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Accounting Standards
BENCHMARK
Rohan Nimbalkar
(15+ Years Teaching Exp.)
Founder & Director of TapovanCA
CA- Intermediate
Advanced Accounting Fast-track
INDEX –Part 1
Sr. Chapter Name Page No.
No.
1. AS 1 “Disclosure of Accounting Policies” 4
2. AS 2 Valuation of Inventories 9
-
3. AS 3 Cash Flow Statement 19
4. AS 4 Contingencies And Events Occurring After The 20

Balance Sheet Date
-
5. AS 5 “Net Profit /Loss for The Period, Prior Period 33
Items & Changes In Accounting Policies”
6. As 7 - Construction Contracts 40
-
7. AS 9 “Revenue Recognition” 46
8. AS 10 Property, Plant And Equipment (PPE) 52

-
9. AS 11 - The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 64
10. AS 12 - Accounting for Government Grants 73
11. AS 13 Accounting for Investment 82
12. AS 16 - Borrowing Costs 88

13. AS 17: Segment Reporting 96
14. AS 18 – Related Party Disclosures 104
15. AS – 19 Leases 109
16. AS – 20 Earnings Per Share 116
17. AS – 22 Accounting For Taxes on Income 121
18. AS 24 - Discontinuing Operation 127
19. AS 26: Intangible Assets 132
20. AS – 29 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent 136

Assets
Tapovan Institute for CA (9281 100 200)
AS 1 – Policies”
AS 1 “Disclosure of Accounting Disclosure of Accounting Policies
Concept No. 1 - Accounting policies means
•Specific accounting
.
principles
•Methods of applying
.
such principles
•Adopted in
preparation and
.
presentation of
financial statement.
Definition: - Accounting Policies are Specific accounting principles & Methods of applying such
principles adopted in preparation and presentation of financial statements.
Financial Statements Means
Income statement Cash flow statement Balance Sheet
Examples of Accounting Policies
Purpose/Principle Methods for applying Principles
Providing Depreciation Straight Line method, Written down value method etc.
Valuation of Inventory FIFO, Weighted Average and Standard Cost method etc.
Valuation of Fixed Assets Cost model, Revaluation model
Treatment of Government grants Recognising as Income or reduction from cost of asset
By CMA, CS Rohan Nimbalkar 4

AS 1 – Disclosure of Accounting Policies
Concept No. 2 - Conditions to be satisfied for adopting accounting policy
Substance Over Form Materiality

Prudence
“Policies selected should give true and fair view of business through Financial Statements” therefore
following points becomes important for selection of accounting policies.
1. Prudence
1. Prudence means Caution and this means management should be cautious (careful) while selecting
accounting policies.
2. Wrong selection of Accounting Policies may lead to excessive Profits, overvaluation or
undervaluation of Assets and liabilities.
3. As per prudence / conservatism, Probable loss is to be recognised but probable income is not to be
recognised unless it is virtually certain.
4. In other words, expect and record all future losses and don’t expect and record future gains.
Example: Inventories are valued at cost or net realisable value whichever is lower.
Probable losses shall be provided immediately.
2. Substance Over Form
1. Reality is more important than legal form.

2. Transactions and other events should be accounted for and presented in accordance with their
substance and financial reality not merely with their legal form.
3. Example: In case of hire purchase, the hire vendor is owner till the payment of last installment.
Irrespective of this, Hire purchaser records the asset in his books and hire vendor records hire
purchase transaction as sale as the final intention of hire purchase is to sale goods.
3. Materiality
1. Facts which are not of material nature need not be disclosed separately.
2. Material items are those items which affects decision making of users.
3. Materiality depends on Size and nature of business.

Concept No. 3 - Disclosure of Accounting Policy
All Accounting Policies shall be disclosed at one place
. Accounting Policies shall be selected after complying with

above conditions because just disclosure is not remedy for
wrong selection of accounting Policy
Why disclosure of Accounting Policy is required?
It helps users of accounting information:
In better understanding of financial information.
For comparison of financial statements with other entities.
Concept No. 4 Fundamental Accounting Assumptions (F.A.A.)
Fundamental Accounting
Assumption
Going concern Consistency Accrual

Assumption
.
.

Explanation of Fundamental Accounting Assumption.
Going concern
• It is assumed that business would continue for foreseeable period.

• There is no necessity or decision to curtail/close down of entity.
• Entity is assumed to be a going concern unless there is clear situation of winding
up of business.
• Example - Plant 1,00,000 life 10 years, scrap 10,000. Calculate Depreciation for
first year. Solution - 9,000 on the assumption that business would continue for
10 year.
Consistency
• It means it is always assumed that same accounting policies would be followed

every year.
• Example: - plant 1,00,000 life 10 years, scrap 10,000 Calculate Depreciation for
second year. Solution: - 9,000 every year on the assumption of going concern and
consistency.
Accrual Assumption
• It is assumed that entity record all income & exp. on period basis. They are not
recorded on payment basis.
• As per accrual, all expenses shall be recorded when it is incurred and all incomes
shall be recorded when it is earned,
• This concept helps in calculation of true income of business for each accounting
period.
• Even section 128 of Companies Act, 2013 requires that Accounts of companies
shall be maintained on accrual basis,
• In Trial Balance following balance are shown.
• Salary 1,00,000. Outstanding salary 10,000.
• Solution: - In P&L salary 1,00,000 Add:- Outstanding salary (it is added because
it is related to current period even though it is not paid in current year) and
shown on liability side of Balance Sheet .

Concept No. 5 Change in Accounting Policy
As per consistency, entity shall follow same accounting policy year by year but entity may change
accounting policy in following cases:
Entity may change accounting

policy
If change in accounting policies is If it is considered That change in

required to comply with Accounting Policy results in
appropriate presentation of Financial
Statements.
Accounting
Statute (Law) Standards.
.
Additional Points on Change in Accounting Policies:
-Any change in accounting policy should be disclosed.

-The effect of such a change should be quantified.
-If quantification is not possible the facts should be disclosed.
-The change is to be disclosed in the year or years in which it has an impact
on financial statements.
Example:
1. Change in method of depreciation.
2. Change in the method of valuation of inventories.
Treatment of Forward Exchange Contracts

AS – 2
AS – 2 Valuation of Inventories Valuation of Inventories
Concept No. 1 - Objetives of AS Valuation of Inventories
1. To formulate the method of calculation of Inventories/Stock

2. To determine the carrying amount of inventories in Financial Statements (FSs). This
includes determination of cost of inventory and any amount to be written off to bring it to
Net Realisable Value (NRV).
This Standard is very important as it impacts both P&L as well as Balance sheet i.e. if closing stock
is overvalued/ undervalued; it impacts CY profits as well as asset value in the Balance sheet.
Concept No. 2 - Applicability of AS - Inventory Valuation

This standard is not applicable to the following.
WIP of service provider
If the entity holds shares, debentures and other financial

instruments as stock-in-trade ; ( It is discussed in AS 13.)
Work-in-progress (WIP) arising under construction contracts; (It is

discussed in AS 7)
1. Inventories of livestock,
2. Agricultural and forest products,
3. Mineral oils, ores and gases to the extent that they are measured
at NRV in accordance with well established practices in those
industries.

AS – 2 Valuation of Inventories
Concept No. 3 - Definitions
Finished goods (FG) - Raw Material, WIP - Consumables & Loose

tools, etc..
Held for sale in the Used in the process of
Ordinary course of production for such To be consumed in the
business sale process of production or
in rendering the services
Chart Presentation Inventories includes
Inventories consist of
Held for sale in the Ordinary course of business i.e. Finished goods (FG).
Used in the process of production for such sale i.e. raw material, WIP etc.
To be consumed in the process of production or in rendering the services e.g.

consumables and loose tools, etc.
Concept No. 4 Measurement of Inventories
Major points for valuation of Inventories
2. Determination 3. Comparison
1. Determination Net Realisable between the Cost
cost of Inventories Value of and Net Realisable
Inventories Value
Inventory is valued at COST (or) NRV Whichever is LOWER

Concept No. 5 What is Cost of Inventories
Chart Presentation Cost of Inventories includes
Cost of Inventories Includes
Cost of
Cost of purchase Conversion Other costs incurred to bring the inventory
to present location and condition.
5. (1) Cost Of Purchase
Cost of purchase includes all costs incurred to purchase the material.
The following items are directly related to the purchase of material.
Particulars Amount
Purchase price i.e. Basic price of material xxx
Add
NON refundable taxes & duties xxx
Carrying Cost i.e. inward freight cost xxx
Inward Insurance cost xxx
All other costs incurred directly related to acquisition
and bringing it to warehouse. xxx
Less
Trade discounts Quantity discounts xxx
Duty drawbacks & other similar items xxx
Cost or Purchase Price XXX

5 (2) Cost of Conversion
This includes the costs incurred to convert the raw materials into finished goods.
For example major costs like Labour, Factory rent, fuel costs, power expenses (factory overheads)
and other items.
The overheads (OH) should be absorbed in the following manner:
Factory overheads can be divided into two types based on its nature i.e. variable overheads and fixed
OH.
Variable expenses – which vary (change) along with the volume of production;
Fixed expenses – which do not vary with volume of production.
Cost of
•. Conversion
•.
•.
Finished Goods
Raw Material
Chart Presentation
Conversion Cost
Overheads
Fixed OHs Variable OHs
Absorb based on
Actual Capacity > Actual Capacity < actual capacity
Normal Capacity Normal Capacity utilisation
Absorb based on
Absorb based on Actual Normal Capacity
Capacity

Normal Capacity (Meaning)

Normal Capacity is the number of units of production on an average over a period under normal
Circumstances after considering loss of capacity under normal circumstances.
(Normal capacity = Total capacity Less planned maintenance)
Actual capacity (Meaning)

Actual capacity is actual production of goods.
1. Fixed Production Overhead will be taken in actual cost on recovery basis
Overhead Recovery Rate = Production Overhead

Normal Production
Overhead Recovered = Rate X Units Produced
2. If Actual production is very high, then take the actual production as denominator.
Overhead Recovery Rate = Production Overhead

Actual Production
Overhead Recovered = Rate X Units Produced

Examples of factory cost and these should be absorbed in the calculation of per unit cost.
1. Consumable stores and spares;
2. Depreciation of plant and machinery, factory building etc…
3. Lease rent of production assets;
4. Repair and maintenance of plant and machinery, factory building etc...
5. Indirect employees cost connected with production activities;
6. Drawing and Designing department cost;
7. Insurance of plant and machinery, factory building, stock of RM & WIP etc.
8. Amortized cost of jigs, fixtures, tooling etc.
9. Service department cost such as Tool Room, Engineering & Maintenance etc.
5 (3) Other Costs
All other costs incurred to bring the inventory to the present location and condition. Examples:
1. Quality control cost - quality control employee cost and other costs of that dept;
2. R&D cost incurred for the development and improvement of the process or product;
3. Administration OHs in relation to production activities; (General admin OHs should NOT be
included);
4. Packaging cost - primary and secondary package cost should be included, etc.
Concept No. 6 Following cost should be excluded From “COST”
1. Abnormal Loss (Loss due to Fire, waste of materials, labour or other

production costs)

2. Storage costs, unless those costs are necessary in the production

process prior to a further production stage. (E.g. Electricity used for
cold storage)
3. Administrative, Selling and Distribution costs. (Expenses such as

rent, staff salary, Electricity Bill)
4. Borrowing costs (Interest)
Concept No. 7 Allocation of costs in special situations:
Points Joint Products By Products

Meaning Two or more outputs generated It is a secondary or incidental
simultaneously, by a single manufacturing product in a process of
process using common input, and being manufacture and generally it has
substantially equal in value. insignificant value.
Example (1) Butter, cheese, and cream from milk, In manufacture of Sugar - Sugar is
(2) Fuel oil, gasoline, and kerosene from main product and molasses is by
crude oil. product.
Allocation of In this case, the joint costs (common 1. Find out the joint costs of main
Cost costs) are allocated between the products product & by products.
on a rational and consistent basis. 2. Compute Net realisable value of
by product at the time of
a) On the Sales value of each product separation.
when the products become separately 3. Cost of main product = total
identifiable; joint costs of main product & by
product Less NRV of by
(b) On the sale value after completion of product.
production;

What Is Joint Product & By Product
Raw Material
Product A Product B Is it Significant
Yes No
Joint Product By Product
Two or more outputs generated It is a secondary or incidental

simultaneously, by a single product in a process of
manufacturing process using manufacture and generally it has
common input, and being insignificant value.
substantially equal in value.
Concept No. 8 - Methods of Ascertaining of Cost of Inventories
Cost of inventory should be ascertained in following manner
1. If stock in hand is unique not similar to each other, use Specific Identification Method.
2. If stock in hand is similar to each other, then use following two methods of stock valuation
a) FIFO Method
b) Weighted Average Method

Concept No. 9 – Net Realisable Value
Calculation of NRV
Expected Expected
Selling Expected Cost Of
Selling NRV
Price Completion
Expenses
Expected Selling Price in ordinary course of business xxx

Less:- Expected Selling Expenses xxx
Less:- Expected Cost Of Completion xxx
Net Realisable Value xxx
Expected means management estimated, can be made due to contract received. It can be general
price also.
Diagrammatical Presentation
Finished Expected SP - Selling cost

Goods
Net
Realisable Work in Expected SP of FG - Expected cost
Progress to complete - Selling Cost
Value
Raw
Material No need to determine NRV
9.1 NRV Of Work – In - Progress

WIP is the one which is not completed or partially completed. Finding out expected selling price for
WIP is not possible as nobody purchases the WIP product. It is meant to be converted into FG and
to sell as FG. Hence we start computing the NRV of WIP with Expected selling price of FG and
deduct the costs to be incurred to complete it as FG & Costs incurred to sell.

