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Session 13

1. The document discusses concepts related to communication including basic elements, propagation methods, antenna types, transmission ranges, and frequencies. 2. It compares wired communication methods like wire-pairs and coaxial cables, and wireless methods like radio waves, microwaves, and optical fibers. 3. The mobile phone network uses different frequencies for transmitting and receiving signals between mobile phones and base stations, allowing two-way communication. Cells of varying sizes are used depending on geography and user volume.

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omare02006
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39 views36 pages

Session 13

1. The document discusses concepts related to communication including basic elements, propagation methods, antenna types, transmission ranges, and frequencies. 2. It compares wired communication methods like wire-pairs and coaxial cables, and wireless methods like radio waves, microwaves, and optical fibers. 3. The mobile phone network uses different frequencies for transmitting and receiving signals between mobile phones and base stations, allowing two-way communication. Cells of varying sizes are used depending on geography and user volume.

Uploaded by

omare02006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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4rd Session 1 (By/ Ahmed Mabrouk 01224755717)

G12 : (LO 4: communication I )


month

Title
Concept
s
Of LO. 4

• External recourse
Resource •
s https://youtu.be/1JZG9x_VOwA?si=52MxRwiGlr5nR
ss_ •
https://youtu.be/ZaXm6wau-jc?si=qT5fK_uYCS0elxY
c•
https://youtu.be/ror4P1UAv_g?si=YnSAXCAF7lxtuW
kV
1- Basic elements of communication
2- Ground, Sky, Space wave propagation
3- Antennas
Types of Antennas
4.COVERING RANGE OF T.V TRANSMITTING TOWER
5- Maximum usable frequency
6- Satellite communication
7- Mobile phones
8- Optical fibers
WIRE-PAIRS:
It is the cheapest but also
has some disadvantages !!!!!!?
Coaxial Cable:
Coaxial cable reduces the amount of cross-talk in
wire-pairs when transmission occurs at high
speed.

OPTICAL FIBER:
Wire-pairs: Coaxial Cable:
VS.
RADIO WAVES AND MICROWAVES
LINKS: Radio waves can be classified into
three types according to the way of
transmission fro the transmitter to the
receiver:

Radio
waves

Ground
(surface) Sky Space
RADIO WAVES AND MICROWAVES LINKS:
Communication waveband
Frequenc y range method and Distance travelled
Ground wave up to 3MHz LW and band
MW radio in the LF up to 1000 km
Sky wave 3-30 MHz SW radio in the HF band worldwide by reflection
space UHF
wave band
1-300 GHz
microwa ve microwave,satellite links
30-300+MHz t-M radio in and Wi-Fi in the
the VHF band, TV and super-high frequency (SHF) and
mobile phones in die extra
high- frequency (EHF) retransmitted by satellite
bands. line-of-sight

line-of-sight except when


THE MOBILE OR CELL PHONE
NETWORK
The mobile or cell phone network
The mobile phone uses different frequencies to
transmit a signal to the base station and to receive a
signal back from the base station.
This allows you to talk and listen at the same time
when using a mobile phone.
The number of frequencies is limited and this limits
the number of different calls one base station can
handle at any time. The size of each cell varies
according to the geography of the area, as buildings
and hills may block the signal, and according to the
expected number of users.
The mobile or cell phone network
When you first switch a mobile phone on, the
mobile phone sends an identifying signal and
continues to do so at regular intervals.
The cellular exchange selects the base station with
the strongest signal and allocates a pair of
frequencies for the mobile phone to transmit and
receive using that base station.
Each base station monitors the strength of signals
from within its cell and adjacent cells.
The mobile or cell phone network
When a mobile phone moves into another cell, the
cellular exchange recognizes that the base station in
the next cell is receiving a stronger signal and
switches the connection to the next cell. When a
mobile phone starts to make a call to another
mobile phone, the cellular exchange not only
allocates the pair of frequencies that are used but
also provides the link between the two base
stations involved.
Thus a connection is made from one mobile to its
base station to the cellular exchange to the other
base station and finally to the other mobile.
The mobile or cell phone network
A connection also links the cellular exchange and the
PSTN. When a mobile phone calls a telephone on a
fixed line, the cellular exchange just connects the call
directly to the PSTN.
Modern mobile phones use digital technology. The
analogue voltage produced by the microphone
passes through the stages shown in the next
figure.
The mobile or cell phone network
1. The audio amplifier amplifies the signal and
passes it to an analogue-to-digital converter. 2.
The analogue-to- digital converter samples the
signal at regular intervals and, for each sample,
produces an 8-bit binary number.
3. The parallel-to-series, or parallel-to-serial,
converter takes the 8 bits from one sample and
places them after the 8 bits from the previous
sample to produce a continuous series of binary
digits.
The mobile or cell phone network
4. An oscillator provides the carrier wave at a
frequency selected by the cellular exchange from
the available frequencies at the base station.
5. The digital signal modulates the carrier wave and
the final signal passes to the aerial through the
switch.
The mobile or cell phone network

Reception of the signal is the reverse


process, except that a tuning circuit selects
only the one frequency allocated by the
cellular exchange for that mobile phone.
The radio-frequency amplifier provides the
amplification before demodulation produces a series
of bits, which represent the signal in binary form.
The series-to-parallel converter and digital-to
analogue converter produce an analogue signal.
Amplification of the audio signal occurs and the final
signal passes to a loudspeaker to produce sound.

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