Water is essential for human life. The document discusses factors that affect water demand such as population size, climate, cost of water, and quality of supply. It recommends a minimum per capita water requirement of 70-100 liters per day for urban communities. Storage tanks should be sized to hold half to one and a half days worth of demand. The document also provides recommendations for increasing water efficiency through reducing leaks, adopting low flow fixtures, and educating the public.
Water is essential for human life. The document discusses factors that affect water demand such as population size, climate, cost of water, and quality of supply. It recommends a minimum per capita water requirement of 70-100 liters per day for urban communities. Storage tanks should be sized to hold half to one and a half days worth of demand. The document also provides recommendations for increasing water efficiency through reducing leaks, adopting low flow fixtures, and educating the public.
Water is essential for human life. The document discusses factors that affect water demand such as population size, climate, cost of water, and quality of supply. It recommends a minimum per capita water requirement of 70-100 liters per day for urban communities. Storage tanks should be sized to hold half to one and a half days worth of demand. The document also provides recommendations for increasing water efficiency through reducing leaks, adopting low flow fixtures, and educating the public.
Water is essential for human life. The document discusses factors that affect water demand such as population size, climate, cost of water, and quality of supply. It recommends a minimum per capita water requirement of 70-100 liters per day for urban communities. Storage tanks should be sized to hold half to one and a half days worth of demand. The document also provides recommendations for increasing water efficiency through reducing leaks, adopting low flow fixtures, and educating the public.
Water Supply & Waste Management Water Demand and Supply UNDERSTAND THE WATER DEMAND ⮚ Next to air, the other important requirement for human life to exist is water
⮚ In addition to the direct consumption, water plays an important role in the
manufacture of essential commodities, generation of electric power transportation, recreation, industrial activities etc.
USES OF WATER
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Water Requirements
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FACTOR AFFECTING THE WATER DEMAND • Size of the city Big city Small towns
Example: Delhi 244 l/c/d Vijayawada 135 l/c/d
• Climate condition
more in summer less in winter
• Cost of water
rate demand rate demand
• Distribution System
Pressure demand Pressure demand
high low
• Supply system
Good supply Bad Supply
demand demand • Industry
industry demand industry demand
• Quality of water
good demand bad demand
• Habit of people (Living style)
EWS demand MIG demand
Per Capita Demand The demand of water per person per day.
per capita demand : yearly water demand
population x 365
An average Indian town per capita consumption varies
from 150 to 300 liters. Water Requirement for Residential Buildings ✔A minimum of 70 to 100 litre per head per day may be considered adequate for domestic needs of urban communities, apart from non-domestic needs as flushing requirements.
✔As a general rule the following rates per capita per day may be considered for domestic and non-domestic needs: a) For communities with population up to 20 000: 1) Water supply through stand: 40 lphd (Min) post 2) Water supply through house service connection: 70 to 100 lphd
b) For communities with population 20 000 to 100 000 together with full flushing system: 100 to 135 lphd
b) For communities with population above 100 000 together with full flushing system: 150 to 200 lphd
✔Out of the 150 to 200 litre per head per day, 45 litre per head per day may be taken for flushing requirements and the remaining quantity for other domestic purposes.
NOTE . The value of water supply given as 150 to 200 litre per head per day may be reduced to 135 litre per head per day for houses for Medium Income Group (MIG) and Lower Income Groups (LIG) and Economically Weaker Section of Society (EWS), depending upon prevailing conditions and availability of water.
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Water Supply Requirements for Buildings ✔The total quantity of water per day is estimated based on the proposed occupancy and activities catered.
✔Population for each type of building shall be estimated on the basis of
information obtained from the users. Alternatively, population may be worked on the following basis, for different type of buildings:
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10 8/9/2020 Add a footer Storage of Water • The water may be stored in overhead tanks (OHT) and/or underground tanks (UGT) • In case of intermittent water supply, the following guidelines should be adopted for calculation of capacity: 1) When the supply is from main OHT, the capacity of individual OHT may be taken as half a day demand.
1) In case of all the other buildings (apartments, hotels, hospitals, and commercial), the capacity of UGT and OHT may be taken as one and a half days and half a day demand.
