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    Chapter 14

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    ahmad khan
    This document discusses highway surveys and location. It describes how cross sections are taken at regular intervals along a grade line to determine the amount of earthwork required. The volume of earthwork is computed from the cross-sectional areas and distances between sections, often using the average end area method. A mass diagram depicts the net accumulation of cut or fill between stations and can identify balance points where there is no net accumulation.

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    Chapter 14

    Uploaded by

    ahmad khan
    19 views26 pages
    This document discusses highway surveys and location. It describes how cross sections are taken at regular intervals along a grade line to determine the amount of earthwork required. The volume of earthwork is computed from the cross-sectional areas and distances between sections, often using the average end area method. A mass diagram depicts the net accumulation of cut or fill between stations and can identify balance points where there is no net accumulation.

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    This document discusses highway surveys and location. It describes how cross sections are taken at regular intervals along a grade line to determine the amount of earthwork required. The volume of earthwork is computed from the cross-sectional areas and distances between sections, often using the average end area method. A mass diagram depicts the net accumulation of cut or fill between stations and can identify balance points where there is no net accumulation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views26 pages

    Chapter 14

    Uploaded by

    ahmad khan
    This document discusses highway surveys and location. It describes how cross sections are taken at regular intervals along a grade line to determine the amount of earthwork required. The volume of earthwork is computed from the cross-sectional areas and distances between sections, often using the average end area method. A mass diagram depicts the net accumulation of cut or fill between stations and can identify balance points where there is no net accumulation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Chapter 14

    Highway Surveys and


    Location
    ❑ One of the major objectives in selecting a particular location for a highway is to minimize the
    amount of earthwork required for the project.
    ❑ To determine the amount of earthwork involved for a given grade line, cross sections are
    taken at regular intervals along the grade line.
    ❑ The cross sections are usually spaced 50 ft apart.
    ❑ These cross sections are obtained by plotting the natural ground levels and proposed grade
    profile of the highway along a line perpendicular to the grade line to indicate areas of
    excavation and areas of fill.
    ❑ The volume of earthwork is then computed from the cross-sectional areas and the distances
    between the cross sections.
    ❑ A common method of determining the volume is that of average end areas.
    ❑ This procedure is based on the assumption that the volume between two consecutive cross
    sections is the average of their areas multiplied by the distance between them.
    ❑ In computing the volume of fill, “shrinkage effect” must be considered by increasing the
    volume by 10% usually,
    ▪ The mass diagram is a series of connected lines that depicts the net accumulation of cut
    or fill between any two stations.
    ▪ The ordinate of the mass diagram is the net accumulation in cubic yards (yd3) from an
    arbitrary starting point.
    ▪ The difference in ordinates between any two stations represents the net accumulation of
    cut or fill between these stations.
    ▪ If the first station of the roadway is considered to be the starting point, then the net
    accumulation at this station is zero.
    Exercise: Fill the below table:
    Solution:
    ▪ When the mass diagram slopes downward (negative), the preceding section is in fill, and
    when the slope is upward (positive), the preceding section is in cut.
    ▪ The difference in mass diagram ordinates between any two stations represents the net
    accumulation between the two stations (cut or fill).
    ▪ For example, the net accumulation between station 6 + 00 and 12 + 00 is:
    1302 + 904 = 2206 yd3.
    ▪ A horizontal line on the mass diagram defines the locations where the net accumulation
    between these two points is zero.
    ▪ These are referred to as “balance points,” because there is a balance in cut and fill
    volumes between these points.
    ▪ In Figure 14.15, the “x” axis represents a balance between points A and D and a balance
    between points D and E.
    ▪ Beyond point E, the mass diagram indicates a fill condition for which there is no
    compensating cut.
    ❑ Free haul distance: The maximum distance for which there is no charge.
    ❑ Overhaul distance: The extra distance for which there is a charge.

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