College of Engineering and Architecture

Civil Engineering Department

Brgy. Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City

ENM 331 – NUMERICAL METHODS AND ANALYSIS

MWF 5:30 PM - 7:30 PM

NUMERICAL METHODS AND ANALYSIS

CASE STUDIES

MICHAEL C. CALONGCONG
BSCE III

Engr / EnP. Irismay T. Jumawan, Ph.D

Instructor

January 15, 2024

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. CASE STUDY 1: LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATION (TRUSS)

II. CASE STUDY 2: CHANNEL FLOW

III. CASE STUDY 3: CHANNEL FLOW (TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION)

IV. CASE STUDY 4: PRESSURE DROP OF A SECTION OF PIPE

V. CASE STUDY 5: DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

VI. CASE STUDY 6: CURVE FITTING (POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION)

VII.CASE STUDY 7: CHANNEL FLOW (LEAST SQUARE FITTING)

 I. CASE STUDY 1: LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATION
Three contractors have a total money of 47 million pesos. Contractor 2 has half the amount of
money that of Contractor 1 and Contractor 3 has 3 million pesos more than that of Contractor 2.
How much money do these contractors each have?

SOLUTION: USING CRAMER’S RULE

Contractor 1(x): x Contractor 2(y): x/2 Contractor 3(z): x/2+ 3M

Equation 1: x+y+z=47M x+y+z=47M

Equation 2: y=0.5x 0.5x-y=0
Equation 3: z=0.5x + 3M 0.5x-z=-3M

Rearrange the equations into Matrix Form:

1 1 1 47M
0.5 -1 0 0
0.5 0 -1 -3M

Solve for the Determinant, and then the values of x1,x2 and x3:

1 1 1
D= 0.5 -1 0
0.5 0 -1

47M 1 1
0 -1 0
Dx1=
-3M 0 -1

1 47M 1
0.5 0 0
Dx2=
0.5 -3M -1
 1 1 47M
0.5 -1 0
Dx3=
0.5 0 -3M

ANSWERS:
x1/D=44,000,000/2=22,000,000 Pesos
x2/D=22,000,000/2=11,000,000 Pesos
x3/D=28,000,000/2=14,000,000 Pesos
 II. CASE STUDY 1: LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATION (TRUSS)

2000lb

A 30 60 TRUSS FREE BODY DIAGRAM

C
1000lb 3000lb

B D

Ha A E
H G F

Va Ve
MEMBER FORCES (lb) NATURE

4000 COMPRESSION
CD

GF 6061.971 TENSION

DG 3000 COMPRESSION
III. CASE STUDY 3: CHANNEL FLOW

Assignment 1: For the sample problem use any methods in solving the velocity

Continuity Equation: Q=UAc

Where: Ac=BH (cross sectional area of a rectangular channel) U== (1/n) R2/3S1/2 (manning
equation)

R= Ac/P (hydraulic radius) P=B+2H (wetted perimeter of a rectangle)

1 5 1 5
𝑆2 (𝐵𝐻)3 𝑆2 (𝐵𝐻)3
Substituting: 𝑄 = ( 𝑛 ) [ 2 ] 0 = (𝑛)[ 2 ]−𝑄
(𝐵+2𝐻)3 (𝐵+2𝐻)3

Substituting the given:

Q= 5 m3/s n= 0.03
B= 20 m S= 0.0002

1 5
0.00022 20(𝐻)3
𝑓(𝐻) = ( )[ 2] − 5
0.03
(20 + 2𝐻)3
5
(20𝐻)3
𝑓(𝐻) = (0.471405) [ 2] − 5
(20 + 2𝐻)3
2
′ (𝐻)
46.31122316𝐻3 (50 + 3𝐻)
𝑓 = 5
(20 + 2𝐻)3
Solve using Newton-Raphson Method:

2nd Iteration:
𝟏𝐬𝐭 𝐈𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
5
5
20(0.5)3 20(0.726114)3
𝑓(0.5) = (0.471405) [ 𝑓(0.726114) = (0.471405) [ 2] − 5
2] − 5
(20 + 2(0.5))3 (20 + 2(0.726114))3

𝒇(𝟎. 𝟓) = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟕 𝒇(𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟒) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟒

2
2
46.31122316(0.5)3 (50 + 3(0.5)) ′ (0.726114)
46.31122316(0.726114)3 (50 + 3(0.726114))
𝑓 ′ (0.5) = 𝑓 = 5
5
(20 + 2(0.726114))3
(20 + 2(0.5))3
𝒇′(𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟔𝟏𝟏𝟒) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟖𝟔𝟕
𝐟 ′ (𝟎. 𝟓) = 𝟗. 𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟓𝟕

i
Xo f(Xo) f'(Xo)

1 0.5 -2.12537 9.39957

2 0.726114 0.278014 11.7867

3 0.702527 0.002704 11.55674

4 0.702293 2.69E-07 11.55444

5 0.702293 0 11.55444

Q= UBH; H= 0.702293
5= U[20(0.702293)]
U= 0.356 m/s
IV. CHANNEL FLOW (TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION)
Using the same given, but in a trapezoidal section with side slopes of 45°.
Given:
Q= 5 m/s n= 0.03
B= 20 m S= 0.0002

Continuity Equation:
Q= UAc
where:
1 (2) 1
𝑈= 𝑅 3 𝑆2 𝑃 = 𝐵 + 2𝐻√2 > wetted perimeter of a
𝑛
trapezoid section
𝐴𝑐
R=
𝑃 𝐵1 = 20
𝐵1+𝐵2
𝐴𝑐 = [ ]𝐻 > cross-sectional B2= 20+2H
2

area of a trapezoid

Substituting to the Equation:

2
(𝐵1+𝐵2)
1 (𝐻) 3 1
(𝐵1+𝐵2)
𝑄= ( )[ 2 ] 𝑆 2[ (𝐻)]
𝑛 𝐵+2𝐻√2 2

Using the given:

2
(20+20−2𝐻)
1 (𝐻) 3 1
(20+20−2𝐻)
5= (0.03) [ 2
20+2𝐻√2
] (0.0002)2 [ 2
(𝐻)]

2
(20 − 𝐻)(𝐻) 3
f(H) = (0.471405) [ ] (20 − 𝐻) − 5
20 + 2𝐻√2
3
(31427 √50(𝐻−20)(7071𝐻 2 +70000𝐻−400000))
𝑓 ′ (𝐻) = 3 𝐻(𝐻−20)
800 √(− )(7071𝐻+50000)2
7071𝐻+50000
1st Iteration:
2
(20 − (0.5))(0.5) 3
f(0.5) = (0.471405) [ ] (20 − (0.5)) − 5
20 + 2(0.5)√2
f(0.5) = 0.440397555
3
(31427 √50((0.5)−20)(7071(0.5)2 +70000(0.5)−400000))
𝑓 ′ (0.5) = 3 (0.5)((0.5)−20)
800 √(− )(7071(0.5)+50000)2
7071(0.5)+50000

f’(0.5)= 6.30982491
2nd Iteration:
2
(20 − (0.4302))(0.4302) 3
f(0.4302) = (0.471405) [ ] (20 − (0.4302)) − 5
20 + 2(0.4302)√2
f(0.4302)= -0.018407993
3
(31427 √50((0.4302)−20)(7071(0.4302)2 +70000(0.4302)−400000))
𝑓 ′ (0.4302) = 3 (0.4302)((0.4302)−20)
800 √(− )(7071(0.4302)+50000)2
7071(0.4302)+50000

f’(0.4302)= 6.85273995

Using Newton-Raphson Method:

i
Xo f(Xo) f'(Xo)