9.(2) Valuation of Raw Material Stock
Valuation of Raw Material is NOT based on Cost (or) NRV whichever is less.
Its valuation is fully based on the valuation of finished goods as the entity is purchasing raw material
not to sell in the ordinary course of business as raw material BUT to use it for producing the finished
goods.
Raw Material Finished Goods Valuation of Raw Material
1. Stock of Raw material

(wool) is valued at cost
price, if finished
goods(Sweater) in which
such raw material used is
valued at cost price.

(wool) is valued at
Replacement Cost, if a
finished goods (Sweater) is
valued at NRV.
(Leather) is valued at cost
price, if finished
goods(Shoes)in which such
raw material used is valued
at cost price.

(Leather) is valued at
Replacement Cost, if a
finished goods (Shoes) is
valued at NRV.

Chart Presentation of Raw Material Valuation
Raw Material Valuation
Finished Goods is valued at cost Finished goods is valued at

NRV
Value at COST only Value at Replacement Cost
Disclosure Requirements Under AS - 2
Concept No. 10 Disclosure Requirements
The financial statement should disclosed
1. The accounting policies adopted in measuring inventories, including the cost formula used;
2. The total carrying amount of inventories and its classification appropriate to the enterprise.

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AS 3 - Cash Flow Statement
Concept No. 1 Objectives of Cash Flow statement
1. Cash flow statement aims at highlighting the cash generated from operating activities.
2. To help in planning of repayment of loan schedule and replacement of fixed assets, etc.
3. To ascertain the liquid position of the firm in a better manner.
4. Cash flow Statement helps in efficient and effective management of cash.
It is very useful in the evaluation of cash position of a firm.
Concept No. 2 Cash and relevant terms as per AS-3
2.1 Cash fund
Cash fund: It includes
Cash in hand
Demand deposits with banks
Cash equivalents - It is short-term, highly liquid

investments, readily convertible into cash.
2.2 The statement of cash flow
Categories of Cash Flows
Operating Financing
Investing activities activities
activities
These are the Activities that result in change

It include the in the size and composition of
principal/ Main purchase and sale of
revenue the capital (including
long term assets and
generating Preference share capital in the
other investments
activities of the case of a company) and
than cash equivalents. borrowings of the enterprise
enterprise.

Concept No. 3 - The statement of cash flow shows
Concept No. 4 - Methods of calculating cash flow from Operating Activities
There are two namely Direct method and Indirect method. SEBI (Securities Exchange Board of India)
Guidelines recommend for only direct method.
Concept No. 4 (1) Cash Inflow/ Outflow from Operating Activity as per AS-3 (Direct Method)
It is main revenue producing activity except investing or financing activity.
Cash Inflow
• Cash Sales
• Cash received from Debtors.
• Cash Received from
Cash Outflow
Commission and Fees • Cash Purchases.
• Royalty & Other revenue. • Payment to creditors.
• Cash operating expenses.
• Payment of wages.
• Payment of Income Tax.

Concept No. 4 (2) Cash Inflow/ Outflow from Investing Activity as per AS-3
Helps to Estimate the future Operating cash because of current year Investing Activities
Cash Inflow
1. Sale of fixed assets
2. Sale of investment Cash Outflow
3. Interest received
4. Dividend received 1. Purchase of fixed assets
2. Purchase of investment
Concept No. 4 (3) Cash Inflow/ Outflow from Financing Activity as per AS-3
It is Useful to predict Future claims by Providers of funds
Cash Inflow
1. Issue of shares Cash Outflow
2. Issue of debentures
1. Cash repayments of amounts of
3. Proceeds from long term, Loan.
short term Loans/ borrowings 2. Redemption of shares &
debentures.
3. Dividends paid on equity &
preference share capital
4. Interest paid on loans/debentures
Points to be noted:
Period for the Cash Flow Statement is the same as P& L Account and Balance Sheet.

Concept No. 5 – Preparation of Cash Flow Statement
Cash Flow Statement can be prepared by
Direct Method Indirect Method
Reports all cash receipts and cash Reconciles from net income to
payments from operating activities cash provided by operating
activities
Picture presentation of Cash Flow Statement
Concept No. 6 Other Important Items & Disclosure
1. Income tax
Income tax payment shall be separately disclosed under operating

activities
(if nature of tax is not specified then it is assumed that the tax is paid
on income generated from operating activity)
If it is practicable to separate the tax payments among different

activities, it should be separated and presented under respective
activity like operating, investing or financing activity.

2. Extraordinary/ Exceptional items
Cash flow from extraordinary items should be disclosed separately under appropriate activity
based on the nature of Cash flows
Example:
Cash received against insurance claim is treated as Cash flow from operating activity whereas cash
received against insurance claim for loss of asset is shown in investing activity,
Concept No.7
Format for Cash flow Statement
Direct method
Particulars Amount
(i) Cash flow from operating activities

A. Operating cash receipts
– Cash sales
– Cash received from customers
– Trading commission received
– Royalties received
B. Less : Operating cash payment
– Cash purchase
– Cash paid to the supplier
– Cash paid for business expenses like office, production, selling expenses
C. Cash generated from operation ( A – B)
D. Less Income tax paid (Net of tax refund received)
E. Cash flow before extraordinary items
Net cash flow from Operating activity
(ii) Cash from investing accounting
Add :
– Proceeds from sale of fixed assets
– Proceeds from sale of investments
– Proceeds from sale of intangible assets
– Interest and dividend received
– Rent income
Less :
– Purchase of fixed assets and investment
– Purchase of intangible assets like goodwill
Net cash flow from investing activities
(iii) Cash flows from financing activities

Add :
- Proceeds from issue of shares and debentures
- Proceeds from other long term borrowings
Less :
- Final dividend paid
- Interim dividend paid
- Interest on debentures and loans paid

- Repayment of loans
- Redemption of debenture preference shares
Adjust extraordinary items (+/–)

Net cash flow from Financing activities
(iv) Net increase/Decrease in cash and cash equivalent (i + ii + iii)
(v) Add : cash and cash equivalents in the beginning of the year
(vi) cash and cash equivalents in the end of the year
Format for Cash flow Statement

Indirect Method
Particulars Amount
(i) Cash flow from operating activities
A. Net Profit as per Profit and Loss A/c or difference between closing
balance and opening balance of Profit and Loss A/c
Add : Transfer to reserve
Proposed dividend for current year
Interim dividend paid during the year
Provision for tax made during the current year
Net profit before taxation and Extra ordinary items
Adjustment for Non-Cash and Non-Operating Items.

B. Add :
– Depreciation
– Preliminary expenses
– Interest on borrowings and debentures
– Loss on sale of fixed assets
– Discount on issue of shares and debentures written off
C. Less :
– Interest income/received
– Dividend income received
– Rental income received
– Profit on sale of fixed asset
D. Operating profits before working capital changes (A + B – C)
E. Add
- Decrease in current assets
- Increase in current liabilities
F. Less :
- Increase in current assets
- Decrease in current liabilities
G. Cash generated from operations (D + E – F)
H. Less : Income tax paid (Net tax refund received)
I. Cash flow from before extraordinary items
Adjusted extraordinary items (+/–)
Net cash flow from Operating activity

(ii) Cash from investing accounting
Same as Direct Method
(iii) Cash flows from financing activities
Same as Direct Method
(iv) Net increase/Decrease in cash and cash equivalent (i + ii + iii)
(v) Add : cash and cash equivalents in the beginning of the year
(vi) cash and cash equivalents in the end of the year
Note: Direct and Indirect Methods are not methods of preparing Cash Flow Statement but it is
method to find out Cash flow from Operating Activity.
In Other words, Cash Flow from operating activity can be calculated from Direct Method or
Indirect Method and remaining calculation of Investing and financing activity is same in direct
and indirect Method.

AS – 4 Contingencies
AS 4 - CONTINGENCIES AND EVENTS OCCURRING & Events occurring
AFTER THE BALANCE after ….
SHEET DATE
Concept No. 1 - Objectives of AS 4
1. Meaning & Accounting of Contingencies

2. Meaning & Accounting of Events Occurring after Balance Sheet Date but before approval of
balance sheet by Board of Directors.
Concept No. 2 – Applicability of AS - 4
This AS is Not applicable to
Liabilities of life assurance and General insurance.
Obligation under retirement benefit plans.
Commitments arising from long term lease contracts.
Concept No. 3 - AS 4 deals only with
Contingencies Meaning
1. Existing condition or situation at the

Balance Sheet Date
2. Whose ultimate outcome is

gain (ignored) or loss
3. Which will be known after occurrence

or non occurrence (happening or non
happenning) of one or more uncertain
event.

AS – 4 Contingencies & Events occurring after ….
Example of Accounting Contingencies
A Company filed case against the debtor from whom 50 lakh is

receivable as on 31st March, 2017. As per opinion of expert chances
of recovery is doubtful then company should make provision for bad
and doubtful debts as situation of non-recovery is existing on
balance sheet date.
Important Note
This Accounting Standard covers only Provision for Doubtful debts

other provisions like Provisions for taxation which are shown on
liabilities side is covered under “AS-29 Provisions, Contingent
liabilities and Contingent Assets.
PART 2
Concept No. 4 Events Occurring after Balance Sheet Date
Contingencies
(other than covered in AS 29)
Contingencies relating to: Contingencies relating to:

Existing conditVion or situation at Condition or situation after the
the Balance Sheet date. Balance Sheet date.
Expected outcome: Expected outcome: Ignore it completely,

no provision or
Contingent Gain - Contingent Loss disclosure required
Shall be ignored
If Loss is Probable: Provision
shall be made
If Loss is reasonable possible: Disclosure

is made in accounts by way of Note
If expected loss is remote: it will be ignored.

Meaning of Events Occurring after Balance Sheet Date
1. Significant events: - Significant events are Material (important) events, which can influence the
economic decisions of the users of financial statements.
2. Which occur between the balance sheet date and financial statements approval date?
3. Events can be favorable or unfavorable to the entity.
Main Discussion under Part 2 of AS-4:
When to record Events occurring after Balance Sheet date?
1. On Balance Sheet Date, or

2. Next Year
To understand above point we will first understand the steps of company related to approval of
financial statement every year:
Step 1: End of Accounting Period i.e. Assume that it is 31st March, 2017 (it is Balance Sheet Date)
Step 2: Management/ Board of Directors will prepare financial statement (FS) for the year ended 31st
March, 17.
Step 3: Audit is conducted by Auditor and Auditor will issue report on financial statements prepared.
Step 4: Board of Directors (BOD) meeting to approve FS and for calling of Members meeting (AGM).
Step 5: Audited financial statements are adopted/ approved by Members in AGM.
Events Occurred
Approval of FS by BOD 15-08-17
1-4-2016 31-3-2017 31-3-2018
In the above diagram, we are mainly concerned with events occurring after 31-3-2015 to 15-08-2015.
These events can be recorded after 31st March but before 15th August (approval of FS).
If events qualify following conditions then it shall be recorded in books of accounts and in FS and if it
doesn’t then such events shall be ignored while preparing Financial Statements (FS) for year ending 31st
March, 2017.
Events occurring after the balance sheet date but before date of approval of FS by BOD are classified
into two Categories i.e. adjusting events and non adjusting even

Chart Presentation of Events Occurring after Balance Sheet Date
Events Occurring after Balance Sheet Date
Adjusting Events Non-Adjusting Events
1. Condition exist on Balance Sheet Date. No Condition exist on

2. But Event occurred after Balance Sheet Date Balance Sheet Date.
confirms or provide additional information about
condition existing on Balance sheet.
Don't Adjust the Balances as

on BS Date
Adjust the balances of assets and
liabilities as on Balance Sheet date (Ignore such Events)
(Recognise Losses)
Note: If Non adjusting events are SIGNIFICANT then it can be disclosed in Board of Directors
report.
Concept No. 5 - Adjusting Events and Non Adjusting Events
5.1 Meaning
Adjusting Events Non Adjusting Events

1. Insolvency of customer: 1. Decline in market value of investment.
Conditions: 2. Major Business combination after Balance Sheet
a. Condition of insolvency existed on balance date.
sheet date. 3. Announcing plan to discontinue operations.
b. Customer is not yet declared Insolvent on 4. The distraction of a major production plant by a
Balance sheet date. fire after reporting period.
c. He is declared insolvent after Balance 5. Announcing or commencing the implementation
sheet date but before Approval of FS by of a major restructuring.
BOD. 6. Abnormally large changes after Balance Sheet
date in asset prices or foreign exchange rates.
Then Balances of Debtors shall be adjusted 7. Commencing major litigation arising solely out
accordingly. of events that occurred after the reporting
period.
However insolvency caused due to major fire 8. Changes in tax rates announced after Balance
in factory after Balance Sheet date is not sheet date.
adjusting event as condition of insolvency was
not existing on Balance Sheet date.

