ -
I ' '\.

1 l
' ' '
l
\. "\ I
'- ........_ V I
./
~ ......... ~

_ _I.AnB 1
F ig . 1 0 V e n
I (AnB)' §A'[lillB'-~
n d ia g ra m fo r (A n B
)' = A 'U B '
 No1, , : ( 1\ nnr \· t 11 >u l'.ll\ 1H' provrd us foll,lVvf; nlS•> :
t

Lt't x l>P any t'h'ntellt ofthr t1et.(A r1ll)'

'l'ht'll, x 1: {l\f I l\r 'Ix G lll HlHl IN et (Al) B)I
_,". I X ~ l 1 I :l ll d (X f/. 1\ 0 •• X (t B I
I x ~ l l nu d x <l1 A I t> r I x c l 1 •111 d x <l B I
~ Ix ~ ,\' I or Ix t B' I

⇒ x E l1VU n·1
tA n]tr l ;.'\: u1r . . . . { 1)
Consider y. any l'len1ent oft he set 1\' LIB'
T}H.'11, .y E ;\' u1r ⇒ 1,. 1\11 or Iv.. E ]J'l.
1
E
· ~ (:v Ell nnd Y\t Al or IYt: U nnd y v: Ill
=> ly E U I and fy ~ A or Yt/ Bl
=-~ ly E U 1and ly i/ tAfl Jl)l
⇒ .v t. (An 11r
:. A' l J B' ~ · t A ll )' n .... (2)

Fron1 tl) and C2), t.he conclu~ion is u\n Hf = A' lJ B'.

Exantple 3 : If ll = (0, 112; :l, 4, flt, A = (0. 1, 21 nnrl
B == {2, 4}, prove that
(i) (AU ll)' = A' nB' (ii) (An nr = A' uD'
tB.Com. Bharat.hiar, A 95)
 l"ZZf

Sol uti ou: (i) \f\le find AU 13= {0, J, 2, 41 8JH. i

(;\U JI)' = t3, [)J ... . <1>

A' = (::3, 11.· :ii
13' = f O, J , 3, 5 J and

A' n 13' = (3 , 5 J . . . .( 2J

Fro in ( 1 > and (2), it js fou nd t,ha t (AU BJ' = A'n B'.
(ii) Wr- find An B = f2J and

(An B)' = 10, ], 3, 4, 51 . . . . (3)

A' = 10, 4, 51
B' = 10, 1, 3, 51 and
A'U 13' = {O, 1, 3, 4-, SJ . . .. ( 4)

Fron 1 (3) and (4), it is foun d tha t (An B)' = A'U B'.
3. If A, B and C be any thr ee set s the n use Venn
djc. gram s to prov e tha t A-( BU C) = (A- B)( l (A- C).
t\ ~ ~B
1 ➔ LJ A~ ··➔B
r u
- ' I

..
,·
/ - '
'- /
}
;'
.... r--..
~
~
,
.... -.-~
,....

r'I
I
I
I
_;' ~I-....
\
\.
·, I
/
/
\.
I

~~ .....
' r\ V ~
....
I
- /
" "V'

., ,~ [.,-/
' I

,.... C
...
C
,,
r
\ I/
/
...... ~/

fIII lsu c §A -B [Il] A-C

§A
§A --( BU C) FIi iii IIr (A- B>n <A-c>
Fig . 11 Ven n diag ram for A-( BU C) = (A- B)n (A- C)
. ·sni
 .I, If A, B :md C m-r• m,y U1ro1• 1wtr1, provo f,hot
A (Bnu) (A 13JUIA C)
by u~in1; \lpn11 diugr:11n~-L
A~ >13 -+ U A< ➔ JJ +U

~A [Il]nnc ~A-B(Il]A-C
~A-(Bnc) 111111ll<A-B)U(A-C)
Fig. 12 Ve1111 diagran1 for A-(Bn C) = (A-B)U (A-C)
---- 1 1- '\ -4 : If A= 10. 1, 3. 4. 6. 7, 9, 101. B ., a
Exan 1- lt .. 6
.. 61 and C == \4. b. ,. '.
~ 9 l proYe tl1at
r".
12 ~
t>. ) ,
<- i •
n
. .~ - (BU C' l
O} = (A-B) (A-C) a11d
Oi) A - tBn Cl = (A-B)U (A-C).
8ol\1tion : (i) BU C = (2, 3, 4, 5, 62 7' 8. 9)
l, - (BU C) = {Ol 11 101
• fl l Iii 1
A_ B = tO. 1, 7. 9, 10}.
A_ c = (0, 1. 3, 10} and
U\-B) n t.!\.-C) =- {O, 1. 10\
. ... 2
Froin (1) and (2)l A - (Bli C1 = (A-B)n (A-C)
(ii) Brl c = t4, 5, 61
t • .!\- cB
..!\ - B
r1 c, = to, -1, 3, 7, s, 101
= {0, 1, 7 . 9 , l OI
• t o I 3
..t\ - C = lO, 1, 3. 10) and
(A-B'll i,.!\.-C' 1
= {O, lJ 3, 7, 9, 10}
. . .. (4
From (3) and (4). A-(Bn C) = (A-B)U (A-C)
8. Number of Elements

Let n(A), nU\n B), n (A'-: B), n (A:"' B n C) . . . denote

the number of elements in the sets A, Aft B. AU B, An BnC
• .. respectively. Let n CU) = N. It. is to be remembered that
n($) = 0

The following four relations are often useful.