1 0.5 0.440397555 6.30982491

2 0.430204473 -0.018407993 6.85273995

3 0.432890697 -3.05236E-05 8.83004077

4 0.432895166 -8.40839E-11 6.83000314

5 0.432895166 0 6.83000314

H= 0.4329
1
5
U= [20+20−2(0.4329) ]
(0.4329)
2

U= 0.5903 m/s
V. CASE STUDY 5:
Solution:

a. Insert the given parameter values into the first equation to obtain
0.2 × 1.23 × 1600
∆𝑝 = 𝑓 • = 39.36 𝑓
2 × 0.005
Determine Re by inserting the parameter values into the third given equation.
1.23 × 40 × 0.005
𝑅𝑒 = = 13743.02
1.79 × 10−5
Now rewrite the second equation as follows.
1 1.5×106 2.51
( ) = −2.0 log ( + )
√𝑓 3.7×0.005 13743.02•√𝑓

1 18.26382
( ) = −2.0 log ((8.10811 + ) • 10−5 )
√𝑓 √𝑓

1 18.26382
( ) − 23.02585 + 2.0 log (8.10811 + )=0
√𝑓 √𝑓

It remains to solve (2) for f. To simplify the problem, solve the equation for x=√f and then
determine f as f=(√f )2 = 𝑥 2 .
1 18.26382
𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) − 23.02585 + 2.0 log (8.10811 + )
𝑥 𝑥

1 1 18.26382
𝑓′(𝑥) = ( 2 ) + 2 • ( 18.26382 ) • (− )
𝑥 8.10811+ 𝑥2
𝑥

0.136
X0 = √f0 = √( ) = 0.170838
𝑅𝑒 0.25

Now Newton's method can be used to determine the root of f.

𝑓(𝑥0 ) −7.68222
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥0 − = 0.170838 − = 0.00067
𝑓′(𝑥0 ) −45.1451
0.102679 − 0.170838
𝜀𝑎 = = −253.649
0.102679
 Now, solve the substitution formula 𝑥 = √𝑓 for 𝑓

𝑓 ≈ 𝑥42 = 0.0823072 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟒

Substitute 𝑓 to the 1st Equation:

0.2 ⋅ 1.23 ⋅ 1600
𝛥𝑝 = 0.0067744 ⋅ = 39.36 ⋅ 0.0067744 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟐𝑷𝒂
2 ⋅ 0.005
𝜟𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟒𝟐𝑷𝒂

LET’S SOLVE FOR (b): Insert the given parameter values into the first equation to obtain:
(ε=0.045~mm)

0.2 ⋅ 1.23 ⋅ 1600

1𝑠𝑡 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝛥𝑝 = 𝑓 ⋅ = 39.36 ⋅ 𝑓
2 ⋅ 0.005
Determine 𝑅𝑒 by inserting the parameter values into the third given equation.
1.23 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 0.005
𝑅𝑒 = = 13743.02
1.79 ⋅ 10−5
Now, you can rewrite the second equation as follows:

1 4.5 ⋅ 10−5 2.51

= −2𝑙𝑜𝑔( + )
√𝑓 3.7 ⋅ 0.005 13743.02 ⋅ √𝑓
1 18.26382
⇔ = −2𝑙𝑜𝑔((243.243 + ) ⋅ 10−5 )
√𝑓 √𝑓

1 18.26382
⇔ = −23.02585 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔(243.243 + )=0
√𝑓 √𝑓
Use the same substitution formula as in (a) and determine the derivative of the modified function f(x) as follows. Note
that the initial guess remains the same.