5.2 Exception To Non Adjusting Event

1. If it is a STATUTORY requirement OR it is of special nature; (AS cannot override Law)
2. If events occurring after the balance sheet date affects the GOING CONCERN ASSUMPTION of the
entity
Means in the above two cases event should be adjusted as on balance sheet date even though event
occurred after Balance Sheet date.
If Any event occurring after the Balance Sheet date affects the going concern assumption of the entity,
such event should be considered and financial statement should be adjusted as on the Balance Sheet
date. If the entity doesn’t have going concern assumption, it should prepare financial statement on
liquidation basis (i.e. at NRV).
Concept No. 6 Proposed Dividend

If an enterprise declares dividend to shareholders after the balance sheet date then enterprise should
not recognise those dividend as a liability at the balance sheet date unless it is required by Act. Such
dividend should be disclosed in notes.

CA INTERMEDIATE
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Rohan Nimbalkar
Head Office :
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Contact Number :
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AS – 5 Net profits or loss for the period,
ASprior
– 5 Netperiod
profitsitems
or lossand changes
for the in
period, prior……..
Objectives of AS – 5
accounting policies
Concept No. 1 Objectives of AS – 5
Issues Discussed in AS-5
Presentation and
Presentation &
Accounting
Disclosure of
Treatment of
Certain Changes in Changes in

Ordinary Extraordinary Prior Period Accounting Accounting
Activities Items.
Activities Estimates Policies
This Standard doesn't deal with tax effect of the above items.
Important Concepts in AS – 5
Concept No. 2 Net profit or loss for the period includes:
Profit or
Profit or loss from
loss from
extra-
ordinary
ordinary
activities
items
These components shall be disclosed separately in statement of profit and loss.

AS – 5 Net profits or loss for the period, prior……..
Concept No. 3 Ordinary Activities
Activities which are Related & incidental to entity’s main business activities.
These activities arise in the normal course of business, so the frequency of the activities is
regular.
1. Sale of goods, providing services,
2. Sale of scrap, interest income/expense
3. Salary expense, provisions.
4. Profit or loss on sale of fixed assets, etc.
Concept No. 4.- Exceptional Items
Exceptional Items: (It Is Treated As Ordinary Items Under This AS)
These items are expected to occur as part of a business. But due

to size, nature or incidence of transactions those activities
require separate disclosure.
These items are expected to occur as part of a business. But due to size,
nature or incidence of transactions those activities require separate
disclosure.
1. The writing down of inventories to net realisable value (NRV) as well as the
reversal of the same;
2. A restructuring of the activities of an entity and the reversal of any provisions for
the costs of restructuring; (Restructuring means changing the nature of business or
structure of the company)
3. Profit or loss on disposal of fixed assets;
4. Profit or loss on disposal of long-term investments;
5. Legislative changes having retrospective application;
6. Litigation settlements;
7. Reversals of provisions;
8. Embezzlement (stealing) of cash, pilferage (stealing) of stock
9. voluntary retirement expense,
10. A suit for damages for breach of contract etc.

Concept No. 5 - Extraordinary Items
EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS.
Extra Ordinary Activities which are clearly distinct from the

ordinary activities of the entity.
These are not expected to occur as part of business.
Generally frequency of such transactions is rare/low. frequency is not main criteria,

professional judgement is required to decide whether it is ordinary or extra ordinary
item.
Following are the Examples of Extra ordinary Items.
1. An earthquake and loss by flood

(Note: It is not extra ordinary item for Insurance company therefore Events may be
extraordinary for one entity and may not be for another.
2. Attachment of Property.
3. Government grants becoming refundable. (as per AS-12)
4. Seizure of assets by the government, etc..
Above situations are not expected to occur as a part of business.
Note: Extraordinary activities should be separately disclosed in Profit &Loss

account so as to show the impact on profit and loss as well as separate
disclosure helps the users to understand the performance & position of the
company.
What should be disclosed?

Disclose the nature & amount of the transactions separately in P&L account and relevant information
in notes on accounts.

Concept No. 6 Prior Period Items
• Prior period items are income or expense which arise in

the current period as a result of errors or omissions in
Meaning the preparation of the financial statements of one or
more prior periods.
• Prior period items should be disclosed separately in the

Disclosure Profit and Loss a/c so as to show the impact of prior
period items in the current year
• Omission to record for income and expenditure.

• Non provision of expenses which are already incurred or
Examples: due.
• Depreciation rate was incorrect.
• Treating operating lease as finance lease
Changes in Accounting Estimates
Concept No. 8 Changes In Accounting Estimates
Estimation means it is judgment of the amount on the basis of future expectations. In other words it is
an approximate calculation.
Many items in accounting cannot be measured accurately or exactly then we need to make
reasonable estimates of amount.
Note: Usage of estimates doesn't reduce the reliability of financial statements.
General Provisions for

Useful life of assets Estimations used taxation, warranty or
in preparation of Provision for any
financial liability etc
statements
Provision for doubtful debts Inventory obsolescence
Professional judgment is required for reliable estimation.
Estimation is judgment or approximate amount therefore actual results may be different and in such
case we shall revise estimation which is known as change in accounting estimates.

Change/ revision in accounting estimates may be required if:
More experience or
subsequent
developments
Change/
revision
required if
New information is
There is any change in the available
circumstances and
information available
Revision in estimation is expected to occur, hence it is an ordinary activity therefore it is not

extraordinary item.
Estimations are revised in the above circumstances but not because of errors or omissions. Hence
revision of estimation is NOT a prior period item.
Changes in accounting estimate should be accounted prospectively.
Disclosure of change in accounting estimates :( only if effect is significant)

a. Nature of change
b. Amount of change
c. Any change in an accounting estimate which is expected to have a material effect in later
periods should also be disclosed.

Concept No. 9 Changes In Accounting Policy
As per AS 1, Entity should follow the accounting policies consistently
The entity can change accounting policies in the following circumstances:
For the compliance of For better and

statute For the compliance of
appropriate presentation
Accounting standard
of financial statements
Concept No. 10 Accounting for change in accounting policy:
Meaning Accounting policy means Principle and Methods used to prepare financial
statements.
Example Depreciation provided on SLM basis is accounting policy for company and
if company changed method from SLM to WDV then it is change in
accounting policy.
Accounting for AS 5 does not specify the accounting in case of change in policy.
change in Policy
Retrospective As per IND AS 8- change in accounting policy is accounted

effects Retrospectively.
Note – AS Per AS – 10, changes in depreciation method shall be treated as

change in accounting estimate & Prospective effect shall be given & not
retrospective effect.
Change in Estimates When the entity is not able to distinguish the change in estimate and
Change in change in accounting policy – It should treat the change as change in
Accounting Policies accounting estimate only.
Not Treated as The following are NOT changes in accounting policy:
change in
Accounting Policies (a) Adoption of new accounting policy; and
(b) The adoption of an accounting policy for events or transactions that

differ in substance from previously occurring events or transactions;

Concept No. 11 – Disclosure under as - 5
1. If change in accounting policy has material effect it should be disclosed

in the year of change.
2. If the impact is not ascertainable, the entity should disclose the fact in
financial statements.
3. If there is no impact in the year of change but there is material impact in
the future years, the fact of such impact should be disclosed in the year
of change in policy.
4. As part of better practice, entity should disclose the reason for change in
policy.

Tapovan Institute for CA (9281 100 200) AS 7 - Construction Contracts
AS 7 - CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS
Objective of AS – 7
1. This Standard prescribes the accounting treatment of revenue and costs related to construction
contracts. Generally the construction activities take a long period and usually fall into different
accounting periods.
2. The primary issue in construction contracts is - how to allocate the total contract revenue and
costs among the accounting periods.
3. The Standard gives guidance on such allocation/recognition of contract revenue and contract
costs in the P&L statement for the accounting periods in which construction work is performed.
Scope of AS – 7
The standard is applicable only for Contractors
This Standard does not apply to customer
Would not be applicable to construction project undertaken by enterprise on its own account as a
commercial venture in the nature of production activities.
[In the books of contractee, the asset constructed will be treated as a fixed asset, inventory or
investment and AS 10, AS 2 or AS 13 are applicable respectively]
Definitions & Meaning

Construction Contract
Construction Contract is a contract specifically negotiated for the construction of assets closely interrelated or
interdependent
E.g. Contract for contraction o bridges, building, dam, pipeline road, etc...
Construction contracts include
(a) Service contracts which are directly related to the construction of the asset; Example The services
of project managers and architects; &
(b) Contracts for destruction or restoration of assets, and the restoration of the environment after
the demolition of assets.
By CMA, CS. Rohan Nimbalkar 40

Types of Contracts
Types of Contracts
Fixed price contract Cost plus contract
In these contracts, contractor

In these contracts contractor agrees is reimbursed all
for fixed price of the contract or a allowable/defined costs as
fixed rate per unit of output. defined plus fixed percentage
of fee/profit.
E.g. Contractor receives Rs. 5 crore Contractor receives amount spent for
after construction of building or he construction + 2 % of amount spent OR
receives Rs. 5 crore per building receives amount spent for construction
constructed. + 5 lakh.
Recognition of Contract Revenue and Expenses

Recognition of revenue and costs in P&L is depending upon the reliability of estimation of outcome.
Can outcome be estimated reliably?
• Recognise revenue and costs based on percentage of completion.

Yes
• Recognise revenue ONLY to the extent of costs incurred, if the revenue is
recoverable;
No • Recognise the costs as expense in the period in which it is incurred

Measurement of Contract Revenue
It can be determined in a number of ways. The following are the methods available in the industry:
Based on the costs incurred;
Measurement of Contract
Revenue
Completion of a Percentage of
physical proportion work Survey method
of the contract work performed
Percentage of work performed = Contracts cost incurred till

balance sheet date/ Estimated total contract cost
Calculation of Contract Revenue:

It includes –
Initial Contract Amount XXX
Add:- Variations in contract work XXX

Add:- Incentives receipts received by contractor XXX
Add/Less :- Increase/Decrease in Escalation XXX
Add:- Claims Amount , raised on customer for delay
caused, errors design, etc.. XXX
Add:- Penalties due to delay caused by contractor XXX
Total Revenue XXXX
Contract Cost
It includes Direct Cost Incurred on contract + Indirect Cost Incurred.
Specific Cost (Direct Cost) Attributable & Allocable Cost

(Indirect Cost)
1) Site labour costs, including site supervision; 1) Insurance

2) Costs of materials used in construction;
2) Costs of design and technical
3) Depreciation of plant and equipment used on the assistance that is not directly

contract; related to a specific contract;

3) Construction overheads.
4) Costs of moving plant, equipment and materials to and
from site;
5) Costs of hiring plant and equipment;
6) Costs of design and technical assistance
7) The estimated costs of rectification and guarantee.
8) These costs may be reduced by any incidental income

that is not included in contract revenue
Cost Not Recognised
1) General administration costs for which reimbursement is not specified in the contract;
2) Selling costs;
3) Research and development costs for which reimbursement is not specified in the contract; and
4) Depreciation of idle plant and equipment that is not used on a particular contract
Combining & Segmenting construction contracts
Combining Segmenting
If the contract satisfies ALL of the If the contract satisfies ALL of the following
following conditions, a group of conditions, construction of each asset
contracts (irrespective of number of should be treated as separate construction
customers) should be treated as a contract
single construction contract:
(a) Separate proposals have been

(a) All contracts are negotiated as a submitted for each asset;
single package; (b) Each asset is subject to separate
(b) Contracts are so closely interrelated negotiation and parties can accept or
with an overall profit margin; and reject any contract; &
(c) Costs and revenues of each asset can be
(c) Contracts are performed at the same identified;
time or one contract after another.