1. n CAUB) •
= n(A) + n(B) - n (An B).
2. n (AU B)
disjoint. = n(A) + n(B) when A and Bare
 127
~L 11 <A U 1~ U C > = n ( A l + n, Ii J + n f C~) n (A() Ii 1
r1
- n ( 11 <~ ) - n <C (1 A > + 11 ( J3 t ~ >. Ar1 n
4 _n (AU BIJ C) = n(A) + 11(13) -+· n(C) v 1 her, A, Band C~
tually disjoint. .
are rn~ther relations such as tht: following can he~ obtomed
the Venn diagrams.
froJJl 5_ n(A) + n(A') = n(U) = N.
6. n(AUB) + tl(AUB)' = n(U) = N.
7. n (An B ) + 11 ( A {\ B )' = l l ( ll ) = N.
8. n<AU BlJ C) + 11(AU 13U C)' = 11CU) = N.
9. n(AU B) :: 11(A) + n(A'n B> = n <tl) + n(An B"J
io. n(A) = n(An B) + n(An B')
=n(Anr1'nC~') + 11<A1lBnC') +
11(All B'n C) ➔• 11(An nn C)
11. n(AnB) = n<AnBnC}+ n(Ananc•)
Sometimes, n (AU B)' may be zero and so n{AU B) may
be N; n(AU BU C}' may be zero and n(AU BU C) may be N.
u
 1~0

la ss of 25 students ofEc 01101h.

5 •1n a c • ~,ics
ExampIe · 1 taken Economics. Out of %Q
Politics, 12 st udents. iave . . F' d h
but not Poht1cs. m t e nulllbt}li
i, I
have taken Econom1csk 11 Economics and Po1itics and er Of
have ta e
students whO ' p 1t1cs
. . but not Econonucs.
• th oa~
k 01
who have ta en (B.B.M. Bharathiar ~
. . Let A be the set of all the student~ of 951
Solution ·t· k 1 Economics and B be that of all t~
class \vho have l.a r1 ho have taken Politics. the
students of the c ass w '
Given: n(AU B) = 25 (=N), n(A) = 12 and n(An B'):::s
U B
A

Fig.14 Number of elements of A and B

:. The number of students who have taken both
Economics and Politics, n(An B) = n(A)-n(An B') = 12-S =4.
The number of students who have taken Politics but
not Economics, n(A'nB) = n(AU B) - n(A) = 25 - 12 = 13.
Exampl~ 6 : Of the total number of 200 students
appearing in an examination, 140 passed in Mathematics
and 100 passed in Statistics. If 40 of them failed in both
Mathematics and Statistics, what percentage of students
passed (i) at least in one of the two subjects? (ii) in both the
subjects? (I.C.W.A. Foundation, D_94)
A U B

Fig. 15 Number of elements in four partitions

 14,.7

~l)tnHtllt: N ~on, l\\ \) l~() I ll\B, IOO ,lnd

(~l\l'll

1
I '\I l'') .1O whPri• t\ is t hP ~,q ,,r stud 'll , l
\ \ • • ' l ::, \\' )l) t),\Rt;;(\d Ill
1\\• h •n\'ti ic:-. n1Hl H •~ t hnt ol Rt Hdt•nt ~,,ho p 1ii:NPd ln St t
,1.1t ll1·,·Nullll't'r ,,f ~t\HlPnts who I),, ''t'ci ··1,·,· ,t I . tn rn 1ll'H
' ,,,, • l', lS Oil(' uf

1,,·11 ~·iibwd:--.
. nu\ll H) • N nt vn
13 1 ) ...''OO HJ ~
1J) 0.
'l'hl' nt'l'l'l'Ht ~•g0 ot ~t udl'll(s "ho }ll\~l• ('LI · ,t I
t ' ~ 111 ti <'flS 1 Olli'
l \l{)
ill tlll' t" ll ~nhJl'd s - 200 :-.: 1O\l HO.

l i1) Nu n , l w r ,l f s t u dt \ n t s , \ Ill, p: ,s ~Pd j 11 bO t h t h(' f; u h·,,, d s

~ ,
nlAl!H) n( ..\) t n(H) nt.\LJ H) 1~10 t 100 t(iO 80.
'l'lll' pt'rl't'nt.ngt' nl' ~t udPnl.~ who pn~KPrl in hot.h t.he
~o
~uh.wets= ~l)O , 100 ::- •tO.

Noh 1: lf A is tht' St.'t or }Wople who n nd ''l'he Hindu ,

11
1 1

H, tlw St"'t of pt'oph' who read ''I'lu., Dinnmnui' and C, the s~t.
of PL'Opll\ who rpad 'The 11inly Thnnt.hi' :tnd t.hPn' nn, souw
1woplt' in 1he villng<." who read nont' of t.h<'fW nt'wspa1wrH, t.ho
follo1ving ~Pts can bl" int.('rprcl.t'd aR SPl'H lwlow:
ti) \n R lS the set of all people who n'arl 'l'hP Hindu
nnd The Din~nnnni.
C is tht:' set of nll peoplP who n'nd 'rho .Hindu
(ii) An B n
The Dinmnani and Tht."' Dnily 'I'hnnthi.
(iii) An B n c·, is tlu') sPt. of nll people who n\nd The
Hindu and The Dinnn1ani but who do not n'nd The Dnily
Thant hi.
Among those' who read The 1-lindn and Tlu, Dinmnnni.
some rend The Daily Thant.hi and othC'r~ do not rend The
Daily Thanthi. That is, C and An Bn An nn C' arc disjoint
and their union is Arl B. Thnt is, An B = (An B nC)
u(An Bnr,').
. (iv) AU B is the set of all people who read onl~ The
Rind
l)· u or only· The Dinamani or both, T l1e H'111 du ··ind The
•.
inuinani. In other words it is the set of all people who r~~ld
at
l)·
,
lea st one of the two newspapers, Th e H'111 du ~·1nd 1 he
1na1nani.
 r1 • the set of ,111 ~H.'Ople who re, d
(v) AU BLI \. 1s • , a at
1
ewsp· 1 pcrs, The Hindu. 1 he Dinn I~,
one of the t,1rN~ n. l < n1al\i a

The Daily Thantlu .

