Taiz University

IT and SE Departments

Computer Networks II

1
Dr. Raad Al Selwi
Taiz 2022
 Outlines
▪ Overview of Computer Network
▪ Introduction to WAN
▪ Leased lines, T-Carrier lines, xDSL
▪ WAN technologies:
ISDN network
X.25 network
Frame Relay network
ATM network
▪ Cable TV modem network
▪ Quality of Service
▪ Congestion Control
Dr. Raad Al Selwi
2 Taiz 2022
 References
▪ Data communications and computer networks: for computer
scientists and engineers/ Michael Duck and Richard Read.––
2nd ed. Pearson Education Limited. 2003.
▪ Data and Computer Communications. William Stallings. Eighth
Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2007.
▪ Data Communications and Networking. Fifth Edition. Behrouz
A. Forouzan. McGraw-Hill. 2013.
▪ John Rullan, “WAN Technologies CCNA 4 Labs and Study Guide
(Cisco Networking Academy)”, Cisco Press, Aug 30, 2006.
▪ Walter Goralski - Frame Relay for High Speed Networks-J.
Wiley & Sons (1999).

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Dr. Raad Al Selwi
Taiz 2022
 Computer Networks

Introduction to WAN

Dr. Raad Al Selwi Lecture 1

Taiz 2022
4
 Outlines
▪ WAN definition
▪ Need for WANs
▪ WAN basics
▪ Toll Network
▪ Types of WAN circuits
▪ WAN Link Options
▪ Selecting a WAN connection
▪ WAN devices
▪ WAN and OSI Reference Model
▪ HDLC protocol
▪ PPP protocol
▪ Last Mile and Long Range WAN technologies
▪ WAN properties
▪ Older and emerging WAN technologies
Dr. Raad Al Selwi Lecture 1
5 Taiz 2022
 Overview of Computer network
❑ Introduction to Data communication and networking
❑ Networks
❑ Internet
❑ Network reference models
❑ Transmission Media
❑ Network topology
❑ Network components
❑ Data Encoding
❑ LAN technologies
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 WAN Definition
❑ A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic
area and that often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as
telephone companies.
❑ WAN technologies generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference
model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the network layer.

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 Need for WANs

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 Introduction to WAN

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 Basic Terms
Time Division Multiplexing - TDM

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 Basic Terms

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 Basic Terms

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 Toll Network

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 WAN Virtual Circuits

• A logical circuit ensuring reliable communication between two

devices
• Switched virtual circuits (SVCs)
– Dynamically established on demand
– Torn down when transmission is complete
– Used when data transmission is sporadic
• Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs)
– Permanently established
– Save bandwidth for cases where certain virtual circuits must exist all the
time
• Used in Frame Relay, X.25, and ATM
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 Types of WAN circuits

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 WAN Link Options

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 WAN Link Options

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 WAN Link Options Circuit Switching

Modem Modem
WAN

• Dedicated physical circuit established, maintained, and

terminated through a carrier network for each communication
session
• Datagram and data stream transmissions
• Operates like a normal telephone call
• Example: ISDN

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 WAN Link Options

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 WAN Link Options Packet switching

Multiplexing
Demultiplexing

Modem Modem
WAN

✓ Network devices share a point-to-point link to transport packets from

a source to a destination across a carrier network
✓ Statistical multiplexing is used to enable devices to share these circuits
✓ Examples: ATM, Frame Relay, SMDS, X.25

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 WAN Link Options

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 WAN Link Options

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 WAN devices

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 WAN devices
❑ WANs use numerous types of devices that are
specific to WAN environments. WAN switches,
access servers, modems, CSU/DSUs, and ISDN
terminal adapters are discussed in the
following slides.
❑ Other devices found in WAN environments
that are used in WAN implementations
include routers, ATM switches, and
multiplexers.
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 WAN Switch
▪ A WAN switch is a multiport internetworking device used in carrier
networks.

▪ These devices typically switch such traffic as Frame Relay, X.25, and SMDS,
and operate at the data link layer of the OSI reference model.

▪ These WAN switches can share bandwidth among allocated service

priorities, recover from outages, and provide network design and
management systems.

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 Access Server
❑ An access server acts as a concentration point for dial-in and dial-
out connections.

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 Modem
➢ A modem is a device that interprets digital and analog signals, enabling data
to be transmitted over voice-grade telephone lines.

➢ At the source, digital signals are converted to a form suitable for transmission
over analog communication facilities.

➢ At the destination, these analog signals are returned to their digital form.

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 CSU/DSU
✓ A channel service unit/digital service unit (CSU/DSU) is a digital-interface
device used to connect a router to a digital circuit like a T1.

✓ The CSU/DSU also provides signal timing for communication between these
devices.

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 ISDN Terminal Adapter
o An ISDN terminal adapter is a device used to connect ISDN Basic Rate
Interface (BRI) connections to other interfaces, such as EIA/TIA-232 on a
router.

o A terminal adapter is essentially an ISDN modem, although it is called a

terminal adapter because it does not actually convert analog to digital signals.

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 WAN and OSI reference model

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 WAN physical layer
The WAN physical layer
describes the interface
between the data terminal
equipment (DTE) and the data
circuit-terminating equipment
(DCE).
Typically, the DCE is the service
provider, and the DTE is the
attached device (the
customer’s device).
In this model, the services
offered to the DTE are made
available through a modem or
channel service unit/data
service unit (CSU/DSU).

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 WAN physical layer

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 WAN physical layer

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 WAN physical layer

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 WAN data link protocol (Encapsulation)

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 WAN protocols

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 WAN protocols
The OSI model provides a conceptual framework for communication between
computers, but the model itself is not a method of communication. Actual
communication is made possible by using communication protocols. A protocol
implements the functions of one or more of the OSI layers. A wide variety of
communication protocols exist, but all tend to fall into one of the following groups:
LAN protocols: operate at the physical and data link layers and define
communication over the various LAN media
WAN protocols: operate at the lowest three layers and define communication
over the various wide-area media.
Network protocols: are the various upper-layer protocols in a given protocol
suite.
Routing protocols: network-layer protocols responsible for path determination
and traffic switching.
This slide shows a number of WAN protocols.

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 WAN protocols
SDLC IBM’s SNA data link layer communications protocol
HDLC Bit-oriented synchronous data link layer protocol
LAPB Data link layer protocol in the X.25 protocol stack
PPP Provides router-to-router and host-to-network
connections over sync and async circuits
X.25 Defines connections for remote terminal access and
computer communications in PDNs
ISDN Permits telephone networks to carry data, voice, and
other source traffic
Frame Relay Switched data link layer protocol that handles multiple
virtual circuits using HDLC; replacing X.25 due to higher
efficiency

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 HDLC frame format

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 An overview of PPP protocol

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 Layering PPP elements

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 PPP LCP configuration options

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 Last Mile and Long Range WAN technologies

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 Last Mile and Long Range WAN technologies

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 WAN properties Older WAN technologies

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 Older WAN technologies
POTS, PSTN

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 Emerging WAN technologies

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