Expected Loss:
Whenever any contract is expected to have loss then provision should be made for expected loss in
future.
Provision for Loss: Total Revenue – Total Cost – Loss Recognised
Note:
When an uncertainty arises about the collectability of an amount already included in contract
revenue, and already recognised in the statement of profit and loss, the uncollectable amount or
the amount in respect of which recovery has ceased to be probable is recognised as an expense
rather than as an adjustment of the amount of contract revenue.
Progress payments and advances received from customers may not necessarily reflect
the work performed.
Calculation of Degree of Completion:

On Cost Basis: Cost Incurred / Total Cost x 100
Total Cost = Cost Incurred + Future Cost
On Time Basis: Time Spent / Total Time x 100
Total Time = Time spent + Future Time required for completion.
Disclosure Requirements in Notes to Accounts:

An entity should disclose:
(a) The amount of contract revenue recognised in the period;
(b) The methods used to determine the contract revenue; and
(c) The methods used to determine the percentage of completion;
An entity should disclose the following for contracts in progress at the balance sheet date:
(a) The total amount of costs incurred and recognised profits (less recognised losses) up to the
balance sheet date;
(b) The amount of advances received; and
(c) The amount of retention money with the contractee.

CA INTERMEDIATE
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Head Office :
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Contact Number :
9281 100 200 / 9921 146 146
www.TapovanCA.com
Tapovan Institute for CA (9281AS
1009200)
“Revenue Recognition”
AS 9 Revenue Recognition
Objective of AS “Revenue recognition”

• This standard deals with the recognition (recording) of revenue in the profit and loss
statement of an entity.
• Revenue means Gross Inflow of ash, Receivables or other consideration arising in the
course of ordinary activities of an enterprise.
• This standard focuses on the timing of recognition i.e. when to record in the books.
• Also States the circumstances in which revenue recognition can be postpone
• Generally the amount of revenue is determined by agreement between the parties involved
in the transaction.
Scope
This Standard discusses ONLY the following revenues arising in the ordinary course of business:
Revenue means gross inflow of cash and receivable from

1. Sale of goods,
2. Rendering of services,
3. Interest, dividend & royalty.
This AS does not deal with

1. Revenue From Construct contract (It is Dealt in AS – 7)
2. Revenue From Government Grants (It is Dealt in AS – 12)
3. Revenue From Lease (H.P.) (It is Dealt in AS – 19)
4. Revenue From insurance contracts of insurance companies; (As per regulatory
requirements)
The following revenues are also EXCLUDED from this standard

5. Profit on sale of fixed assets (Realised gains); (It is dealt in AS 10)
6. Unrealised gains of non-current assets (revaluation of fixed assets); (It is dealt in AS 10)
7. The natural increases in herds and agricultural and forest products; (accounted as per
industry Standards)
8. Realised/unrealised gains arising from fluctuation of foreign currency and gain on
translation of financial statements of foreign operation; (It is dealt in AS 11)
9. Gains on settlement of a liability by paying less than its carrying amount; (general
principles of accounting)
10. Unrealised gains on restatement of the carrying amount of a liability. (general principles of
accounting)

Tapovan Institute for CA (9281 100 200) AS 9 Revenue Recognition
Meaning & Definition of Revenue

Revenue
Revenue
Gross Inflow
of
Cash Receivables Other Consideration

(Interest, Royalty, Dividend)
Sale OF Goods
Condition must be fulfilled
1. Ownership of goods have been transferred
2. Risk and rewards has been transferred
3. There is no uncertainty regarding consideration (i.e. Cash or Receivables) at the time of
recognition
The following table explains the situations and guidance on recognition of revenue under
different situations.
Delivery of goods is delayed at Recognise the revenue when it is expected that delivery will be I
buyer's request and buyer made & it should satisfy the following conditions
takes title and accepts billing.
(i.e. Goods are with seller) 1. Goods must be in hand;
2. The buyer's goods should be identified; &
3. Goods must be ready for delivery at the time recognition.
(i.e. in packed condition)
Delivered subject to Recognise the revenue only when customer accepts the delivery
conditions: Subject to & installation and inspection is complete. If installation is a
installation and" inspection simple process, recognise the revenue when goods are delivered.
Subject to approval of Recognise only when

customer (Sale on 1. Goods are formally accepted by the buyer; OR
approval) 2. Time period allowed is elapsed; OR
3. Reasonable time period is elapsed - in case NO specific
period is mentioned;
Consignment sales Recognise revenue only when goods are sold to a third party by
the consignee.
Cash on delivery sales Recognise revenue only when cash is received either by the
seller or his agent.

Guaranteed sales i.e. goods Depends on the substance of the agreement

are delivered by giving an In case of retail sales, if the entity offers a guarantee of "money
unlimited right to return to back if not completely satisfied" - It may be appropriate to
buyer. recognise revenue for full invoice amount at the time of sale of
goods & the entity can create an appropriate provision for
expected goods returns based on the previous experience.
Installment sales 1. Recognise revenue on the date of sale to the extent

attributable to sale price excluding interest amount.
2. Interest should be recognised on time basis in proportion to
receivable balance. (Interest recognition is discussed below)
Sale/ purchase agreements Observe the transaction carefully before you come to a decision.
i.e. as per the agreement Why do someone buy and sell the same goods at different dates.
seller agrees to repurchase These transactions are in substance financing (a kind of loan)
the sold goods from buyer agreements; the resulting cash inflow is NOT revenue as defined
at a later date. and should NOT be recognised as revenue.
1. Advance Received should be recognised as liability ( and
revenue should be recognised on a straight line basis over
time;
Subscriptions for
2. If the value of the items differs from period to period,
publications
revenue should be recognised in proportion to the value of
the items delivered to the total sale value of all items covered
by the subscription.
Revenue from Rendering Services

Revenue from services is generally recognised as service is performed. The performance of service
measured by two methods as under
1. Service should be PERFORMED.

2. NO significant uncertainty in ultimate collection at the time of recognition.
Methods to determine the performance of services
Proportionate Completed
completion method service method
This How to Basis for This method When to

method is recognise calculation of is applicable recognise revenue
applicable revenue under percentage of under this method
this method completion
When performance Revenue is
When Revenue is consists of execution recognised
performanc It can be assessed of single act. OR when the
recognised based on
e consists of based on the Performance sole or final
execution of 1. Contract value; consists of more act takes
percentage 2. Associated costs;
more than of than one single act place and
one act. 3. Number of acts and the services yet the service
completion (works); or
of work. to be performed are becomes
4. Any other significant to the chargeable
reasonable and whole performance. to customer.
rational basis.

Situations and guidance on recognition of revenue under each situation.
Situation Guidance on recognition

Recognise only when installation is completed and accepted by the
customer;
Installation fees.
(Above guidance is applicable when an entity is providing installation
services only and it is NOT a service along with sale of goods)
Advertisement Recognise the revenue when the related advertisement appears before
income the public.
Insurance agency Insurance Commission Recognise on the effective commencement or
commission renewal dates of the related insurance policies.
Admission fees on Recognise revenue when event takes place.

artistic
performances, When a subscription received is for number of events, the fee
banquets or any received should be allocated to each event on a systematic and
special programs. rational basis.
Tuition fees Recognise over the period of instruction on SLM basis.
Revenue recognition depends on the nature of the services being
provided.
Entrance fees Entrance fee received is generally capitalised. (It is not related to any
particular year hence it is appropriate to capitalise)
If the membership fee permits only membership to the member,

recognise when it is received.
If the membership fee entitles the membership and other services or
Membership fees publications during the year, it should be I recognised on a systematic
and rational basis by considering the timing and nature of all services
provided.
Recognition of Revenue depends upon:
1. Whether the service has been provided "once for all" or on a

"continuing" basis;
2. The incidence of costs relating to service;
3. When the payment for the service will be received.
Financial service
commissions
If commission is related to 'granting/arranging loan or other facilities'
recognise the revenue - when loan is granted or the other facilities are
provided.
If such commitment or facilities fees relates to continuing obligations
or services- then revenue should be recognised I over the life of such
loan or facility in a systematic and rational basis to match with the
related costs incurred. (Matching concept)

Other Consideration
1. Interest
Meaning
• Interest is income received by the entity as its cash resources are used by
other entities.
Recognition
• Interest is recognised on time proportion basis based on the outstanding

amount and rate applicable; &
• There should NOT be any significant uncertainty in ultimate collection at
the time of recognition. If any uncertainty exists, recognition should be
postponed till the time there is NO uncertainty.
2. Royalty Income
Meaning
• Royalty income is received as the intangible assets like know-how, patents,

trade-marks and copy rights of the entity are used by the other entity.
Recognition
• Royalty is recognised on accrual basis in accordance with the terms of

agreement.
• There should NOT be any significant uncertainty in ultimate collection at the
time of recognition.
• If any uncertainty exists, recognition should be postponed.
3. Dividend Income
Meaning
• Dividend is a reward from holding of investments in shares.
Recognition
• Dividend income is recognised only when a right to receive dividend is

established irrespective of the year it is relating to.
• The investor gets the right to receive dividend only when the dividend is declared
by the members in the General Meeting. Hence it should be recognised only on
the date of declaration by General Meeting.
• There should NOT be any significant uncertainty in ultimate collection at the time
of recognition. If any uncertainty exists, recognition should be postponed.

Effect of Uncertainties on Revenue Recognition

The uncertainties in revenue recognition will be considered depending on the time it arises.
Effect of Uncertainties on
Revenue Recognition
At the time of Subsequent to

recognition of revenue
revenue recognition
1. Postpone the recognition to the extent of 1. Make a provision for doubtful

uncertainty involved; debts to the extent of uncertain
2. Recognise only when there is NO uncertainty revenue;
in ultimate collection; 2. Revenue recognised should
3. Postponing due to uncertainties is considered NOT be REVERSED;
as appropriate accounting;
Disclosure Requirements
1. Revenue reorganisation policy should be disclosed.

2. Revenue should be disclosed

AS – 10 Property,
AS 10 – PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Plant and Equipment
(PPE)
Concept No. 1 Objectives of AS –(PPE)
This standard discusses

1. Whether expenditure incurred should be capitalised as PPE or charged to P&L statement,
2. Depreciation
3. Retirement of PPE and
4. Disposal accounting.
Concept No. 2 Applicability Of AS - 10

PPE is not Applicable to
1. Biological Assets: - It means living animal or plant and man income producing asset of agricultural
activity. This standard applies to bearer plants but it does not apply to the produce on bearer
plants
Bearer Plant is a plant that:
1. is used in the production / supply of agricultural produce;

2. is expected to bear produce for more than a period of twelve months (in a way the life of the
plant is more than 12 months); and
3. Has a remote likelihood of selling the bearer plant as an agricultural produce, except for
incidental scrap sales. E.g.
Bearer Plant - Mango Tree Agricultural Produce - Mango

2. Wasting Assets: - It Means Mine, (All Natural Recourses)
Wasting assets including mineral rights, expenditure on exploration for and extraction of minerals, oils,
natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources.
Mine
3. Investment Property: Investment property is not PPE and it should be accounted for only in
accordance with the cost model prescribed in this standard.

AS – 10 Property, Plant and Equipment
Concept No. 3 – Meaning and Definition of PPE
PPE
Tangible Assets
Expected to be used Held for use in

during more than a
period of 12 months
Producing Providing Rental to For Administration
Goods Services others Purpose
E.g.
Asset Tangible Held for use in Life more Conclusion
abovementioned than 1
Activity year
Machine, computer, camera Yes Yes Yes PPE
Land, Building, Furniture Yes Yes Yes PPE
Computer Software No Yes Yes Not PPE
Stock Yes No Yes /No Not PPE
Concept No. 4 Recognition and Measurement of PPE
PPE Should recognised (recorded in the books of account) in financial statements if following
conditions are satisfied.
1. Future economic benefits should flow to entity.
2. Cost can be reliably measured.