. A'n B'n r· is the set of nil pt'lople who n),c1cl no
lv1)
w ncrs. It. is the co1nplen1ent of AU tin~
those three ne \\18 r\1t' nLi
That is, (AU BU C)U lA'il B'fl C'l = u OT' A'll B·nc,
~

(AU BUCY.
(vii) A'U B'U C' is the set oft he people who do not
I . h re
at least one of the three newspapers. t 1s t e complement·.
nn
A B C. That is , (A' UB' UC') U (A nB nC) :: Uo:
A'U B'U C' = (An Bn er.
2. In the case of reading three newspapers, the \'ill ..
luniversa1 set, U) can be divided into 23 = 8 partitions (disj!
subsets) as shown below:

(5) An B'n C(6) A'n Bn C(7) A'n B'n C (8) A'n B'nr

A
u
B

(8)

E Fig. 16 Eight partitions of U

xample 7: Out of 5 pl&J
Cricket, 30 play Footbal a group of 60 students, 2 ·eke!
and Football g pliiy C . ~, 24 play Hockey, 10 play Cri sJlo
Football and' 5 play al~~~ee! and Hockey, 12 p!ay Ifock;~ho'
how many play only hree. Use Venn-d1agralll t
one game
. otl
(B.Com. / B.C arathiat,}.
 Solution : Let A, B and C denote the sets of students
ho play Cricket, Football and Hockey respectively.
w Given : N = 60; n(A) = 25; n(B) = 30; n(C) = 24;
(An B) = 10; n(An C) = 9; nccn B) = 12; n(An B n C) =5.
P Number of students who play Cricket and Football but
not Hockey, n(An B n C') = n(An B) - n(An B n C)
= 10- 5
=5
Similarly, n(An B'n C)= n(An C) - n(An Bn C).
=9-5
=4
n (A'nBnc) =n(BnC)-n(AnBnc)
= 12 - 5
=7
Number of students who play Cricket alone,
n(AnB'n C') ~ n(A)-n(An Bn C')-n(An B'n C)-n(An Bn C,
= 25 - 5 - 4 - 5
== 11
dimilarly,
n(A'n Bn C') = n(B)--n(An B n C')-n(An B n C)-n(A'n B nC)
= 30 - 5 -- 5 .... 7
= 13
n(A'n B'n C) = n(C)-n(An B'n C)-n(An Bn C)-n(A'n Bn C)
= 24 - 4 - 5 - 7
=8
:. the number af students who play only one game =
n(An B'n C') + n(A'n 13 nC') + n(A'n B'r1 C)
= 11 + 13 + 8
== 32

Starting from n(An B n C) we can find n(An B n C'),

n(A'nBnc), n(AnB,nC), n(AnB'nC'), n(A'nBnC'),
~(i\>n B'n C) and n(A'n B'n C'). Those numbers are shown
111 Fig. 17. .
 - ._,,....

A lJ :B

f I >(;

Fig. 17 Num ber of elements in eight partitions.

Note
·. : Nurn ber of students who play at least onei
those three g::unes,

n(AUBU CJ = n(A)+n(B)+n(C)-n(An B)-n(Bn C)-n(Anc1

+ n(AnBnC)
::: 25 + 30 + 24 - 10 - 12 - 9 + 5
= 53
Number of students who play none of those threi
games,

n(A' B' n nC') = N - n (AU BU C)

= 60 - 53
=7
Number of students who play exactly (any) two game:·
"'n(AnBnc') + n(An B•n C) + n(A'n Bn C)
== 5 + 4 + ,

= 16 tJi
Example 8 : In a certain city, 3 daily newsp apers,d, 4~
'Times', the 'Express' and the 'Daily' are mainly rea ~l
of the literates ·
· · · from the city read 'Ti'mes' 51 % read 'ExP•i
, ,s,4
·
68~ read 'Daily', 30%· read both 'Times' ' and 'Exprles,'
·ty' Bl~
read b~th 'Express' and 'Daily' 36% read both 'Dal
'Times' and 8% read none of th~se papers. tJ,if
Find
. the percentage of people who read a 11 .the Jii·
newspapers. (I.C.W.A. Found t10JJ., I
8
 Solution : L<\t A, B n nd C be 1:ht~ HetM of tho p,•oplc o'f
.. L "I'. , ti I ' C, . '
\ citY who r(.':H f l:iH! · tntoH , . 'H~ . 1!-'XJH"Cl-:l::4' ynd th,~ '.Daily'
tbL actively. UnnPr tho aHH111npt1on thut N c 100, giv,\n:
resp 1 • - · - . . - ~
1(M" 42, 11(Jl) "' 5l, n( ( , ) . 1,8, u( A[) BJ = ao, 11mn C) C 28,
. 1 n C

o(cnA);:: .
an< 11 (A'r1
1:~() ,-),, <.I11)-~ 8.

