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10 FM Generation Detection

This document summarizes key concepts about frequency modulation (FM) generation and detection covered in an electronics communication systems course. It discusses two methods of FM generation - indirect and direct FM. Indirect FM uses a phase modulator followed by frequency multipliers, while direct FM varies the instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave directly using a voltage-controlled oscillator. Two main classes of FM detection are also summarized - direct detection where the output is proportional to instantaneous frequency, and indirect detection using phase-locked loops. Demodulation concepts like the Foster-Seeley detector and the superheterodyne receiver architecture are briefly outlined.

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92 views10 pages

10 FM Generation Detection

This document summarizes key concepts about frequency modulation (FM) generation and detection covered in an electronics communication systems course. It discusses two methods of FM generation - indirect and direct FM. Indirect FM uses a phase modulator followed by frequency multipliers, while direct FM varies the instantaneous frequency of the carrier wave directly using a voltage-controlled oscillator. Two main classes of FM detection are also summarized - direct detection where the output is proportional to instantaneous frequency, and indirect detection using phase-locked loops. Demodulation concepts like the Foster-Seeley detector and the superheterodyne receiver architecture are briefly outlined.

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EEE 309

Communication Systems I

FM Generation and Detection


(Angle Modulation Cont…)

Dr. Md. Shah Alam


Professor, Dept. of EEE, BUET
Generation of FM signals
The instantaneous frequency of an FM wave varies linearly with the message signal. For the design of a
frequency modulator, we therefore need a device that produces an output signal whose instantaneous
frequency is sensitive to variations in the amplitude of an input signal in a linear manner.
Two basic methods of FM generation: Indirect FM, Direct FM

Indirect Method: • The modulating signal is first used to produce a narrow band FM signal, which has a very
small frequency deviation and a small carrier frequency.
• Then frequency multipliers and a frequency converter are used to raise the carrier frequency
and the frequency deviation to the desired level.
• In this indirect method, the carrier-frequency stability problem is alleviated by using a highly stable oscillator
(e.g., crystal oscillator) in the narrowband FM generation; this modulation scheme is called the Armstrong
wide-band frequency modulator, in recognition of its inventor.
• In order to minimize the distortion inherent in the phase modulator, the maximum phase deviation or
modulation index is purposely kept small, thereby resulting in a narrow-band FM wave. The narrow-band FM
wave is next multiplied in frequency by means of a frequency multiplier so as to produce the desired wide-
band FM wave.
after bandpass filtering of the nonlinear device’s output, we have a new FM wave defined by

Thus, the nonlinear subsystem of Fig. 4.11, acts as a frequency multiplier with f c/  nf c and k /f  nk f
The frequency multiplication ratio n is determined by the highest power n in the input–output relation
of the memoryless nonlinear device.
Figure 5. 1 0: Block diagram of the Armstrong indirect FM transmitter.

Please read Lathi p. 225-226


Direct FM generation
The instantaneous frequency of carrier wave is varied directly in accordance with the message
signal by means of VCO

Please read
Lathi p. 227-228

[in Lab, Varactor modulator as FM generator and Foster Seeley Detector as FM demodulator]
Demodulation of FM signals (Lathi 5.4)
The information in an FM signal resides in the instantaneous frequency Hence, a
frequency-selective network with a transfer function of the form over the FM band would
yield an output proportional to the instantaneous frequency. The simplest among the possible circuits is an
ideal differentiator with the transfer function H(f) = j2f.
A subclass of demodulators first converts the FM wave to one whose amplitude is proportional to the
instantaneous frequency, thereby yielding a signal that is both amplitude modulated and angle modulated
(i.e. FM). The resulting signal is then applied to an envelope detector

Both the amplitude and the frequency of the signal at the differentiator output are modulated. The envelope
detector output will be
As the frequency deviation , there is no risk of
envelope distortion. Next, the envelope detector output is passed through the DC blocking circuit to yield a
replica of the message signal, Ak f m(t )  am(t ) . Here, the amplitude A of the incoming FM carrier must
be constant. Several factors, such as channel noise and fading, cause A to vary. This variation in A should
be suppressed via the bandpass limiter.
Frequency response of the differentiator.
Differentiator output

Demodulation of FM signals
Two main classes of FM detection:

– (1) Direct: output signal amplitude is proportional to instantaneous


frequency of FM wave,
Ex. Slope detector, Zero-crossing detectors, Foster-Seeley Detector

– (2) Indirect: use of feedback to track the variations in the instantaneous


frequency of FM wave,
Ex. Phase-locked loop (PLL)

Self study

Superheterodyne Receiver
Haykin 4.6, Lathi 5.6

The radio receiver used in broadcast AM and FM systems, is called the superheterodyne
receiver (Fig. 5.17). It consists of an RF (radio-frequency) section, a frequency converter, an
intermediate-frequency (IF) amplifier, an envelope detector, and an audio amplifier.

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