Chart Presentation of Recognition and Measurement of PPE
Recognition
Initial Recognisation &

Measurement Subsequent Recognisation &
Measurement
Asset is acquired by
Payment of Exchange with

Self construction another assets
Cash/Credit
1. Asset received is recognised

Asset is Asset is recognised at Cost at Fair value of either
recognised at of Construction + Expenses (a) Asset given up
Purchase Price Borrowing cost incurred (b) Asset acquired.
+ Expenses before asset is ready to
incurred on 2. If it is reliable measurement
use. (Avoid of fair value of asset given up or
asset to make internal profits on stores
asset ready to Asset received is not possible
used and Abnormal loss of then new asset received is to be
use material and labour) recorded at Carrying amount of
Asset given up.
(A) ASSET IS ACQUIRED BY PAYMENT OF CASH /FOR CREDIT

Cost of Assets Includes following:-
Particulars Rs.
Net Purchase price (Basic price after deduction of discount) XXX
(+) Non refundable taxes & duties XXX
( +) Delivery and handling costs XXX
(+) Site preparation cost &Installation costs& Trial Run Cost. XXX
(+) Professional fees (e.g. fees of architects and engineers) XXX
(+) PRESENT VALUE of Decommissioning, restoration costs. XXX
( + ) Any directly attributable cost to bring the asset to the location & condition XXX
necessary to operate for its intended purpose
(-) Trade discounts and rebates (if included in above items) XXX
(-) Government grants (As per AS 12)
Cost of PPE to be capitalised

Note:
1. General administration and other overhead expenses are usually excluded from the cost as of
asset.
2. Subsequent Addition or increase is to be recognised in same way as above.
Cost of Decommissioning.
The elements of cost to be incorporated in the initial recognition of an asset are to include the
estimated costs of its eventual dismentalment .
This is, the cost of the asset is grossed up for these estimated costs, with the offsetting credit being
posted to a liability account.
C. PPE IS ACQUIRED BY EXCHANGE OF ASSETS:

Rules are given in above Diagram. Please refer recognition Tree Diagram.
Example of PPE acquired by exchange of assets
Concept No. 5 Other Important Terms
Deferred credit period

• PPE should be recognised at CASH PRICE equivalent on the date of recognition (Present value).
• Deferred credit period means excess period than the normal credit period.
• The difference between the cash price and the total payment should be recognised as interest..
• In general, the interest should be charged to P&L as an expense.
• But if the asset is a qualifying asset as per AS 16 where asset takes substantial period of time
to get ready for intended use then interest should be capitalised with the PPE.

Machinery spares
1. If such spares do not satisfy the PPE definition, it should be
classified as inventory and charged to P&L statement when it
is issued for usage;
2. If these are recognised as PPE, the total cost incurred should
be depreciated in a systematic basis over the useful life;
3. When the principal PPE is either discarded or sold, the net
carrying amount of spares should be written off to P&L.
Concept No. 6 Subsequent expenditure on PPE.
IMP Point: Subsequent recognised in the same way as initial recognition.
Subsequent expenditure is the expenditure, which is incurred after the initial recognition i.e. after the
asset is ready to use or being used.
If the subsequent expenditure increases the future economic benefits i.e. it satisfies the
recognition criteria of an asset and PPE - such expenditure should be recognised as a separate
component and depreciated over its useful life.
Here Future economic benefits includes :- increase in number of goods produced, reduction in cost,
improvement efficiency of PPE
Subsequent Expenditure
Does subsequent expenditure increase the future economic

benefits i.e. satisfies the recognition criteria?
Yes No
Capitalise along with

PPE Charge to P&L Statement

Replacement of some parts of PPE
Parts of some items of PPE may require replacement at regular intervals.
Under the recognition criteria given in the Standard, an entity should capitalise the cost of
replacement as a component of PPE and depreciate such cost over its useful life.
The carrying amount of those parts that are replaced (old component) should be derecognised.
Major inspections parts of the PPE(Not for minor inspections)
A condition of continuing to operate an item of PPE (For example, an aircraft or a ship) may be
performing regular major inspections for faults regardless of whether parts of the item are replaced.
When each major inspection is performed, its cost is capitalised as a part of PPE as a replacement if
the recognition criteria are satisfied. Any remaining carrying amount of the cost of the previous
inspection (as distinct from physical parts) is derecognised.
Accounting treatment for Major Component of Assets
If assets consists of
a. Two or more significant components,
b. With major difference in useful life of each components.
Then such components are to be recognised separately and Depreciation is charged on
component basis.
IF any component is replaced then old component is removed from books of accounts making
its value Nil and cost of new components is to be capitalised.

Concept No. 7 Subsequent expenditure on PPE.
An entity may select anyone of the two models and follow the same consistently.
Accounting Models
Cost Model Revaluation Model
If this model is chosen by this model

If this model is chosen - PPE should should be chosen to the PPE, where
be measured every year at FAIR VALUE can be measured
reliably.
Cost xxx PPE should be measured at
(-) Accumulated depreciation xx Fair Value of PPE xxx
(-) Accumulated Impaired loss xx (-) Subsequent accumulated
Net carrying amount xxx depreciation xx
(-) Subsequent accumulated
impairment loss xx
Net carrying amount xxx
Concept No. 8 Revaluation of PPE
Revaluation Model of Accounting policy is an option given to the entity (NOT mandatory).
It is the management who takes decision about model to be adopted for measurement.
1. Frequency of Revaluation
Revaluation should be performed whenever there is a material difference between
(a) The carrying amount and
(b) Its fair value as on the balance sheet date.
It should be checked regularly & shall be performed by a professionally qualified valuer. If there is no
material difference in carrying amount and fair value on balance sheet date, then fair value calculation
is to be ignored.
2. Method of Revaluation
Usually fair value is determined from market-based evidence by appraisal method.
If market based evidence for fair value is not available, an entity may need to estimate fair value using:
1. An income approach e.g. based on discounted cash flow projections Or

2. A depreciated replacement cost approach i.e. If the same potential PPE is acquired/constructed
what would be the cost i.e. replacement cost.

3. Revaluation model for ALL or only SELECTED PPE?
It is not compulsory to revaluate all PPE’s at on time but if revaluation of any class of PPE is adopted
then revaluation shall be done for ENTIRE CLASS of PPE. i.e. if the entity is willing to revalue its
Machinery then it should revalue ALL machinery of the entity.
In other words Revaluation of selective assets within same class is NOT permitted.
Conclusion: Entity can follow revaluation model for selective CLASS of PPE and for remaining
PPE, it can follow cost model.
4. Limit on revalued amount
The revalued amount should not be more than recoverable amount i.e. recoverable from sale or its
usage over the life.
Concept No. 9 Revaluation Accounting
A. First Time Revaluation:
1. Upward revaluation is transferred to Revaluation Reserve

PPE A/C .............................Dr.
To Revaluation Profit/ Reserve
(Being asset Revalued)
2. Downward revaluation is charged to P&L

P&L A/c .............................Dr.
To PPE Asset A/c
(Being asset downward Revalued )
B. Subsequent revaluation of existing PPE
The following accounting treatment is based on the first time revaluation (upward/downward):
1. If first time is upward revaluation
a) Next time also upward revaluation - Further increase should be transferred to revaluation
surplus. Journal Entry is same as upward revaluation.
b) Next time downward revaluation - Utilise the revaluation surplus to the extent available in
the balance sheet and the remaining balance should be charged to P&L alc.
Revaluation surplus a/c..................... Dr
P&L a/c .........................................................Dr (balancing fig)
To PPE a/c

2. If first time is downward revaluation
a) Next time also downward revaluation- Further decrease should be transferred to P&L
statement. JE is same as downward revaluation.
b) Next time upward revaluation- Credit the P&L statement to the extent it was charged to P&L
in earlier revaluation and remaining balance should be credited to revaluation surplus.
PPE a/c …………..Dr
To P&L a/c (to the extent charged earlier)
To Revaluation surplus (balancing figure)
Concept No. 10 Retirement of PPE
PPE is retired from active use and it is held for disposal -

such PPE should be stated in balance sheet at
Carrying amount (Net book value); or Net realisable

value (NRV)
Whichever is LOWER
Disclose such items separately in the financial statements.

Any expected loss should be recognised immediately in the
profit and loss statement.
Concept no. 11 (Disposal) of PPE

The following diagram helps to understand the accounting treatment of disposal of PPE.
Profit /Loss on disposal should be transferred to P&L
Accounting disposal
COST Model Revaluation Model &

Revaluation surplus exist
Profit/loss on Profit/Loss on disposal should be

disposal should transferred to P&L;
be transferred to
P&L After disposal, if any Revaluation
surplus exists - transfer to General
reserve (Revenue reserves);

In case of Revaluation Model, Transfers from revaluation surplus to the general reserves should not
be made through the statement of P&L. It means, the entity can record the following entry only
Revaluation surplus a/c ..... Dr To General

reserves a/c
After disposal of a PPE, it should be completely eliminated from the financial statements i.e. gross
value and accumulated depreciation related to the asset:
Depreciation on PPE
Meaning
• Depreciation is the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset

over its useful life.
Depreciable amount
• Historical cost OR revalued amount XXX

Less: Estimated residual value- XX
Depreciable amount XXX
Useful life of the asset
• The period over which a depreciable asset is expected to be used by the entity i.e.
time/number of years; or
• The number of unit's production or similar units expected to be obtained from its
use.
• Determination of the useful life is a matter of estimation and is normally based on
various factors including experience with similar types of assets.

Depreciation of an addition/ extension to an existing asset
• If the addition/extension is an integral part of the existing asset - Depreciate the

cost of integral part over the remaining life of existing asset.
Methods of Depreciation
• It Should reflect the pattern in which the future economic benefits of the asset are
expected to be consumed by the entity
• It Should be reviewed at least at each financial year-end
• AS - 10 Does not prescribe any specific method of depriciation to be followed by
orgnisation.
• If there is change in future consumption or future benefit pattern then method
should be changed and such change in method shall be accounted as change in
Accounting estimates. (Prospective effect )
• If depreciable asset is immaterial then such assets shall be debited to P & L
Account (Means it can be fully depreciated at once).
Estimated residual value
• It is an estimated amount, which can be recovered from the asset at the end of its
useful life .
• Initially, the estimation is made by the entity's management at the time of
acquisition/installation;
• If estimated residual value is insignificant (immaterial) - Normally considered as
NIL.
Concept No. 12 Disclosure Requirements
1. PPE Should Disclosed

- Gross Book Value cost
- Accumulated Depreciation
- Addition of PPE
- Deletion of PPE
2. Depreciation Method
3. Useful life of asset should be disclosed.
4. If company is following revaluation model, fact should be disclosed.

CA INTERMEDIATE
ADV.ACCOUNTING
BENCHMARK

Sirf samjenge nahi
Rohan Nimbalkar
Head Office :
Office no : 23,
Contact Number :
9281 100 200 / 9921 146 146
www.TapovanCA.com
ASin
AS - 11 - The Effects of Changes - 11Foreign
- The Effects Of ChangesRates
Exchange In Foreign………
Concept No. 1 Important Terms:

Currency
Currency
Reporting Foreign
currency currency
Reporting currency is the Foreign currency is other than the

currency in which financial reporting currency.
statements are presented.
Note:
Normally an entity uses the currency of the country in which it is registered i.e. Indian entities
present the financial statements in rupees. If entity is not using rupees as reporting currency, it has to
disclose the reason.
Monetary items and Non Monetary Items
Monetary items Non monetary items
Non monetary items are those

Monetary items are money held assets and items in which benefit is
liabilities to be received or paid in receivable in Kinds, Goods or
determinable amounts of money. services.
Therefore following items are monetary Example :Prepaid expenses,

items: Advances given to suppliers.
• 1. Money held (i.e. cash and cash In above examples, we will
equivalents held by the entity). receive either service or goods
in return.
• 2. Assets which are receivable in
terms of money.
• 3. Liabilities which are payable in
terms of money.
By Rohan Nimbalkar 64
AS - 11 - The Effects Of Changes In Foreign………
Concept No. 2 Need of this standard

Suppose, one entity is running its business in India then such entity shall prepare its financial
statement in Indian currency.
Due to export, import or other reason, entity may have the transactions in other currency also i.e.US $.
In such cases, entity shall convert amount of transaction in foreign currency to Indian currency to
record it in financial statements prepared in Indian Currency.
When transactions are taking place in foreign currency, these are to be converted into rupees as Indian
entity's reporting currency is Rupees.
This standard discusses how to convert the foreign currency transaction into reporting currency i.e.
which exchange rate should be used to convert it into Rupees and how to account for the changes in
foreign currency (Forex) rates in financial statements.
An entity may have foreign currency transactions in two ways:
1. Direct Transactions by entity: Imports, exports, foreign currency loans etc. by entity.
Import
• .
• .
• .
Forign Currency
Export Loan
2. Indirect Transactions by entity: Transactions by its foreign branch or subsidiary or

associate, etc.
• .
Foreign
Subsidiary
• .
• .
Forign Branch Forign Associate
Concept No. 3 Scope & Applicability

This standard is applicable to:
1. Transactions entered by the entity in Foreign currency;
2.Translation of financial statements of foreign operations, and
3. Accounting for forward exchange contracts.
Concept No. 4 RECOGNITION AND MEASUREMENT
Foreign currency
Transactions
Subsequent
Initial Measurement
Measurement
Recognise using the rate on Depends on Classification of

the date of transaction items.
Classification is not
relevant
1. What is foreign currency transaction?
It is a transaction which is denominated in or requires settlement

in a foreign currency.
Concept No. 5 Initial Recognition & Measurement:
All foreign currency transactions should be recognised using the rate on the date of transaction.
Foreign
currency
transactions
Includes
Purchase or Acquisition or Incurring or

Borrowing or
sale of Goods disposal of settling
lending funds
or services assets liabilities, etc.
Subsequent measurement:
After initial recognition of the transaction, if any asset or liability (which is created out of initial
recognition) continues till the balance sheet date, the entity should remeasure its value on the balance
sheet date i.e. subsequent measurement.
Subsequent measurement depends on the classification of monetary and non monetary.
Subsequent Measurement
Monetary
Items Non Monetary Items
Rate on
Balance Carrying Value
Sheet date Measued at
Historical Cost Fair Value/NRV
No need to measure on
subsequent date Rate on the date of
valuation
Foreign currency contingent liabilities should be measured using the closing rate. (Rate on the date of
Balance sheet)
Non-monetary items which are Non-monetary items which can be measured at fair
measured at historical cost value or NRV
1. Fixed assets, If Inventory is valued at If a Current Investment is
2. Long term investments, cost valued at cost
3. Prepaid expenses,
4. Advances given to suppliers, Consider the rate on the date Consider the rate on the
etc.- of transaction; date of transaction;
Re-measurement of these items are If it is measured at NRV – If it is measured at Fair

not required on balance sheet date value –
therefore initially recognised Rate on the date of valuation.
amount will continue. i.e. closing rate. Rate on the date of
valuation i.e. closing rate.
Concept No. 6 - Treatment of Foreign exchange rate difference
Exchange rate difference arises because of:
1. Transaction is initially recorded at one rate and it is settled at another rate.