The percentage of poople wl10 read :,1t Je;_

1Ht on,i
news}Hl])C'f, n(AU BU C) = N ~ n(A'(l B'rl C') = JOO .,__ 8 :: H2.
I The percentage of peoplo who read aJJ Lho three
newspapers,
n(Afl Bn C) = n(AU BU C) n(A) n(B) - n{CJ +

u(An B) + n(Bn C) + n(UnA)

= 92 · 42 - 51 - 68 + 30 + 28 + 36 == 25.

Example 9 : All the 3,200 students of a Co11ege in c.

city know at least one of the three languages - Tamil, Telugu
and Malayalam. 2,400 know Tami], 1,700 know Telugu, 800
know Malaya]am, 1,000 know Tamil and Telugu, 500 know
Tamil and Malaya]am, 300 know Telugu and Ma]ayalam and
only 100 know all those three languages.
Draw a Venn diagram and find the number of students
(i) who know Tamil and Telugu but not Malaya]am, ·
(ii) who know only Malayalam,
(iii) who know on]y one of the three languages and
(iv) who know none of these languages.
Solution : Given : N = n(AU BU C) = 3,200; n(A) =
2,400; n(B) = 1,700; n(C) = 800; n(NI B) = 1,000; n(An C) =
S00; n(Bn C) = 300· n(An B n C) = 100 when A, B and C A.re
:e sets of students' of a College who know Tamil, Telugu and
alayalam respectively.
 134
u F )B
Al
(1) (3)
500 (8)
1000 \: 0
(5)'~
400
(7) / I ..,C
100

Fig. 18 Number of elements of A, B and c

(i) 1000 - 100 = 900
(ii) 800 - 100 - (500 - 100) - (300 - 100) =
100
(iii)(2400- 900-100 - 400) + 0700 - 900- l00-2011
+ 100 = 1600
(iv) 0
 MATH.BMATl(JS 01., f"INANCE
-- . . -- -
J. Basic Concepts
There are large nun1her of ctn1sea for an individual or a
corporate body or a Guvc·rrnnent to hol'row. 'f'he lender ie called
the 'creditor' and the borrower iB called the 'debtor'. 'rhc amount
1
borrowed by the d0htor is caJled the principal. The fees' or the
'charge' paid by the horrower fbr using the money of the lender
is called interest. Borrower has to repay the principal together
with interest to the lender. 'l'his total. amotint to be repaid is
caU\?d the amount. Hence, an-iount is principal plus inv~rcst.
Unit of time is usually one year. Under one method of interest
calculation, viz., compound interest, n1onth, quarter year, half
year, elc. are aJso t<:Jken as units of tin1e. Itat(! of Interest ia
the interest for Rs. 100 per unit of time.
In other contexts such as . depositing Rurplus m.oney in
banks for safety and income (interest), delayed payment while
· buying goods on credit, etc. also interest is paid by the party
who owes some amount to the other.
2. Simple Interest and Compoµnd Inter.est
Simple lnteresc, and Compound Intereet arc calcuJatcd as
follows:
. Under simple interest, the interest for one unit of time
(usually, one year) is multiplied by the number of units of time
to determine the interest due. For example, if Rs.600 is the
interest for one year, Rs.1,800 (600x3) is the interest for tlu·ee
years (Refer Example 1). It is to be noted that interests at various
units of time are equal under this method. In exa1nple 1,
I
'interest for the first year == interest for the eecond year
interest for the third year
= Rs. 600.
 Symbols Usea·
. . or
/ ) p .. Principal . . ~ .. t value .
presen
· 1· at the end
A .. A1nount or va ue · ·
1
. units .·of time and
. 1, ofl n 1s either an
n . umoer
N
integer or a fraction.
r. Rate of interest (for P\-8. 100 ner unit of tune
i = r/100
s . Effective rate of interest under ,C J. \\ hich is
1
the interest per Rs.1~0 pe_r annum w·hen there
are m (> 1) units of t1m,e 1n one ,year.
I - Simple intere8t
CI .. Compound interest
· @simple Interest - Formulae and Problems
Formulae:
(i) I = ~ ~;' (ii) A = P + I = P+ .p n r = p (1 +.!!.!.
100·
100
(iii) p = 100 I (iv) ~ = 100 I (v) r = 100 I
nr .. Pi:rr r11, . Pn
Unit of time is 1 year. _ri. is eitli~r ~n ·integer or a fraction.
 \ ' ~
\.' f F:xumpl1) 1i Find th~ sh1lpl(1 i11iQ1·01,t on I ht1 Rum ()f
JO% p.11. ftll' 3 y<:a1•s,
• ,, :t·'_ ,,tit\
·1, ':, -
' ,11, (H.Con,. Hhnr11th1n1·, N orr,-
Solution: Gh't)n: P = G,000; r = 1{); n ~~ a
1't·quix(1 d ~intple intere~t:. l - GOOO ,,~ 3 >t 10
~ -~--
100
' \ •.. ·1 kOu-l , ,. --)-
I:)~ ' t . .
\ ~otc: _1. 1· = lllt\•
lJ.fl. mean!'l 10 per CCl)t,yc:1· rini11~1U· Thot
.i~J,nte1\~~t. .is Rs.l O Pt.~,· nnnnn\ for n 1onn (}>r.tnc·11.m l) o.f Rs. lOO.
lO-
..• for Rs.G.000, interest - ~ ._
100 ~ GOOO = Rs,600 per 11nnu1n.
1
. - - t-- t',,1t· " year~
:. 1nter08 t1 = GOO x 3 - Rs. 1,800
X'~-' The smm1 may also be found as Silllple In_tercst for one
\ ... \_ p l' l1t)t)() ' 10 - I") "'00 :-,_• 1 1 l'
year - 100 = lOl) ·~ - \S. b -. S111tp o . ntcrest 1or t.hrce years
:: (\ll)O
\
-" . .
Pr
--J n _-..,., ...
, ,3 -- Rs.1,S00.
n
Rs.ti00
-\3. In 1nost of the follo,\'ing probletns, for1nulae alone are
used for sohing thern.
4. If amount is needed, it would be l~alculated as follo,vs:
. = P+I = Rs. 6,00o+Rs.1,800 = Rs. 7,800.
iunount, . :\
,'::\
1
1 \./1 Example 2: Calculate the tot.al amount that ,vill be
receiYed from the debtor ,vhen the principal Rs.10,000 is lent to
h{m on interest for 4 years at 9% p.a.
Solution: Given: P = 10,000; n = 4; .r == 9.
Required amount, A = P 1 + , ( nr) = 10000 (-1 + 4 9)
100
x
100
= Rs. 13,600
 46

