ADMAS UN NIVERSITY

ADMAS UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCING

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT OF RESEARCH METHOD IN

ACCOUNTING AND FINANCING

NAME:- Rahmet seid

ID NUMBER:- ADMA 0827/22

SECTION:- A1

SUBMITTED TO:- INST, AHMED JIBRIL

SUBMITTED DATE:- 06/05/2016 E,C

Page

1. Introduction-.........

2. Definition of APA Referencing.

3. Definition of Harvard Referencing...............

4. Comparison between APA and harvard referencing style- ......

5. The formatted in both APA style and Harvard style in comparative- ....and example each type of
style ............. -

6. Summary-

7. Reference
1. Introduction

In this assignment we will see briefly the American Psychological Association (APA) and Harvard
referencing style are both widely used citation styles that are commonly employed in academic writing
and research papers. While both styles serve the purpose of acknowledging sources and providing the
necessary information for readers to locate the original source, there are several key differences in their
formatting, in-text citation and reference list styles, usage, and overall structure.

1
2. Definition of APA Referencing.

APA referencing was introduced in 1929 by the American Psychological Association. This style is mainly
used for education, social and behavioral science. The references should be made in the body of the text
in the subject material (in text) and in a separate list in alphabetical order at the end of the text. APA
reference guide provides detailed information as to the way of citing from a number of sources such as
journals, books, conference proceedings and websites,

APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as
scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral
and social sciences, including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, and anthropology, as well as
psychology. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), which is
titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed
to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and
for "word choice that best reduces bias in language." ΑΡΑ style is widely used, either entirely or with
modifications, by hundreds of other scientific lournals, in many textbooks, and in academia (for papers
written in classes). The current edition is its seventh revision.

APA style is used by researchers and professionals who work in the social sciences and some sciences to
format papers, cite sources in-text, and list references at the end of their papers. Rasmussen requires all
students and staff to use APA style in their research papers because professionals in the programs we
offer use it when publishing.

3. Definition of Harvard Referencing.

An ambiguity exists regarding the formation of the Harvard referencing system; certain sources state
that it is said to be developed by a zoologist named Edward Lawrens Mark. Despite its origination, the
style was first widely used by the Harvard University, which explains how the style got its name. Similar
to APA, Harvard referencing also requires in text citation and a reference list. Harvard referencing
system is widely used for citation of the source materials in scientific writing. Every referencing system is
different from the other in some way.

The Harvard referencing system is a brief citation to a source and is given in parentheses within the text
of an article, and full citations collected in alphabetical order under "List of References," heading at the
end. This style is also known as the "author-date" style.
However when we're writing articles for publication we have to consult the "Instructions to authors" for
the specific journal in which we want to publish.

Your reference list should identify all references cited (eg books, journal articles, pamphlets, internet
sites, CD Rom, DVD, etc) in sufficient detail so that others can locate and consult your references. It is
very important that you use the right punctuation and that the order of details in the reference is also
correct.

APA stands for the American Psychological Association. It is a professional organization that represents
psychologists in the United States. In addition to its role in supporting and promoting the field of
psychology, the APA is also known for developing the APA style, a widely used citation and referencing
format in academic writing. The APA style provides guidelines for formatting papers, citing sources, and
creating reference lists, and it is commonly used in the social sciences, education, and other fields.

The APA style is designed to ensure clarity and consistency in academic writing, making it easier for
readers to understand and locate the sources cited in a paper. It includes specific rules for formatting
papers, citing sources within the text, and creating reference lists at the end of the paper.

The APA style is regularly updated to reflect changes in academic publishing practices and technology. It
provides guidance on various aspects of writing, such as how to present statistical information, use of
headings and subheadings, and proper use of language and terminology.

Overall, the APA style serves as a standard for academic and scientific writing in many disciplines,
particularly in the social sciences and related fields.

4. Comparison between Harvard and APA referencing style

First, considering in-text citations, APA style typically includes the author's last name and the
publication year enclosed in parentheses (Smith, 2019), whereas Harvard style uses the author's last
name and the publication year without parentheses, and may also include the page number if applicable
(Smith 2019, p.35). Additionally, in Harvard referencing, if the author's name is mentioned in the text,
only the publication year is included in parentheses.

Second, regarding the structure of the reference list, APA style calls for the author's last name, first
initial, publication year, title of the work, and publication information to be provided in a specific order.
In contrast, Harvard style uses a slightly different order for the reference list, typically listing the author's
last name, first initial, publication year, title of the work, and publication information.

Furthermore, the usage of these styles also differs. APA style is commonly used

in the social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and education, and is well- suited for scholarly
articles, books, and other academic publications in these fields. On the other hand, Harvard style is
commonly used in the natural and physical sciences, including disciplines such as biology, chemistry, and
physics. However, it is worth noting that the Harvard style is also widely used in other disciplines,
particularly in the United Kingdom and Australia.
Moreover, the formatting of title pages, headings, and subheadings also vary

between APA and Harvard style. For instance, APA style requires a title page with

specific formatting and guidelines for headings and subheadings within the

document. Harvard style, on the other hand, has less rigid formatting

requirements for the title page and headings.

5. The formatted in both APA style and Harvard style in comparative

Book citation:- APA Style: Smith, J. (2019). The Art of Writing. New York, NY:

Publisher.Harvard Style: Smith, J 2019, The Art of Writing, Publisher, New York,

NY.

Journal article citation:- APA Style: Jones, A., & Brown, B. (2018). The Effects of

Exercise on Mental Health. Journal of Psychology, 42(3), 265-278. Harvard Style:

Jones, A & Brown, B 2018, The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health', Journal of Psychology, vol. 42, no.
3, pp. 265-278.

Website citation:- APA Style: National Institute of Health. (2020). Mental Health

and Exercise. Retrieved from https://www.nih.gov/mental-health-exercise.

Harvard Style: National Institute of Health 2020, Mental Health and Exercise,

viewed 15 April 2020, <https://www.nih.gov/mental-health-exercise>

Example

### APA Style:

Book:

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). *Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.* Publisher.
Example:

Smith, J. A. (2005). *The Art of Writing.* ABC Publishing.

Journal Article:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. *Title of Journal, volume
number*(issue number), page range.

Example:

Johnson, M. L., Brown, S. K., & Davis, R. L. (2012). The impact of technology on education. *Journal of
Educational Technology, 45*(2), 112-125.

### Harvard Style:

Book:

Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) *Title of book.* Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Smith, J. A. (2005) *The Art of Writing.* New York: ABC Publishing.

Journal Article:

Author(s) Last name, Initial(s). (Year) 'Title of article.' *Title of Journal*, Volume number(Issue number),
Page range.

Example:

Johnson, M. L., Brown, S. K., & Davis, R. L. (2012) 'The impact of technology on education.' *Journal of
Educational Technology*, 45(2), 112-125.

6. Summary

APA and Harvard styles are widely recognized and respected in academia, they have distinct differences
in their formatting, in-text citation styles, reference list structure, usage, and overall application.
Understanding these differences and knowing when to use each style is essential for researchers and
academic writers to effectively communicate and convey their ideas while giving proper credit to the
sources they draw upon.

7. Reference
APA: Difference Between APA and Harvard Referencing (2017, June 10). Retrieved (date), from
http://www.difference between.com/difference between APA-and-vs-harvard-referencing/,Google