1 18.26382
𝑓(𝑥) = − 23.02585 + 2𝑙𝑜𝑔(243.24324 + )
𝑥 𝑥
1 1 18.26382
𝑓′(𝑥) = − + 2 ⋅ ⋅ (− )
𝑥2 18.26382 𝑥2
243.24324 + 𝑥

0.316
𝑥0 = √𝑓𝑜 = √ = 0.170838
𝑅𝑒 0.25

Now, solve the substitution formula 𝑥 = √𝑓 for 𝑓

𝑓 ≈ 𝑥72 = 0.09219792 = 0.0085

Substitute 𝑓 to the 1st Equation:
0.2 ⋅ 1.23 ⋅ 1600
𝛥𝑝 = 0.0085 ⋅ = 39.36 ⋅ 0.0085 = 0.334578𝑃𝑎
2 ⋅ 0.005
𝚫𝐩 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟖𝐏𝐚
VI. CASE STUDY 6: DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
Solution:

First determine the derivative of y and insert the given parameter values into the equation to obtain:

Note that

where
Since , preform iterations of the bisection method to obtain the following
results.

Iteration xL f(xL) xU f(xU) xr f(xR)

1 0.00000 -0.00089 450.00000 0.00000 225.00000 0.00017
2 0.00000 -0.00089 225.00000 0.00017 112.50000 -0.00057
3 112.50000 -0.00057 225.00000 0.00017 168.75000 -0.00023
4 168.75000 -0.00023 225.00000 0.00017 196.87500 -0.00003
5 196.87500 -0.00003 225.00000 0.00017 210.93750 0.00007
6 196.87500 -0.00003 210.93750 0.00007 203.90625 0.00002
7 196.87500 -0.00003 203.90625 0.00002 200.39063 -0.00001
8 200.39063 -0.00001 203.90625 0.00002 202.14844 0.00001
9 200.39063 -0.00001 202.14844 0.00001 201.26953 0.00000
10 200.39063 -0.00001 201.26953 0.00000 200.83008 0.00000
11 200.83008 0.00000 201.26953 0.00000 201.04980 0.00000
12 201.04980 0.00000 201.26953 0.00000 201.15967 0.00000
13 201.15967 0.00000 201.26953 0.00000 201.21460 0.00000
14 201.21460 0.00000 201.26953 0.00000 201.24207 0.00000
15 201.24207 0.00000 201.26953 0.00000 201.25580 0.00000
16 201.24207 0.00000 201.25580 0.00000 201.24893 0.00000
17 201.24207 0.00000 201.24893 0.00000 201.24550 0.00000
18 201.24550 0.00000 201.24893 0.00000 201.24722 0.00000
19 201.24550 0.00000 201.24722 0.00000 201.24636 0.00000
20 201.24550 0.00000 201.24636 0.00000 201.24593 0.00000
21 201.24593 0.00000 201.24636 0.00000 201.24614 0.00000
22 201.24593 0.00000 201.24614 0.00000 201.24604 0.00000
23 201.24604 0.00000 201.24614 0.00000 201.24609 0.00000
24 201.24609 0.00000 201.24614 0.00000 201.24612 0.00000
25 201.24612 0.00000 201.24614 0.00000 201.24613 0.00000
26 201.24612 0.00000 201.24613 0.00000 201.24612 0.00000
27 201.24612 0.00000 201.24612 0.00000 201.24612 0.00000
28 201.24612 0.00000 201.24612 0.00000 201.24612 0.00000
29 201.24612 0.00000 201.24612 0.00000 201.24612 0.00000
Insert the approximation into the initial equation to obtain:
VII. CASE STUDY 7: CURVE FITTING (POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION)

a.) Fit a fourth degree polynomials of prob. 20.19

Solution:

4th degree polynomial:

a0 + a1x + a2x^2 + a3x^3 + a4x^4

LEAST-SQUARE REGRESSION (POLYNOMIAL)