8, .
~ ) Ex am ple 3 : J{s.6,000 am oun ts to Rs. 910
ich th. ctt l1
int ere st. Fin d the nun1ber of yea rs for wh
1)

c aiti «,
Otttit lli
len t. ,~,Ji
So lut ion : Given: P = 6,0 00 ; A ::: 8 ,-110.
c
' t ~
:. Jnt ere st, 1. = A - P = 2,9 40 11

By sub stit uti ng in the forn1uln , n = too 1

P ;- , the n
16
lltr e1,
2940 = 3.5 yea rs.
Year s ' n
= ~o x 14
!if
600 0 X

{:Ji;) Ex am ple 4: If a tern1 dep osi t of Rs.4,0oo

rat e of i earns 11
int ere st of Rs.2,500 in 50 n1o nth s, fin d the nterest. ~
:::: §o
So lut ion : Given: P = 4,000; I = 2,500; n 1

100 I 12 ~· 4J
r = pn / J2
yea rs. Us ing the formula,
250 0 - lOO x 2500 x l2
the rat e of int ere st, r - lOO x
400 0 x 50 400 0 x 50 - ==I5%p.a,
12

to Rs 4 ooo 1 th
~x am pl e 5: A cer tai n sum am oun ts 1

sum." a e
end of 5 yea rs at 12% p.a . int ere st. Fin d the
So lut ion : Given : A = 4,000; n = 5; r = 12.

Re qui red to fin d P. Consider, A = P ( 1 + ; 0

~)

sum (principal).
Re wr itin g and the n sub stit uti ng, req uir ed
A _ 400 0 _ 400 0 = R ? 500
P= nr 5 x 12 1.6 s. -,
l + 100 l + 100

6: Mr . Ra me sh dep osi ted Rs. 25, 000 on 1.1.9t

Ex am ple
00. Fin d the interel
At. the end of 5 mo nth s, he wit hdr ew Rs. 5,0
du e to him on 31.12.94. Ra te of int ere st
= 12% per annUJll·
(B.B.M. Bharathiar, 1'
 47

Solution: }ntPn•t-it: for Rs.25,000 frn· Ii months

Pn r '" 5 12
;: 10() = ~5 ,00Q X 12 X JQ() -· H.~. li~UiO

}ntel'est. for Rs.20,000 for 7 111onths

·7 12
= 20,000 X
12 X l00 = Rs.l/100

Interest due on 31.12.94 = Rs.1,25~ + Rs.1,400 = Rs.2,650

'
Example 7: A sum of n1oney an1ounted to Rs.1,071 in
6 months and Rs.1,106 in 16 months. Calculate the rate of sunple
interest. (B.Con1. Bharathiar, N 83; B.Com. Madras S90;
B.Com./B.C.S. Bharathiar, N99)

Solution: An1ount at the end of 16 months = 1,106

An1ount at the end of 6 months = 1,071
Interest for (16-6) = 10 months = 1106-1071 = 35
35
:. Interest for 6 months = x 6 = 21
10
Hence, Principal = Amount-Interest = 1071-21 = 1050
. l .
Rate of s1mp -100 I 100 X 21 21()0
e interest, r= p n = ---
6 525
1050 X
12
= 4%
Example 8: Mr. Somasundaram deposits a total of
Rs.45,000 in two different banks which give 10% ·and 15% interest
respectively. If the amounts repayable by the two bank~ at the
end of 10 years are to be equal, determine the individual amounts
of deposit.

Solution: Let the amount deposited in the first bank be

Rs. x. i.e., Principal, P = x .
 Amount due =P l ~o~)
1 1· = x ( +~ ) ,.
1
~2
'l'hC nn1oun t <lcr>osited
' in the second bank :::: .•,.. ,)•JOo
r:,

:. A1nount due fron1 the scco(nd bank ) ' )(,

]Q X 15
= (45000 - >=) 1+ 1oo = (45000
.... )() {2 ~
- 112500 · 2.5x ''i

Given : 2x = 1J2500 - 2.5x

112&00
:. 4.6x - 112500 and X =- 4.5 = 25,0oo

Hence the a 1nounts deposited ure Rs.25,000 and R

s.20,oOo
Example 9: A certain amount of 1noney Was . ·
8~t silnple interest and after 9 months an equal a in\reateq
invested at 10% simple interest. Find the period 1·nlllount 'II~
W}u ~
amount in each case becomes Rs.2,600. How fouch ch t~.
lllone .
invested in each case ? Y w~

(B.Con1. Bharathiar, A96; B.B.M. Bharathi

ar, N 9&,
Solution: Let Rs. P be invested at 8% for n ye

:. Amount due, A = P ( 1 + ; ri0 ) = P ( 1 + n1~08) ars.