(Settlement means payment or receipt of consideration)
2. Transaction is initially recorded at one rate & its subsequent measurement rate is another rate. (as it
is not settled till the balance sheet date)
3. Transaction is subsequently measured at one rate and later settled at another rate.
All types of foreign exchange difference (gain or loss) shall be charged to Profit and Loss alc as
exchange gain or loss in the year in which it occurs.
Exception to charging exchange difference to P&L Account
1. Where an entity has a foreign branch and the operation of foreign branch is treated as non-
integral foreign operation the exchange differences should be accumulated in foreign
currency translation reserve till disposal of net investment in non-integral foreign operation.
(Non – integral foreign operation discussed further)
2. This reserve is to be shown in Reserves and Surplus
In case of partial disposal, only the proportionate share of related accumulated “Foreign
Currency Translation Reserve A/c”
3. If the entity has exercised the option to capitalise the exchange difference on long term foreign
currency monetary items.
Note: Any foreign currency loan taken for acquisition of fixed assets and the foreign exchange
difference arising from such loan should be charged to Profit and Loss Alc. Loan taken is a
monetary item and it requires to be restated on the balance sheet date using the closing rate. Reason
for taking loan does not change the recognition manner.
Concept 7: Translation of Financial Statements of Foreign Operations (F.O)
What is a foreign operation?
Examples of Foreign Operation as per AS - 11
Foreign Branch Foreign Joint Foreign Associates

Foreign Subsidiary Venture
Foreign Branch: it is also Discussed in Branch Accounting chapter of CA Intermediate syllabus.
Foreign operations are classified into two, i.e. 1. Integral foreign operation; 2. Non integral foreign
operation;
Classification of Foreign Operations
It requires professional judgment for classification between Integral and Non integral foreign
operations.
Classification must be based on substance over form (by considering reality).
Following explanation will help you in judgment.
Integral Foreign Operation Non - Integral Foreign Operation
1. A foreign operation does its business 1. A foreign operation does business independently
outside India as if an extension to the and accumulates cash and other monetary items
business. and remits foreign currency occasionally.
2. As there are NO frequent cash flows, changes in
forex rates will have little or NO direct effect on
the operating cash flows of the reporting entity.
Example: Example:
1. If a foreign branch procures the raw material &

1. If a foreign branch is importing the goods pays in its local currency,
from India, sell the goods in foreign
2. Cost of material, labour and other expenses are
country and remit the foreign currency
collected from customer to Head Office in settled in foreign currency.
India.
3. Sales are mainly in foreign currency.
2. If foreign branch duty is to find customer 4. Activities are funded either from profit from its
in that country and forward the order or own operations or from local borrowing but
Head Office. not from reporting entity
Concept No. 8 Conversion/ Translation of financial statement of An Integral Foreign Operation

As it is an extension to the Reporting entity's business, we need to convert all the items of financial
statements as they are of the reporting entity;
Integral foreign operation
Non
Monetary Contingent
monetary P&L Items
items liabilities
items
Carrying value Rate on date of

Closing
Measured at transaction OR Closing Rate
Rate
Average rate
Historical Cost Fair value/NRV
Rate on the date of

No need to Remeasure
valuation
Conversion/ Translation of financial statement of A Non - Integral Foreign Operation
NON Integral foreign operation
Monetary & Non Monetary

P&L Items Contingent liabilities
items
Rate on date of transaction At Closing Rate

At Closing Rate OR Average rate
Concept No. 9 Change in Classification of foreign Operation
Re-Classification foreign operation may be as follows:
1. From integral to Non-Integral or,

2. From Non - Integral to Integral
Classification change Accounting treatment
Integral to Non Exchange gain or loss from the date of reclassification should be
integral transferred to Foreign Currency Translation Reserve A/c.
Exchange gain or loss from the date of reclassification should be

Non integral to transferred to P&L A/c & The balance in Foreign Currency Translation
Integral Reserve A/c will continue in the balance sheet till the date of sale of
foreign operation.
Concept 10 - Forward Exchange
It is an agreement to exchange different currencies at a specified future date at a predetermined

rate i.e. rate is determined on the contract date.
Need of forward contracts:
1. For managing or minimizing the foreign exchange fluctuation risks;

2. For trading or speculation purposes.
Premium or Discount on forward exchange contract:
Exchange rate on the date of Contract (known as Spot Rate) xxxx

Less: Forward Rate xxxx
Premium or Discount xxxx
Accounting Treatment of Forward Exchange Contracts
Forward Contract entered for its own Forward Contract entered for
purpose Trading/ Speculation
Premium or discount Premium or Discount on

arising at the inception of such contracts need not be
the contract should be recognised.
amortised as an expense or
income over the life of the
contract.
As the forward contract is
held for trading or
speculation purpose it should
Exchange difference on such be valued at the balance
contract should be sheet rate .
recognised in P&L.
Gain or loss as on the Balance

sheet date should be
recognised in P&L for the
Any profit or loss arising on period.
cancellation or renewal of
such forward contract
should be recognised as
income or expense for the
period. Gain or loss = Forward rate
available on the reporting date
for the remaining maturity of
the contract LESS Forward rate
fixed at the inception.
Concept No. 11- Disclosures

(a) The amount of exchange differences included in the net profit or loss for the period;
(b) Net exchange differences accumulated in Foreign Currency Translation Reserve should be shown
separately in Reserves and Surplus.
(c) When the reporting currency is other than Rupees, the reason for using a different currency should
be disclosed.
Concept No. 12 Notification issued by Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)

• Company shall follow given option (not mandatory) with prospective effect.
• It should be exercised by the company in FY 2011-12. Once exercised, should continue with the
same and it cannot discontinue the same.
Long term foreign currency monetary item:
These are assets or liabilities which are expressed in foreign currency and that have a term of 12
months or more from the starting date of such asset or liability. (Not from the balance sheet date)
As per the notification - All long term foreign currency monetary items (LTFCMI) (Monetary
assets or monetary liabilities) are divided into two parts.
All other LTFCMI (Asset or liability), other

than those related to acquisition of
Directly related to acquisition of depreciable asset.
depreciable asset. (Any Loan)
Foreign exchange fluctuation gain or loss
from such items should be transferred to
"Foreign currency monetary item
Difference arising from such monetary item translation difference account" (FCMITD
should be added to or deducted from the A/c).
cost of depreciable asset.
•FCMITD A/c balance should be amortised
(But in general it should be recognised in over the balance period of the asset or
P&L A/c) liability.
•Amortised amount should be recognised
as income or expenditure in P&L.
Accounting
Tapovan Institute for CA (9281 100 200) AS 12 - Accounting For Government Grants
AS 12 - Accounting for Government Grants
Concept No. 1 -Meaning of Government grants
Government grants are Government grants Government means

assistance by the are also called local, national or
Government in the form subsidies, cash international
of cash or kind to an incentives, duty government,
enterprise in return for drawbacks, etc. government agencies
past or future and similar bodies.
compliance with certain
conditions.
Any government assistance, which cannot be reasonably valued, is excluded from this Standard.
Concept No. 2 - Scope of AS – 12

This standard is NOT applicable for the following:
(a) Government assistance other than in the form of government grants;
(b) Government participation in the ownership of the entity; (means Government is also the owner of
entity)
Concept No. 3 - Criteria for Recognition of Grant :

Two conditions must be satisfied for recognition of Government Grant :
1. There is reasonable assurance that the 2 .Ultimate collection is

entity will comply with the conditions reasonably certain.
Mere receipt of grant money is NOT the conclusive evidence

Situation A: Money is received + Reasonable assurance on compliance of conditions.
. .
Bank A/c …….................................... Dr.

Entity should recognise grant and To Capital Reserve A/c
it should transfer it to P& L A/c or (If capital Approach is Adopted)
Capital reserve depending criteria Or,
for recognition given below. To Grant Income A/c
(If Income Approach is Adopted)
(Capital Approach and Income Approach is explained in Next

Discussion.)
Situation B: Money is received + No reasonable assurance on compliance of conditions
. .
1. Bank A/c …….............................................. Dr.

Entity should NOT recognise To Payable to Government A/c
grant but it should record the (Shown as Liability)
receipt as payable to government
2. If Entity fulfils all conditions -Recognise it as Grant
Payable to Government A/c………….. Dr.
To Grant Income A/c
(If treated as Income)
3. If Entity could not fulfill conditions and Grant is repaid:

Payable to Government A/c………….. Dr.
To Bank A/c

Concept No. 4 - Recognition & Accounting treatment

The accounting treatment should be based on the nature of the government grant.
Two Approaches for Accounting Government Grants
Capital approach Income approach
Transferred to capital
reserve Recognise in P&L statement over suitable
period of time.
(such items when received or becomes
When Grant is received or receivable shall be credited to Deferred
Becomes receivable
Income A/c then it shall be Credited to
Cash / Bank A/c ……. Dr. P&L A/c over suitable period of time and
Grant Receivable A/c……Dr. remaining amount in Deferred Income
account shall be disclosed separately in
To Capital Reserve A/c Reserves & Surplus A/c)
If the grant is in the nature of the When Grant is received or

promoter's contribution Becomes receivable
If Government makes Cash / Bank A/c ……. Dr.
contribution towards the capital Grant Receivable A/c……Dr.
require-ments of the entity
To Deferred Income A/c
Generally received at the
beginning stage of the business.
When Portion of grant transferred

to P&L A/c on suitable basis
Repayment is NOT
Deferred Income A/c …….. Dr.
expected in general
and NO related costs To Grant Income / P&L A/c
to get these grants.
1. If the grant is not in the nature of the

These are NOT earned by promoter's contribution
the entity and received
without relating costs, 2. These are received during the running
hence transferred to stage and these grants are received only
"capital reserve after compliance of conditions .
3. Entity generally incurs expenditure to
get these grants .
4. It is logical to recognise as income in
P&L A/c to match it with expenditure.
5. The income tax Act or other Acts treat
these grants as 'income' in general.