NOTE . Minimum requirements for calculation of capacity of these storage tanks are as follows: a) In case only OHT is provided, it may be taken as 33.33 to 50 percent of one days requirement;
b) In case only UGT is provided, it may be taken as 50 to 150 percent of one day.s requirement; and
c) In case combined storage is provided, it may be taken as 66.6 percent UGT and 33.33 percent OHT of one day.s requirement.
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WATER EFFICIENCY Water efficiency measure include: Reduction in losses, Reduction in overall water use, and Reuse and conservation measures.
Reducing water losses
✔Conducting water audits and monitoring water use, ✔Checking leakages in distribution lines, and ✔Installing a water meter to estimate the water consumption and check leakages. ✔Avoid over water of landscape. ✔Follow better landscaping practices and watering schedules. ✔Practice watering in the evening.
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Basic steps for reducing water consumption ⮚ Avoid water‐intensive appliances. Use water‐efficient domestic appliances e.g. washing machines and dishwashers.
a. Dual-flush toilets • A significant way to save water in buildings is to replace existing single-flush toilets with dual flush toilet. • The current standard dual-flush toilets use 6 liters on full and 3 liters on a half- flush’. • Although a 4.5/3 litres dual-flush toilet is now available in select models. Dual Flush Cistern b. Interruptible Flush Cistern • The flushing action can be interrupted at will and the discharge begins once the button is pressed and a second press interrupts it, so using just the amount of water necessary.
d. Waterless toilets or composting or ecosan toilets-
• Although not very common for commercial buildings, urine-separang toilets separate the waste at the source and reduce the nutrient load by composting. • They require little or no water for flushing reduces nutrient and strength of wastewater for treatment.
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2. Urinals a. Low water use urinals- • In some of the standard systems water is applied automatically through a continual drip- feeding system or by automated flushing at a set frequency, 24x7, regardless of whether or not the urinal has been used. • Water consumption varies with the system model at an average of 4 liters per flush. • While water-efficient urinals uses 2.8 liters per flush and in recent times. • Smart Flush systems using 0.8 liters per flush have also been launched.
b. Sensor operated – • urinals detect the presence of people through movement sensors or door switches (combined with an electronic delay to stop flushing for a set period after flushing) c. Waterless urinals- • There are various technologies available for waterless urinals. In oil barrier technology the urinals operate through the use of an oil wall between the urine and the atmosphere, preventing odors from escaping. • While in the other technology the barrier has been replaced by a seal with a collapsible silicone tube that closes after the fluid has passed through it, to prevent gases attempting to flow from the sanitary pipe work, into the room. • A third system uses biological blocks which include microbial spores and surfactants which can be placed into any urinal thus eliminang water use. 15 8/9/2020 Add a footer 3. Faucets/ Taps a. Aerators- • Modern taps often have aerators at the top to help save water and reduce splashes. • Without an aerator, water usually flows out of the tap in one big stream. • An aerator spreads the water flow into many small droplets. Conventional faucet aerators don’t compensate for changes in inlet pressure, so the greater the water pressure, the more water you use. • New technology compensates for pressure and provides the same flow regardless of pressure a. Presssmatic faucets • Taps with technology that allows only a fixed quantity (750 ml) of water to flow with every press of its knob. • This mechanism not only prevents water wastage during each use, but also provides ease of operation.
c. Sensor taps- • are automatic shut-off taps, such as push-button or lever operated taps that shut off automatically after a set time to reduce the potential for taps to be left running too long or not turned off. • These taps cut off water supply when the hands are removed from under the tap, or when the preset timing of 30 or 60 seconds is reached, whichever is earlier. 16 8/9/2020 Add a footer 4. Showers
a. Water efficient showerheads-
• Deliver water at 9 liters per second or less than that. • Further, showers can also be fitted with digital read-out meters that show the user the amount of water being consumed and the duration of the shower. • Air Showers have a built‐in air mixer that mixes air and water in a manner that makes shower drops lighter but voluminous. • This revolutionary technology helps air showers save up to 30% of water without compromising on the showering experience.
5. Washing Machines a. Front loading – • In general, front loading washing machines are much more water efficient than top-loading machines.