DEPTH=X
STRESS=Y
Depth Stress x² x³ x⁴ x⁵ x⁶
(m) (kPa)
1.9 14.4 3.61 6.86 13.03 24.76 47.05
3.1 28.7 9.61 29.79 92.35 286.29 887.50
4.2 19.2 17.64 74.09 311.17 1,306.91 5,489.03
5.1 43.1 26.01 132.65 676.52 3,450.25 17,596.29
5.8 33.5 33.64 195.11 1,131.65 6,563.57 38,068.69
6.9 52.7 47.61 328.51 2,266.71 15,640.31 107,918.16
8.1 71.8 65.61 531.44 4,304.67 34,867.84 282,429.54
9.3 62.2 86.49 804.36 7,480.52 69,568.84 646,990.18
10 76.6 100 1,000.00 10,000.00 100,000.00 1,000,000.00
∑x=54.4 ∑y=402.2 ∑ x²=390.22 ∑x3=3,102.81 ∑x4=26,276.63 ∑x5=231,708.78 ∑x6=2,099,426.44
 N=9

x⁷ x⁸ xy x²y x³y x⁴y

89.39 169.84 27.36 51.98 98.77 187.66
2,751.26 8,528.91 88.97 275.81 855.00 2,650.51
23,053.93 96,826.52 80.64 338.69 1,422.49 5,974.46
89,741.07 457,679.45 219.81 1,121.03 5,717.26 29,158.02
220,798.42 1,280,630.82 194.30 1,126.94 6,536.25 37,910.26
744,635.33 5,137,983.74 363.63 2,509.05 17,312.42 119,455.73
2,287,679.25 18,530,201.89 581.58 4,710.80 38,157.46 309,075.46
6,017,008.71 55,958,180.97 578.46 5,379.68 50,031.01 465,288.35
10,000,000.00 100,000,000.00 766.00 7,660.00 76,600.00 766,000.00
∑x =19,385,757.34 ∑x =181,470,202.13 ∑xy=2,900.75 ∑x y=23,173.97 ∑x y=196,730.66 ∑x y=1,735,700.44
7 8 2 3 4
 • Using Gaussian Elimination with pivoting to determine the value of a, a1, a2, a3 and
a4.

9 54.4 390.22 3,102.81 26,276.63 a₀ 402.2

54.4 390.22 3,102.81 26,276.63 231,708.78 a₁ 2,900.75
390.22 3,102.81 26,276.63 231,708.78 2,099,426.44 a₂ 23,173.97
3,102.81 26,276.63 231,708.78 2,099,426.44 19,385,757.34 a₃ 196,730.66
26,276.63 231,708.78 2,099,426.44 19,385,757.34 181,470,202.13 a₄ 1,735,700.44

m 9 54.4 390.22 3,102.81 26,276.63 a₀ 402.2

6.044444444 0 61.40222222 744.14 7,521.88 72,881.16 a₁ 469.67
43.35777778 0 744.14 9,357.56 97,177.92 960,130.26 a₂ 5,735.47
344.7564444 0 7,521.88 97,177.92 1,029,713.39 10,326,720.57 a₃ 58,069.62
2919.625311 0 72,881.16 960,130.26 10,326,720.57 104,752,294.51 a₄ 561,427.14

m 9 54.4 390.22 3,102.81 26,276.63 a₀ 402.2

0 61.40222222 744.14 7,521.88 72,881.16 a₁ 469.67
12.11918497 0 0 339.13 6,018.90 76,869.97 a₂ 43.40
122.50171 0 0 6,018.90 108,270.57 1,398,653.53 a₃ 533.70
1186.946659 0 0 76,869.97 1,398,653.53 18,246,242.17 a₄ 3,948.62

m 9 54.4 390.22 3,102.81 26,276.63 a₀ 402.2

0 61.40222222 744.14 7,521.88 72,881.16 a₁ 469.67
0 0 339.13 6,018.90 76,869.97 a₂ 43.40
17.74825503 0 0 0 1,445.63 34,345.77 a₃ -236.63
226.6706793 0 0 0 34,345.77 822,074.72 a₄ -5,889.63

m 9 54.4 390.22 3,102.81 26,276.63 a₀ 402.2

0 61.40222222 744.14 7,521.88 72,881.16 a₁ 469.67
0 0 339.13 6,018.90 76,869.97 a₂ 43.40
0 0 0 1,445.63 34,345.77 a₃ -236.63
23.75839606 0 0 0 0 6,074.31 a₄ -267.61
BACK SUBSTITUTION:

6074.31 a₄ = -267.61
a₄ = -0.04406
1,445.63 a₃ + 34,345.77 a₄ = - 236.63
a₃ = 0.88302
339.13 a₂ + 6,018.90 a₃ + 76,869.97 a₄ = 43.40 a₂ = -5.55779
61.4022 a₁ + 744.14 a₂ + 7,521.88 a₃ + 72,881.16 a₄ = 469.67 a₁ = 19.12614
9 a₀ + 54.4 a₁ + 390.22 a₂ + 3,102.81 a₃ + 26,276.63 a₄ = 402.2 a₀ = -5.74328

y= -5.74328 + 19.12614x - 5.55779x2 + 0.88302x3 - 0.04406x4

When x= 4.5 m
y= -5.74328 + 19.12614(4.5) - 5.55779(4.5)2 + 0.88302(4.5)3 - 0.04406(4.5)4
y= 41.43193 kPa (Shear at the depth of 4.5 m)
VIII. CASE STUDY 8: CHANNEL FLOW (LEAST SQUARE FITTING)

Solution:
a.

X Y Distance (m) x Lane Width (m)

DISTANCE LANE WIDTH
(m) (m) 3.5
2.4 2.9
1.5 2.1 3

2.4 2.3
2.5
1.8 2.1
1.8 1.8 2
2.9 2.7
1.5
1.2 1.5
3 2.9 1
1.2 1.5
0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
 b. LEAST-SQUARE REGRESSION (LINEAR)

X Y
DISTANCE (M) Lane Width (m) xy x²
2.4 2.9 6.96 5.76
1.5 2.1 3.15 2.25
2.4 2.3 5.52 5.76
1.8 2.1 3.78 3.24
1.8 1.8 3.24 3.24
2.9 2.7 7.83 8.41
1.2 1.5 1.8 1.44
3 2.9 8.7 9
1.2 1.5 1.8 1.44
∑X= 18.2 ∑y= 19.8 ∑xy= 42.78 ∑x = 40.54
2

N= 9

x̄ = 18.2/9=2.02222 y= 0.71672 + 0.73349x

ȳ = 19.8/9=2.2

Distance (x) 2.4 1.5 2.4 1.8 1.8 2.9 1.2 3 1.2
Lane Width (y) 2.477 1.817 2.477 2.037 2.037 2.844 1.597 2.917 1.597

A1= 𝑛 Σ 𝑥𝑦 − Σ 𝑥 Σ 𝑦
𝑛 Σ 𝑥2 − (Σ 𝑥)2

𝟗(𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟖) − (𝟏𝟖. 𝟐)(𝟏𝟗. 𝟖)

𝒂𝟏 =
𝟗(𝟒𝟎. 𝟓𝟒) − (𝟏𝟖. 𝟐)𝟐

a1= 0.73349

A0 = Σ 𝑦 (Σ 𝑥2) − Σ 𝑥(Σ 𝑥𝑦)

𝑛 Σ 𝑥2 − (Σ 𝑥)2

𝟒𝟎.𝟓𝟒(𝟏𝟗.𝟖)−(𝟏𝟖.𝟐)(𝟒𝟐.𝟕𝟖)
a0= 𝟗(𝟒𝟎.𝟓𝟒)−(𝟏𝟖.𝟐)𝟐

a0= 0.71672
 Distance (m) x Lane Width (m)
y= a0 + a1x 3.5
y= 0.71672 + 0.73349x
3

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

c. When x= 2m

y= 0.71672 + 0.73349x = 0.71672 + 0.73349(2)

= 2.19370 m (corresponding minimum lane width)