Concept No. 5
As per AS 5, Grant received should be presented as EXTRAORDINARY ITEM in the P&L statement in
following two situations
Immediate Received for

financial support Situation 2 previous year
Situation 1 to only one entity expense or
in the industry losses
Immediate financial support to only one Received for previous year expense or losses
entity in the industry
• It is not received for any specific expenditure; • Grant is received in the current year as
compensation for the previous year expenses or
• It is received only by one entity but not by the losses; &
whole Industry, and
• It is recognised as income in Current Year P&L
• The entity recorded such grant as income in statement.
P&L based on the circumstances existing at
that time.
These two items shall be separately disclosed as extraordinary to make the financial statements
comparable with other.
Concept No. 6 Non-monetary Government Grants

Grants may be received in the form of land, buildings or other
resources (Known as non-monetary assets,)
Non-Monetary Asset received at Discounted / Non-Monetary Asset received Free of Cost

Concessional rate
In this case, such assets are recorded Acquisition In this case, such assets are recorded Nominal
Cost (Concessional price at which asset is Value (at negligible or immaterial value)
acquired)

Concept No. 7 Grants Related to Specific Fixed Assets

Government may issue grant if entity purchases or constructs the asset as per the specifications
made by government.
Accounting Treatment
Assets
Depreciable Non
Assets Depreciable
Assets
Alternative Alternative
ONE TWO
Requires
fulfillment of any
1. Amount received is conditions
deducted from the gross
value of the asset; 1. Amount received is treated
as Deferred income
2. The reduced amount
of fixed asset is 2. Deferred income is
depreciated over its recognised in P&L alc on a
useful life systematic and rational basis
over the useful life of the
asset;
3. Apply depreciation method
to recognise deferred income
in P&L a/c;
No
Yes
Credit to P&L alc

over the period in Transfer
which costs are to Capital
charged to P&L Reserve
If the asset is depreciable, two options are available. The entity can select anyone method and can
apply the same consistently.
Concept No. 8 - Revenue grants presentation in P&L

1st Method 2odMethod
Present as income in the profit and loss Grant received can be deducted from the
statement as OTHER INCOME. related expense in P&L.

Concept No. 9 Refund of Government grant

• Government grants are generally refundable when the entity does not fulfil certain conditions.
• Refund of grant is treated as an extraordinary item as per AS 5.
• Accounting for refund of grant is based on the initial recognition of government grant because
the previous treatments need to be REVERSED at the time of refund.
• To understand this point, REMEMBER THIS WORDS THAT “PREVIOUS TREATMENT NEED
TO BE REVERSED”.
Grants Initial Accounting Refund Accounting Treatment
1. Revenue Grant On receipt of grant, if it is If balance is available in deferred

initially transferred to government grant A/c :
Deferred government grant
account and subsequently • First reverse the existing balance in
transferred to P&L in a deferred government grant A/c.
systematic and rational basis • Remaining amount should be charged
over a period of time. to P&L.
(Matching concept)
Deferred Govt. Grant A/c…...Dr (to the
extent of balance in A/c)
P&L A/c……. Dr (balancing fig.)
To Cash / Bank (Refunded amount)
If balance is not available in deferred
government grant (i.e.it is fully
transferred to P&L):
Charge total refunded amount to P&L alc.
P&L A/c ………..Dr (Refunded amount)

To Cash / Bank (Refunded amount)
.
2. Capital grant Initially it is transferred to Capital reserve balance should be reversed.
capital reserve A/c
(Capital Capital reserve A/c........ Dr
approach): To Cash /Bank A/c (Refunded Amt.)

Concept No. 10 - Refund of Grant related to specific fixed asset.
A. In case of Depreciable Assets
Method 1 Method 2
Initial Accounting
Initial Accounting
• Deducted from the gross value

• Grant received is credited to
deferred Government Grant A/c
and transferred to P&L A/c in
Accounting at the time of systematic and rational basis
Refund: over the useful life of asset
• Add the refunded amount to fixed asset

carrying amount; and
• Depreciate the increased carrying amount Accounting at the time of
over the remaining useful life of the asset Refund:
prospectively.
Journal Entry
• First utilise the balance existing
in deferred government grant
• Machinery A/c ........ Dr. A/c and if any balance charge to
To Cash / Bank A/c (Refunded amount) P&L A/c.
Journal Entry
• Deferred Govt. Grant A/c…….. Dr

(Balance in BS)
P&L A/c………………. Dr
(Balancing fig.)
To Cash / Bank A/c (Refunded
amount)

B. In case of Non-Depreciable Assets
A. If previously credited to capital reserve if no B. If conditions need to be satisfied, initially

conditions need to be satisfied. recognised as deferred govt. grant and
transferred to P&L in systematic and rational
Reverse the capital reserve with refunded basis so as to match the revenue with
amount. expenditure.
Capital reserve A/c..... Dr

To Cash / Bank A/c
(Refunded amount) Same as Revenue grant refund as discussed above
Concept No. 11 - Disclosure under AS - 12

1. The accounting policy adopted for government grants
2. The nature and extent of government grants recognised in the financial statements

CA INTERMEDIATE
ADV.ACCOUNTING
BENCHMARK

Sirf samjenge nahi
Rohan Nimbalkar
Head Office :
Office no : 23,
Contact Number :
9281 100 200 / 9921 146 146
www.TapovanCA.com
AS 13 - Accounting For Investments
AS 13- Accounting For Investments
Concept No. 1 Introduction & Meaning
Investments are assets held by an enterprise for earning income by way of

dividends, interest and rentals, for capital appreciation, or for other
benefits to the investing enterprise. Investment Accounting is done as per
AS-13 which deals with all kind of investments except:
1. Interest, dividends and rentals earned on investments.

2. Operating or financial leases
3. Investment of retirement benefit plans and life insurance
enterprises
4. Mutual funds
5. Assets held as Stock-in-trade are not ‘Investments’
(I) Meaning of Investments
Investments
Assets (Not held as Stock in Trade)
Held for earning Income Held for Capital Held for Other Benefits
Appreciation
By the way of
Dividend Rental Interest
(II) Forms of Investment
Investments with physical form.
Investments with physical form - E.g. Land & building, gold, silver, etc.

Investments without physical form.
Investments without physical form (rights) and in the form of mere certificates or similar documents-
E.g. Shares, debentures, etc.
Concept No. 2 Market of Investment

Investments may or may not have an active market
For shares in private limited

companies, active market doesn't
exist.
• .
• .
Shares in listed companies

have active market;
Concept No. 3. Recognition & Measurement
It is classified into two
Recognition & Measurement
Initial Measurement Subsequent Measurement
Measured at COST
Depends on Classification (Whether
investment is treated as Short Term or Long
Term)
Classification is NOT relevant
1. Initial Measurement of investment

Initial recognition means recognising the investment at the time of acquisition. All investments
whether current or long term should be initially recognised at COST. Cost of investments include
Basic cost of investment + All direct costs incurred for acquisition.
(Direct Cost on investment Includes brokerage, fees, registration fees and duties, etc.)

Concept No. 4 Classification of Investments& Subsequent Measurement
Current Investment Long term investment

(Example: Investment Property)
Two conditions to be satisfied

Which is NOT current investment
1. It is readily realisable
2. Intention to hold for NOT more than
one year from date of investment Always valued at COST
Exception: Reduce carrying amount if
permanent diminution in value
Measures at Cost OR Fair value
Whichever is lower (on Individual
Investment Basis) Any reduction to Cost and any reversals of
such reductions are transferred to P&L
Any reduction to fair value and any a/c
reversals of such reductions are
transferred to P&L a/c
Concept No. 5 Investment can be acquired
By exchange of another
By Payment of By issue of shares or
asset of the entity
cash/credit other securities
(Barter)
Cost of investment = Cost of investment = Cost of investment =
Amount Paid/ Fair value (FV) of 1. FV of asset given up Or

payable including shares / other
securities on the 2. FV of Investment acquired
incidental expenses
like Brokerage. date of acquisition Whichever is clearly
evident
Fair value is an arm's length price agreed between knowledgeable, willing parties in an open market.
Generally market value can be taken as fair value with some adjustments.
Concept No. 6 Income from Investments
Interest, dividends and rent receivable in connection with an investment are generally regarded as
income, as it is a return on the investment.

Classification of Income from Investments as follows
PRE Acquisition Income POST Acquisition Income
1. Income Accrued during the PRE

acquisition period. Income earned and accrued
2. But received by the investor after the AFTER the acquisition and
acquisition. received after the acquisition.
3. It shall be treated as recovery of cost of
investment as it is assumed that Price paid
for investment includes pre acquisition
income.
Recognise the income and

credited to P & L A/c
Deduct the pre-acquisition income from the

cost of investment.
But in case of equity shares it is difficult to make allocation in Pre and post Acquisition Income.
Bonus shares
Bonus Shares represents shares issued by the company to the

existing equity share holders at free of cost by capitalising
reserves.
Cost of investment of bonus shares is always Nil but it increases

number of shares.
Therefore there is no need to pass any journal entry & only

number of bonus shares received will be added to the existing
number of shares.

Right Issue and Rights shares
These are shares issued to existing shareholders of a company for

consideration.
Existing shareholders are given the "right" to purchase new shares

generally at a lesser price.
If existing shareholder is not interested in “rights" then they can sell

the rights to anybody.
If the existing share holders exercise the option

Investment A/c .................. Dr.
To Cash/Bank A/c
Rule: If the rights are sold, then amount received is an income and it should be taken to P&L A/c.
Exception to the above rule
when the following two conditions are satisfied, the accounting treatment differs:
1. The investments must be acquired on cum-right basis; and
2. Market value of such investments came down below the cost of investment immediately after the
issue of right shares;
(Under above 2 situations, income received by sale of rights is credited to investment account in
cost column to bring the carrying amount to the market price.)
Concept No. 7 - Sale of Investments
Profit or Loss on sale of investments should be recognised in the P&L alc.
Profit / (Loss) = Sale proceeds (Net of selling expenses) - Carrying amount (book value).
If a part of an individual investment is disposed, the carrying amount is to be determined on the basis of
the average carrying amount of the total holding of the investment and accordingly profit or loss on
such disposal is to be determined. (NOT FIFO or LIFO or any other basis)

Concept No. 8 - Reclassification of Investments
Classification of investments can be changed by the entity at any point of time i.e. either from Long term
to current OR current to long term.
The following points explain how to determine the carrying amount after reclassification.
Reclassification from Long term Reclassification from Current to

to Current Long term
Carrying amount of current Carrying amount of long term

investments is lower of cost and investments is lower of cost and fair
carrying amount on the date of value on the date of reclassification.
reclassification.
Concept No. 9 - Disclosure
Disclosure
1. A/c policies of the entity

2. Classsification of investent into current & long term
3. Total amount of Quoted & Unquoted investment
4. Total market value of quoted investment
5. Profit or loss on the sale of current and long term investments and
adjustment of carrying amount in investment a/c.
6. Other Disclosures etc.,

Tapovan Insitute for CA 9281 100 AS
20016 - BORROWING COSTS AS 16 - Borrowing Costs
Concept No. 1 Meaning of Borrowing cost
Borrowing costs are interest and other costs

incurred in connection with the borrowing of
funds.
It includes the following cost and charges
Interest and commitment charges on any borrowing
Amortisation of discounts or premiums relating to borrowings

E.g: 1. Premium payable on redemption of debentures or Preference shares, 2.
Discount on issue of debentures.
Amortisation of ancillary costs incurred for arrangement of borrowings
Finance charges when the assets under finance leases.
Exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings

to the extent that they are regarded as
an adjustment to interest costs.
Note: Cost or charges paid for pre closure / prepayment of loan shall not be treated as Borrowing
cost. As per opinion of Expert Advisory committee of ICAI prepayment fee paid for liquidating high
cost debt and availing low cost debt in substitution of the high cost debt cannot be capitalised, as it is
not borrowing cost as defined in AS – 16.

Tapovan Insitute for CA 9281 100 200 AS 16 - Borrowing Costs
Concept No. 2 Objectives of this Standards:
This standard prescribes rules for accounting treatment for borrowing costs
1. Whether the borrowing costs should be capitalised along with the assets OR charged to profit
and loss statement.
In other words,
Whether the cost of borrowings should be included in cost of asset or to be charged to P&L A/c.
This standard deals with only borrowing costs and does not deal with cost of owner’s equity
including preference capital i.e. Dividend because it is not cost but it is just distribution of profit.
Concept No. 3 - Recognition
Borrowing costs directly related to
Acquisition of Construction of Production of
Qualifying If Asset is not Qualifying Asset

Asset
Capitalise along Charge to P & L

with asset
Borrowing Cost can be capitalised only when:
1. Those borrowing costs, which are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction and
production of qualifying asset. (Directly attributable cost means which would have been
avoided if asset would not have acquired, purchased or constructed.)
2. There are probable future economic benefit inflow,
3. Borrowing cost can be measured reliably.

Concept No. 4 - What is Qualifying Asset:
It depends on facts and circumstances of

ASSET each case. Normally, period of 12 months
is treated as substantial period of time
unless shorter period can be justified
That nessesarily
takes a substantial
period of time
To get ready for It's

intended
Use Sale
Examples of Qualifying Assets:
1. Any tangible or intangible fixed assets,

which are in construction/ development
process or tangible or intangible asset
acquired but not ready for use or resale.
Such as:
A. Tangible - plant and machinery,

Building
B. Intangible Assets: Patent

2. Investment Property.

3. Inventories that require a substantial

period. (Normally more
than one accounting period) to bring
them in saleable condition.
Concept No. 5 Commencement of capitalisation of borrowing Cost

Conditions for Capitalisation of borrowing costs
Asset preparation and

development activities Expenditure on qualifying Borrowing cost is
asset being incurred; incurred;
shall be in process.
Asset preparation and development activities shall be in process.
Activities includes taking approval from government for construction or purchase, Designing,
Physical construction of asset, technical work prior to commencement of physical asset
When necessary activities are not in progress, the interest incurred during that period should be
charged to P&L statement.