= P(l +0.08n)
• • • • (1)
Another Rs. P was invested at 10% for (n-0. 75) years.
(n - 0.75) X 10]
:. Amount due, A = P [ 1 + =P(l +0.ln-0.07S)
100
Given : P (1+0.ln-0'.075) = P (l+0.8n)
Dividing both sides by P, l+0.ln - 0.075 = l+0.08n
Rearranging, (0.1-0.0S)n = 0.075
... = 0.075 = 376
n 0.02 ·
By substituting this in (1), A = P (l+o.3)
 Given : A = 2,600 1.e., 1.3P
,= 2600
p 2600
- = 2000
= -1.3

'!'hat is,a sum of Rs.2,000 was invested for 3.75 yrs. at 8%

and another sum of Rs.2,000 was invested for 3 yrs. at 10%.
/

Example 10: Mr.Puthianayagam has two daughters A

and B aged JO½ and 16 years. He has Rs.1,80,000 wjth him now
but wants that both of them should get an equal amount when
they are 18 years old. How he should divide the money if it
were to be deposited with his friend who gives only 5% simple
interest per annum.

Solution: Let x and (180000-x) be the amounts deposited

for A and B respectively. x is deposited for 7 ½ years and
(180000-x) i~ deposited for 2 years.

( nrJ
Amount due on x = p 1 + 100 = x 1 + 7.5
100 (
x 5J = l.375x

Amount due on (180000-x) = (180000-x) 1 + ( 21005J

X

- (180000-x) (1. I) = 198000 - 1.lx

Given: l.375x = 198000 - 1.1.x
... (1.375 + l.l)x = 198000
and x _ 198000 = 80 000
- 2.475 '

. He should deposit Rs.80,000 and Rs.1,00,000 for A and B

respectively.

1 · Find the present value of Rs.595 due 3

Example 1 : . im le interest at 5% per annum. H~
years from now rece1vmg s . p ? (BC m Bharathidasan, Oct. 83)
much is the true discount given· · 0 •

.
Solution: Given : A -- 595 '. n = 3; r = 5.
 50
d1
Requil'ed to find P ao ·
By snbstttn\lng the given values in the formula )
l )
nr
A ::: P. 1+1{)0
3x
595 ::: P ( 1+ 1(lO
o) = p (1.15)
we get
595
Present value. P ::: T.15 = Rs. 517. 39
True discount which is nothing but interest on p 18 .
I ::: A-P ::: 595 - 517 .39. = Rs. 77.Gl
Exan ple 12: A person borro'!ved Rs.500 fro
1
lender and agreed to pay four. instalments of Rs ·150 m a lllotie,:J
each
end of 3. 6, 9, 12 months. Fmd the rate of simple inte att t~
1
annum charged by the money lender. (B.B.M. BharathiteS ar, A9~Pi
Solution: Total amount paid = 150 x 4 = Rs · 600
Amount borrowed · = Rs. 500
:. Interest paid = 600-500 = Rs. 100
The borrower has to pay interest for Rs.500 for 3 montbt
for Rs. (500-150=)350 for 3 months, for Rs. (500-150x2=)200 ~
3 months and for Rs.(500-150x3=)5O for 3 n1onths as he~
rep9.ying in instalments. Hence, interest due a~ r% p.a.
3 r 3 r
= 500 x l? x 100 + 350 x - x - +
... 12 100
900 3 r 3 r
.., X- X - + 50 X - X --
12 100 12 100
500 r + 350r + 200r +50r 11
-----------r
- 400 - 4
11 4 4
- r =100 and r =100 x - == 36 - % p.a.
4 11 11
 Exa mp le 13: Siva len ds. Rs. 1,200 to Vinayaka and
a
·t in sum of money to Mu rug a at the sam e time at 12%
eel a p.a.
irople inte rest . If 1n
· 3 years, S1va
· ·
receives a Itog ethe r Rs.648
on ~nterest from the two, find the sum bor row ed by Muruga.
as 1 •
(B.B.M. Bha rath iar, N93)
Sol utio n: Given: r=12; n=3. P=1200 for Vinayaka.
. Pn
Interest due from Vm aya ka = 1 nnr = 1200"'" x 3 x12
= RI, 432
:. Inte rest paid by Mu rug a = 648-432 = Rs. 216
The sum borrowed by Mu rug a,
p = 100 I = 100 x 216 _
nr 3 x 12 - Rs. GOO.
rm po un d Int ere st - For mu lae and Pro ble ms
Usually rate of inte rest is quo ted per ann um . Wh en
uni t
of time is different from a year, the corresponding uni ts of
tim e
are to be identified and tak en as n and the rate of inte
rest per
unit of time is to be tak en as r.
For example, whe n ~om pou nd inte rest is to be calculat
ed
for 5 years at 8% per ann um ~p ou nd ed qua rter ly (E~
amplel5),
as there are 4 qua rter ye'~' ' i~, 1 year, r = ! ~ 2 and
n = 5 x 4 = 20. Inte rest calc ulat ed on qua rter ly bas is will
be mor e
than tha t calculated on hal f yearly bas is; inte rest calc /
ulated on
half yearly bas is will be more tha n tha t calculated
on yearly
basis. As inte rest ear ns inte rest , inte rest calculated mor
e times
will naturally be more whe n oth er thin gs rem ain the sam
rae:
e.
(i) A= i, (_1+ l~s Cl= (ii) A-P = P[(1+ l~J-~]
 n(~ ~1
1 unit of time=~ ¥!§,j><1'l(t
h seconn 1oo ·---.. _
Interest for t. e · ( . ."
= p 1 + ----
l' ]
, 100 lo{}
! )•
the end of second unit of tirne .
Amount due at . unit of ti1ne \\'hich
. 'pal for the tlnrd
pr1nci
lt
:: P (1 + 1~0) + p (1 + 1~0) 1~0
[l+ 100lJ = p (1 +100-J
r
r
= P(1 + 100) _!_
As we proceed in this ~nanner, (we wo]~d get the a
- r ~~
due at the end of n years as A - P 1 + 100 ·
✓ Example 15 Q_): Calculate the compound inte .
P..s.2,500 for 4 years at 8% per annuni\ (B.Com. Bharathirest
/ ar,~
(ii) Calculate the compound interest in the above
interest is compounded (a) half yearly and (b) quartetseii
Solution (!i) Given ; P =2500; n = 4; r ::: S.
C~mp0und Interest, CI = P [(1 + ~
10
r- 1]
=2500 [l1 + l~Or -1] =Rs. 901.2!
(ii) (a) P = 2500; n = 8 (half years) ; r = 8= 4 '
2
Compound interest, CI =2500 J-
[(1 + 1~0 1] = Rs. 921.ll
(b) P ::: 2500; n = 16 (quarter years) ; r = 4
8 =2
Com,µound interest,
.
i

