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9 Angle Modulation 2

This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) in communication systems. It covers the following key points: 1. The spectrum of an FM signal contains a carrier signal and an infinite number of sidebands located symmetrically around the carrier frequency at multiples of the modulation frequency. 2. For small modulation indices, the FM signal can be approximated as narrowband FM containing just the carrier and first sideband pair. 3. The bandwidth of an FM signal is theoretically infinite but is effectively limited by the number of significant sideband amplitudes, as determined by Bessel functions of the modulation index. Empirical formulas like Carson's rule can estimate the transmission bandwidth. 4.

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17 views20 pages

9 Angle Modulation 2

This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) in communication systems. It covers the following key points: 1. The spectrum of an FM signal contains a carrier signal and an infinite number of sidebands located symmetrically around the carrier frequency at multiples of the modulation frequency. 2. For small modulation indices, the FM signal can be approximated as narrowband FM containing just the carrier and first sideband pair. 3. The bandwidth of an FM signal is theoretically infinite but is effectively limited by the number of significant sideband amplitudes, as determined by Bessel functions of the modulation index. Empirical formulas like Carson's rule can estimate the transmission bandwidth. 4.

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EEE 309

Communication Systems I

Angle Modulation (FM and PM)


Contin…

Dr. Md. Shah Alam


Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET
Frequency Modulation (FM) (Haykin 4.3)
Consider a case of single-tone modulation:

is called the frequency deviation representing the maximum departure


of the instantaneous frequency of the FM signal from the carrier frequency.
Δ𝑓 is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal and is independent of
modulating frequency.

θi(t) of FM wave is

β = Modulation Index

FM signal:

In a physical sense,  represents the phase deviation of the FM signal; that is, maximum
departure from angle of the unmodulated carrier. It is measured in radians.
1. NBFM (β is small compared to one radian):

For small β:

This expression is somewhat similar to the corresponding one defining an AM wave


Narrow-band FM

AM signal:

BW of NBFM signal: 2fm


Amplitude of NBFM: Not constant
2. WBFM (β is large compared to one radian):

Complex Envelope of s(t):

unlike the original FM wave the complex envelope is a periodic function of time
with a fundamental frequency equal to the modulation frequency fm.
Thus,

This equation is the desired form for the Fourier series expansion of the single-
tone FM signal for an arbitrary value of modulation index . Though the modulating
signal is a sinusoidal of frequency fm, the angle modulated FM signal contains all
frequencies of the form fc+nfm, for n=0, 1, 2, 3, etc.

The discrete spectrum is obtained by taking the Fourier transforms of both


sides of s(t)

S(f) consists of an infinite number of delta functions spaced at f = fc ± nfm

This means the FM signal has an infinite number of sidebands centered at


f = fc ± nfm , leading to theoretically infinite bandwidth. The number of
significant sidebands (coefficients) in the Fourier series expansion
determines the effective FM bandwidth.
Bessel’s function Jn(β)
1. Jn(β) = (-1)n J-n(β) for all n

3.
FM signal
Observations
1. The spectrum of an FM wave contains a carrier component and an infinite set of
side frequencies located symmetrically on either side of the carrier at frequency
separations of fm,  2fm,  3fm, …..The sideband amplitudes (Bessel’s
coefficients) become vanishingly small as n becomes very large. When
unmodulated carrier amplitude Ac is normalized to 1, then for FM signal J0() is
the modulated carrier amplitude and the Bessel’s coefficients for different values
of n are the sideband amplitudes located at fcfm, fc2fm, fc3fm, …. fcnfm.

2. For the special case of small β compared with unity, only the Bessel coefficients
J0(β) and J1(β) have significant values, so that the FM wave is effectively
composed of a carrier and a single pair of side-frequencies at fc±fm. This FM
signal is essentially the NBFM signal.

1. The amplitude of the carrier component varies with β according to J0(β). This
implies that the envelope of an FM wave is constant for a particular β, so that the
average power of FM signal is constant.

Alternatively: Power of FM signal


Spectrum of FM Signals: Example 4.3 Hakin

Case I: fm fixed, Am varies

 Amplitudes are normalized to the carrier


amplitude
 Only positive frequency part is shown)

13
Spectrum of FM Signals: Example 4.3 Haykin

Case II: fm varies, Am fixed

 Amplitudes are normalized to the carrier


amplitude
 Only positive frequency part is shown)

when f is fixed and  is increased, we have an increasing number of spectral lines


crowding into the fixed frequency interval fc- f <f<fc+ f.
14
Transmission BW of FM Signals

 Theoretically, BW of FM wave is infinite


 BW of FM signals is effectively limited to a finite number of significant side frequencies
For narrowband, the FM bandwidth is approximately 2B Hz, where modulating
signal (general message) bandwidth is B Hz, which is fm for tone.

For a truly wideband case, where f >> B, BFM  2f

This indicates that a better bandwidth estimate is

This is Carson’s Empirical Formula. This can be expressed in terms of the deviation
ratio called the modulation index .

Carson's rule can be expressed in terms of the deviation ratio as

The deviation ratio controls the amount of modulation and, consequently, plays a
role similar to the modulation index in AM. Indeed, for the special case of tone-
modulated FM, the deviation ratio is called the modulation index. 15
Method 2: 1% method
BW of an FM wave is the separation between the two frequencies beyond which none of
the side frequencies is greater than 1% of AC

nmax is the largest value of the integer n that satisfies


BT = 2nmaxfm the requirement: |Jn(β)| > 0.01
16
Transmission BW of PM Signals

 k p Am' 
BPM  2f  f m   2  fm 
 2 
 

17
18
Lathi p. 217 -220

Example 5.3

Example 5.4

Example 5.5

19
Generation and Demodulation of FM Signals

Modulators/Generators:
 Varactor diode modulator
 Reactance Modulator

Detectors/Demodulators:
 Foster-Seeley detector
 Slope detector

Self-Study
20

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