Biology Investigatory Project: TOPIC: Study of Pollination in Sunflower and Legume

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BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
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TOPIC : Study of Pollination in Sunflower and Legume
NAME: R.kamala sri

CLASS : XII
SCHOOL: Vivekanandam vidyashram cbse senior
secondary school
Certificate
This is to certify that Kamala Sri of class XII has

successfully completed physics Investigatory
project on the topic:“ study of pollination in
sunflower and legume” with the guidance of
Mr.asokan sir (biology teacher) as prescribed by
the Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE) during the academic session 2022-2023
(Signature) Examinar
ACKNOWLEDEMENT
I would like to express my special gratitude to my

teacher Mr.Asokan sir as well as our principal
Mss.Mahalakshmi who gave me the golden
opportunity and supported me to do this wonderful
project on the topic study of pollination in
sunflower and legume.
This project also helped me in doing a lot of
Research and I came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.
I Would also like to thank my parents and my
friends for helping me in doing this project.
INDEX
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Materials required
 Sunflower
 Experimental Procedure
 Observation
 Pollination mechanism
 Sweet pea plant
 Experimental procedure
 Observation
 Pollination
 Conclusion
 References
ABSTRACT
To Study the pollination in sunflower and legume.
INTRODUCTION
Pollination is a process of pollen grains from

anther of a flower to the stigma either of the same
flower or another flower. It is an important event of
sexual reproduction. when pollen grains are
transferred from the process is called self
pollination or autogamy. Different types of flowers
have different adaptions to ensure either self
pollination or cross pollination.
Cross pollination becomes obligatory in case

of unisexual flowers. Hower,in bisexual flowers
various devices prevent self pollination and favours
cross pollination. The various devices that favour
cross pollination include dicliny, dichogamy, self
sterility, heterostly, herkogamy, anemophily,
hydrophily, entomophily, ornithophily,
chirapterophily and malaxophily.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
Sunflower
Sweet pea flower
Foreceps
Needles
Dissecting microscope
Slides
SUNFLOWER
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Take sunflower and cut it into two equal
halves by a longitudinal cut passing through the
centre. Observe its florets carefully with the help of
hand lens and under the microscope.
OBSERVATION
Sunflower is an inflorescence called capitulum or
head in which small, sessile flowers called florets
are born on a flattened receptacle in centripetal
manner . The inflorescence is surrounded by one or
mare whorls of bracts called involucre. In sunflower,
the central florets are bisexual and tubular called
disc florets while the peripheral florets are ligulate
called ray florets.
VERTICAL SECTION OF CAPITULUM

CAPITULUM OF SUNFLOWER
I) RAY FLORETS: These are present in the periphery

and have brightly coloured strap shaped petals.
Stamens are absent and ovaries are without
ovules. Ray florets act as organs of attraction for
insects.
II) DISC FLORETS: These are present in the central
region of the inflorescence. This corolla consists of
five fused petals forming a tube. Stamens are five
with fused anthers and free filaments. This
condition of stamens is called syngenesious. The
ovary consists of two fused carpels containing only
one ovule . The style is long with two stigmas. The
nectary lies at the base of the style.
POLLINATION MECHANISM
Sunflower is protandrous i.e the stamens ripen

before the stigmas. In the young disc florets, the anthers
split along their inner sides, so that the pollen grains are
shed into the tube formed by the joined anthers.
You might have observed pollen grains with the
help of the lens on the non receptive surface of the
stigma. In young disc florets, the short style below the
pollen tube and the receptive surfaces of the two stigmas
are pressed together so that pollen grains of the same
flower cannot reach them.
Later, in older disc florets, the style elongates,
pushing the pollen grain out of the anther tube. And the
stigmas open out to expose the stigmatic(receptive)
surface. By the time, the central young ones have
reached the stage where only the pollen grains are
released, the older disc florets(outer ones) have already
got their stigmas above the stamens and their stigmatic
surfaces are exposed.
The honey-bee, which generally causes pollination in

sunflower first settles in the centre of the
head(capitulum). It receives pollens all over its leg and
under surface as it walks outwards. You may observe
pollen grains on the legs and under surface of the bee
with the help of hand lens. When the bee reaches the
older flowers, the pollen grains (obtained from other
flower heads) from its body are spread on the exposed
stigmatic receptive surface and cross- pollination is
affected.
If cross pollination fails, the stigmas curl round to pick

up their own pollen grains and thus secure self-
pollination.
LET OF HONEY BEE
CONCLUSION
Sunflower has following adaptive features for
pollination:
ADAPTATIONS FOR CROSS POLLINATION BY INSECTS
★ Ray florets have coloured petals to attract insects
such as bees.
★Nectaries are present at the base of the ovary to
attract the pollinators.
★protandrous condition of the flower prevent self
pollination.
★The style elongates and the stigmatic surface is
exposed only in older flower to ensure cross pollination.
ADAPTATIONS FOR SELF POLLINATION
★If cross pollination fails, the stigmas curl round to
pick up their own pollen grains to ensure pollination.
SWEET PEA FLOWER
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Take a flower of sweet pea(lathyrus
odoratus)Cut a vertical section of the flower and study
the structure and arrangement of floral parts.
FLORAL PARTS OF SWEET PEA

OBSERVATION
Sweet pea flower has 5 fused sepals. Corolla consists
of 5 petals. The posterior petal is large called standard,
two lateral ones are called wings, two anterior one unit
to form a boat shaped structure called keel.
Within the keel are 10 stamens arranged in two
groups 9+1. Filaments of 9 stamen fused to form a
filament tube in which nectar is secreted from the
nectary.
Gynoecium is monocarpellary and consists of a long
style , bent upwards roughly at right angle and bears the
hairy stigma.
POLLINATION
Like sunflower, sweet pea also shows protandry I.e.
anthers mature before stigma. The mature anthers burst
when stigma is still immature. The insects like honey
bees crawl over them to suck nectar from staminal tube
and get pollen grains on their legs and abdomen in the
process. But it is not able to pollinate the immature
stigma. These pollen loaded bees when visit mature
stigma of other plant,bring about successful pollination
i.e., cross-pollination.
CONCLUTION
Coloured petals of flower attract the insect to
collect nectar from them and promote cross- pollination
which becomes essential due to protandry.
REFERENCES
o Biology manual book
o www.Google.com

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

TOPIC : Study of Pollination in Sunflower and Legume

NAME: R.kamala sri

This is to certify that Kamala Sri of class XII has

I would like to express my special gratitude to my

Pollination is a process of pollen grains from

Cross pollination becomes obligatory in case

VERTICAL SECTION OF CAPITULUM

I) RAY FLORETS: These are present in the periphery

Sunflower is protandrous i.e the stamens ripen

The honey-bee, which generally causes pollination in

If cross pollination fails, the stigmas curl round to pick

SWEET PEA FLOWER

FLORAL PARTS OF SWEET PEA

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