r-
10 1] = Rs.931.ill
CI = 2500 [(1 +- ~
'
 Note : ·t. Compound interest calculated quarter}l, is m
.J ore
than that calculated half yearly. Compound inte~est calculated
half yearly is more than that calculated yearly.
Example 16: Mr. Ambigapathy borrows Rs.1,00,000 at
94% compounded monthly. Find the amount he has to repay at
tlle end of 3 years.
Solution: Given:P = 1,00,000· r=M =2·
' 12 '
n = 3 x 12 = 36 (months).
The amount he has to repay,
. ( \n ( J3G
A = P 1 + l~O j = 100000 1 + l~O == Rs.2,03,988. 73
Example 17: Balu borrowed Rs.25,000 from Rathinam
but could not repay the amount in a period of 5 years.
Accordingly, Rathinam demands now Rs.35,880 from Balu. At
what percent p.a. compound interest did Rathinam lend his
money? (B.Com. Bharathiar, N95) ·
Soultion: GiYen : P = 25000; n=5; A = 35,880
By substituting in the formula,
1 1
r = 100 [(~ )n - 1] = 100 [(::~~d) 5
- 1] = 7.49% p.a.
Example 18: V.P. Balaraman deposits Rs.12,000 m
Pandurangan Associates and gets Rs. 27,566.93 at the end of
i
3 years. Find the rate of compound interest ,vhich the company
pays per month.
Solution: Given: P = 12000; A = 27,56L 93;
n = 3l
2
x 12 = 42 months.
 considel'
For finding the IDonthlY rate of interest, ; 2,
1

r ~ 100'[(~); - 1J
_!.._ ::: 100 [(!7566.91]:h
12000
~ l]
12
::: 2
::: 24% p.a. paid monthly.
r
ount lent at 10% p a c
19· Wh at am · · o~
Exa~ple R~.630 as interest in 2 years? Po%q
interest will fetch
(B.Com. Bharathi
ar, A94l
.
Solution:
a·iven.. r=I0·' CI = Rs.630; n=2
CI _ 630
J'o find P, use the formula, P=-( r r -[101
1 + 00 -1 1+- 1
1 100 -
= Rs.3,000.

Example 20: A certain sum deposited in a bank at IS¾

p.a. compounded monthly amounts to Rs.42, 143.63 at the end ol
5 years. Find the principal

Solution: Given: r = ~~ = 1.25 ; A=42, 143.63; n=5xl2=60.

For finding the principal, P by substituting in the formula,

p = A = 42.143.63 = Rs. 20,000

r
( l + 100 )n
100
(l + 1.25)r-o

Example 21: Find the period in which an amount geu

DOUBLED at 12% per annum compound interest.
(B.B.M. Bharathiar, A95 and A96l
Solution: Given: A = 2P ; r = 12
SY bst1tuting 111 the formula, A =
90
P(1 + 1~0J.
2P = P .(1 + - ~)n
Dividing both Aides by p , (l .12) n = 2 l 100

:. by taking log. n logl.12 = log2

0.3010
n ::: _kgJ = 6.12 years.
log 1.12 0 0492

Note : As an alternative, P 1nay be assumed as Rs.100.

Then, A = Rs.200. By substituting, in the fo1·mhla used in
Exa111ple 22, ,the sa1ne answer may be got.

Example 22: If a term deposit of Rs.12,500 yields an

interest of Rs.5,088. 75 at 10% compound interest compounded
half yearly, find the period of the term deposit.
1
Solution: Given: P =12,500; CI=5,088.75; r = i = 5 per
half year. :. A=P+CI = Rs.17,588.75. To find the period, n, we
substitute in the following formula and simplify:
log A-log P _ log 17,588.}5 - log_ 12,500
n = t \
r
log I 1 + log 1 +
r l~J
100I
4.2452 - 4.0969
- 7 half years.
0.0212
Period of term deposit = 3.5 years.

. Example 23: Find the sum of money that yields a

compound interest of Rs.432 at 8% p.a. during the second year.
(B.Co1u. Bharathiar, A94)

Solution: Given: CI = 432; r = 8.

 principal.
Let p be t he
e 4 of Example 14, the inte
As seen unrer nro~ ___i:_ rest, t·(j
- P r+ooJ 100 t lt

:: :: :. ~a r - p ( 1 +¾,J J}o = 432

( 100 100
P - 432 x 108 x 8 ==
:. the sun1 of rnoney, Rs.
s,0%
. Show tha t the pr es en t value of Rs
Example 24 •
% compounded sem i· annually •5Oo .i
in 4 years at 3 is R. I(~
approximately. (B. Com. Madr a,411
as, A&i

11,
I

Solution: Given: A= 500; n = 4x 2 =

8 ha lf.y ear s;
pe r ha lf year.. Required to show tha t the pr es en t value p ...
' ... 44~
1
By substituting in the ior mu a, p =. ( A
.t
f,
l+ l~OJ
we get the pre sen t value, _ 500
P ( f
1 +-:o~J
= 44 3.8 6 ::. Rs.444Q.El
Ex am pte 25: A sum of mo ne y inv
est ed at compolID!
int ere st amounts to Rs.21,632.00 in
2 ye ars an d to Rs.22,497.~
in 3 years. Fin d the rate of int ere st
an d the su m invested.
(l.C.W.A. Int er. J95; B.Com. Ma ~a s S931
So lut ion : Amount at the en d of the
sec on d year is th!
pri nc ipa l for the thi rd year.
:. P = 21,632.00; A = 22,497.28;
n =l
· Int ere st, I = A- P = 22497 .28 -
21 ,63 2.0 0
= 865.28
 As 1 year (third year) is considered, CI = I.
100 I
Using r - pn '
100 X 865.28
r - - - - - = 4% p.a. C..l.
we get 21632.00 X 1

'fo find the sum invested (P), consider

_ A __ 21632.00
p
-(1+1~0J- ( +1~0J 1

- Rs.20,000

Exampl e 26: The difference between the compound

interest and the simple interest for 3 years at 5% p.a. on a certain
sum of money was Rs.610. Find the1sum.
(B.Com. ~rarath iar, A95; B.Com. Madras , M92)

Solution: Given : n=3; r=5; CI-I = 610

1

To find the sum, P, con.sider

CI - I = p [(1 + l~<iJ - 1]- pl~Or

1.e., 610 ' fl( 5 )

: p ~ l + 100
3
)
- l -
Px3x5
100
= P [0.157625] - 0.15P = 0.007625P
p 610
- _ ~ = Rs. 80,000
0 0076 5
\ .
Example 27: An industry starts by produci ng 50,000
units in its first year and the product ion for every year increase s
by 8% of that of the previous year. How many units will it
produce in the seventh year? What is the sum total of the whole
production in the first three years? (B.B.M. Bharath iar, N95)

Solutio n: Althoug h the context is different, the increase

~11
production ·1n every year is similar to that of compound
mterest.
 h' bt' prt1ti.1l'('d Ill 1kt,
l I
\n \\i R It k', ' '' o~v

l'~
, , • l
\\\1\lh(\ ," ih<' t1rxth y,,111· ~tit~
\ ,nl'Hnt ,lt i lw {•1,,l ' t [ ~ l1
r 1 11
r;OtHHl I I t~)l) 7!>,,M J.
\' ( l { Hll)·j
{h1' r,n,t tht'<l' ~('.\IA
't'ht' 1,,1.1\ l'nldnctHHl 111 ,,

1' i P l
' I l1 ( 1 1 1
(1 , t tlll ~o]
f,(1, l)()(\ l r,o '(){l[\
l ~J I I 1:10 j
l Hl~
r,o' 000 I ➔ 1;)O
0
_ fltU)l)') t fl l,t10{1 i G8.~t!O - 1,(1:l.,, 0

, ,}~. \ lH'rsnn hn8 two d:11whlun~ 1\ u d

1,,
1,:X!\lllr, 1t
,.,
.-0, • , , M ' 11 n
., , 1k h•u,
tJ ll' ,· ' '\\'~
~, H~ W.lHHl w1t h hun now but wunL n"~~
1,. , . n i ' . , :-; . "·~
both ,,f tlwm ,lwnhl 1:ct ,111 ,,q11nl nn11n1'.1t _wlwn t.hcy are 20i 1~1
old. H~'" lw ~hNtld d1YH1i' tlw nH'lll'Y 1 f it Wt\rc to he de Ytia~
in ,1 b.111 k g11•in~ !l" ,, c,H111wuntl inl crl'St µcl' annum'/ Poa1~
(Hl\m1. Hhar:tthinr, A9H; B.13.M.Dharnth·
. lat,N96)
Solution: G1,'l'n: r--9. Lt't P be the nmount depo .
. P) b l s1ted t
A tL1r 7 yenr~. :. (40.000 - c t 1c amount deposited fi or
· for t Yl'Hr$. or B

Amm~nt due for A =p ll + I~Or = p ( +I I~OJ

= 1.82803g 1 P • • • . • (1)
4
Amount due for B = (,10000 - P) (1 + __Q_J
100
= (-!0,000 - P) (1.41158161,
= 56,463.264 - 1.4115816 p ....(2)
As gi\·cn. equating (1) and (2),
1.8280391P = 56463.264 - 1.4115816P
3.239620
- ...,P = 56463.264
 p - 56463.264
3.2396207
-- Rs. 17,429
21 od

A's s11are
- Rs.17,429

}3's share
Rs~40,000 - Rs.17,429 - Rs. 22,571