Concept No. 6 - Suspension / Cessation of capitalisation

If the period of suspension of capitalisation and after cessation of capitalisation, borrowing
cost shall be debited to P&L A/c
Suspension of Capitalisation Cessation of Capitalisation
Capitalisation of borrowing cost to Capitalisation of borrowing cost to

be stopped for temporary period. be stopped for permanently.
Capitalisation of borrowing costs

should be suspended during
extended period in which active Capitalisation of borrowing costs
development is interrupted . should be stopped when
substantially all necessary activities
are complete i.e. the asset is ready
for its intended use or sale.
If there is any temporary delay during
construction or production for making
the asset ready for its intended use or
sale - interest incurred in that period
should not be suspended.
If minor modifications, like the
decoration etc. are pending, it can
be considered as substantially
completed.
Capitalisation process will start once
the interrupted work is resumed.
When a qualifying asset is completed in parts / phases - Capitalisation of borrowing costs

should be stopped / ceased when any completed part is capable of being used.
1. How much amount should be capitalised?
1. If amount is specifically borrowed for obtaining a qualifying asset
In this case an entity should capitalise the following amount:
Actual borrowing costs incurred on borrowing during the period XXX
Less: Any income on the temporary investments of the borrowed amount
XXX
Amount to be capitalised XXX
If funds are borrowed but not immediately required then such amount may be invested temporarily

and income from such investments should be deducted from the borrowing costs incurred.
2. If amount is generally borrowed and used for the purpose of obtaining qualifying Asset.
Company may borrow amount through debentures, Bank Loan or other sources. This amount
was borrowed for general business purpose and not borrowed specifically for construction or
acquisition of assets.
Afterwards entity uses this amount for purchase or construction of qualifying asset.
In this case it is difficult to identify exact source of borrowing used for purchase or construction
of asset.
Therefore Amount of borrowing cost should be determined by applying weighted average of

borrowing cost which is also known as capitalisation rate.
In other words, capitalisation rate is weighted average rate of only general borrowings
outstanding during the period.
Capitalisation Rate
Borrowing cost incurred during the year x 100
Aggregate outstanding borrowings
Aggregate outstanding borrowings

Amount of borrowings x Number of months loan outstanding
12 Months
Interest to be capitalised
Expenditure incurred on the asset x capitalisation rate x Period of utilisation
12 months
Note: Total amount of capitalised borrowing cost shall not exceed the actual borrowing cost
incurred during the period.
Concept No. 7 - Disclosures

The entity should disclose the following in its financial statements:
(a) The accounting policy adopted for borrowing costs; &
(b) The amount of borrowing costs capitalised during the period.

Concept No. 8 Exchange differences arising on foreign currency borrowings
(Read AS 11 to understand this concept)

Exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowings to the extent that they are
regarded as an adjustment to interest costs.
This provision is applicable only if there is loss due to exchange difference from foreign currency
borrowings & such loss is debited to P&L A/c.
Out of such fluctuation charge, some portion will be treated as borrowing costs as per this
Standard subject to conditions.
Translate amount of loan in Indian Currency at closing rate x

actual rate of interest on borrowing.
In Other words, (Loan outstanding in foreign currency x
Closing rate) x actual rate of interest on borrowing.
Compute Interest that would have been paid if loan

was taken in India (at interest rate applicable if loan is
taken in India.)
Calculate increase in liability towards the principal

amount due to increase in foreign currency rate.
Difference in loan amount to the extent of difference in

interest rate (step 2 – step 1) shall be treated as
borrowing cost in addition to actual borrowing cost
paid under step 1.

CA INTERMEDIATE
ADV.ACCOUNTING
BENCHMARK

Sirf samjenge nahi
Rohan Nimbalkar
Head Office :
Office no : 23,
Contact Number :
9281 100 200 / 9921 146 146
www.TapovanCA.com
Tapovan Institute for CA 9281AS
10017
200SEGMENT REPORTING AS 17 - Segment Reporting
Concept No. 1 Important Concepts
Questions Answer
What is Segment Reporting Disclosure/Reporting of Information of product and Location of

Entity based on Sales, Profit, Assets, and liabilities is known as
Segment Reporting.
Core Element of AS – 17
Core Element of this standard is reporting more than Accounting
By Whom
Reporting by Entity
For Whom
For Stakeholders
Why To gives very good understanding of the company to the stake

holders, so that stake holders can take informed decisions.
1. Better understanding of the performance of the company;

2. Better assessment of risks and returns;
3. Make more informed judgments about the entity.
Segment information is relevant to assess the risks and returns of

a diversified or multi-Vocational entity.

Tapovan Institute for CA 9281 100 200 AS 17 - Segment Reporting
Mandatory or Not?
This Standard makes it mandatory for entities to provide

information by dividing / classifying it on product or location
basis.
Concept No. 2 - Scope of AS - 17

• This standard is applicable to Level – I entity and non SME entity.
• This standard is applicable to the entities presenting
(a) General purpose financial statements

(b) Consolidated financial statements.
• Compliance of this standard is mandatory.
Concept No. 3 - Important Terms / Definitions
A. Types of Segment
Business Segment Geographical Segment

• .
• .
Business Segment
Meaning Segment is made on the basis of Products / Services with different risk and
returns.
It is the segment which 1. It is a different (distinguishable) component compared to other

satisfies following components of an enterprise/organisation
conditions 2. It is subject to risk and returns that are different from those of other
business segments.
3. It is engaged in providing an individual product or service or group of
related products or services.

Factors to be (a) Nature of the products or services; E.g. Software, hardware, Steel,
considered in Jewellery, etc.
determining whether it
is business segment or (b) Nature of the production processes; e.g. Automated, Manual.
not:
(c) Type or class of customers for the products or services; E.g. Institutional
or Retail
(d) Methods used to distribute the products or provide the services; and E.g.
Direct distribution to customers or through dealers;
(e) Nature of the regulatory environment, E.g. banking, insurance, or public

utilities.
Geographical Segment
Meaning Segment is made on the basis of its operation in different geographical

areas, which are exposed to different risk and returns.
It is segment which • Basically it is a different/ distinguishable component considering the

satisfies the following location of operations or its customers.
conditions • Risk & returns are influenced by the geographical location.
To identify a (a) Similarity of economic and political conditions; e.g. Democracy,

geographical segment, Feudalism
we should consider the
following factors (b) Relationships between operations indifferent geographical areas;
(c) Proximity (closeness) of operations;
(d) Special risks associated with operations in a particular area; e.g.

Terrorism, Backward areas.
(e) Exchange control regulations; and e.g. partial or fully convertible

currency.
(t) The underlying currency risks. e.g. Euro V s. Dollar
A. Reportable Segment
It is a business or a geographical segment for which segment information is required to be disclosed

separately in the financial statements.

A segment is treated as reporting segment only when it satisfies the conditions given in the Standard.
Therefore A company may have many segments but all of them need not be reportable segments as per
the Standard.
A Reportable segment needs to disclose segment revenue, expenses, assets & liabilities etc. as per the
Standard.
B. Enterprise revenue
It is revenue from sales to external customers as reported in P&L A/c.
C. Segment Revenue
Segment revenue includes:
1. Revenue directly attributable to a segment;

2. Reasonable portion of enterprise revenue that can be allocated to segment.
3. Inter segment revenue transactions.
Segment revenue Excludes:
(a) Extraordinary items,

(b) Interest or dividend income including interest on loans given to other segments; (c) Gains
on sales of investments or on extinguishment of debt.
(If segment is primarily of financial nature then point (b) & (c) shall be treated as part of
segment revenue.)
D. Segment expense
Segment expense includes:
1. Expenses Directly Attributable to segment,
2. Reasonably portion of enterprise revenue that can be allocated to segment.
3. Cost incurred at enterprise level on behalf of segment.
Segment expense EXCLUDES:
(a) Extraordinary items,
(b) Interest expense including interest from loans and advances from other segments; if segment is
primarily of financial nature then this interest expenses shall be treated as part of segment expenses.
(c) Losses on sales of investments or on extinguishment of debt;

(d) Income Tax;
(e) General administrative expenses, head-office expenses and other expenses which are incurred at the
entity level and relate to the entity as a whole.
E. Segment result (Profit or Loss)

Segment revenue - Segment expense = Segment result
F. SEGMENT ASSET
Segment assets are • Used in its operating activities of the segment,
the assets: • Which are directly attributable to the segment;
• Which can be allocated to the segment on reasonable basis; (Includes
tangible or intangible fixed assets and current assets)
Note:
1. If a single asset is used by both the segments - it should be allocated

between the two on a reasonable basis;
2. Goodwill that is directly attributable to a segment or that can be
allocated to segment on the reasonable basis.
3. If a particular item of depreciation or amortisation is included in
segment expense then related asset is also included in segment assets.
4. Segment assets are determined after deducting related depreciation of
fixed assets and provisions from current assets like trade receivables.
Segment Assets not (a) Income-tax assets like deferred tax asset, Advance tax etc.
includes: (b) Asset used for general entity or head office purposes.
(c) Loans, investments or other interest/dividend generating assets; these
assets will be included only when the segment is primarily of financial nature.
G. SEGMENT LIABILITIES
Segment liabilities a. liabilities generated from the operating activities of the segment
are : b. Which are directly attributable to the segment; and
c. Which can be allocated to the segment on reasonable basis;
Examples:
Trade payables, outstanding liabilities, advances received from customers,

provision for warranty or employee benefits like provident fund, gratuity of
employees working with the segment.
Segment liabilities (a) Loans and other interest-bearing liabilities; these liabilities will be included
not includes

only when the segment is primarily of financial nature.
(b) Income-tax liabilities like deferred tax liability, provision for tax etc.
H. Reportable Segments
Segment is treated as reportable segment when it satisfies any One of following conditions:
Segment Revenue Segment Results Segment Assets OVERALL external

Criteria Criteria Criteria Revenue Criteria
Criteria 1 Segment Revenue Criteria

Segment revenue = External + Inter segment transfers.
Segment Revenue is 10 % or more of Total Revenue of ALL SEGMENTS (not

Enterprise revenue - as it includes only external sales)
Criteria 2 Segment Results Criteria: (on the basis of profit or loss)

Segment result is 10% or more of
a. Total of segments profits only.

b. Total of segments losses only.
(whichever is Higher)
Criteria 3 Segment Assets Criteria:

Segment assets is 10 % or more of Total assets of all segments
Management can designate a business or geographical segment as reportable segment even if it

does NOT satisfy the above conditions.

Criteria 4 OVERALL external Revenue Criteria:

all segments the above three criteria must be applied first and-
1. Further, Management may at its discretion choose any segment as

reportable segment even if such segment does not fulfill the criteria stated
above.
2. Ensure whether at least 75% of total external revenue should be in the
reportable segments.
3. If 75% of total external revenue is not in the reportable segments, then
additional reportable segments should be identified ignoring 10%
threshold limits until at least 75% of total external revenue is included in
reportable segments.
If any segment is not designated as a reportable segment under any of the above conditions, it
should be included as an unallocated segments reconciling item.
Any segment, which was reportable segment in the previous year on fulfillment of 10%
threshold limit, should be reportable segment during current year even if 10% threshold limit is
not fulfilled in current year.
Concept No. 4 - Basis of classification
Conditions Primary Reportable Secondary Reportable

Segment Segment
If risk and returns of a company is Business Segment Geographic Segment based on

mainly affected by difference in location of customers.
product/ service.
If risk and returns of a company is
mainly affected by its operations in
different geographical area
1. Based on location of assets and

location of customers.
Geographic Segment Business Segment
2. Based on location of assets only Geographic Segment (based on Business Segment + Customer
and if location of its customers location of assets) based geographic segment
is different from the location of sales
its assets.
3. Based on location of customers

and if the assets of the
enterprise are located in Geographic Segment (based on Business Segment + Assets
different geographical area location of customers) based geographic segment -
from its customers. revenue, segment assets

If risk and returns of a company is Business Segment Geographic Segment

mainly affected both by difference in
product/ service it produces and its
operations in different geographical
area.
Concept No. 5 - Disclosures
Revenue from external customers
Revenue from transactions with other segments (Inter

segment transfers)
Segment results
Carrying amount of segment assets
Segment liabilities
Depreciation and amortisation expense

during the period.
Non-cash expenses other than

depreciation and amortisation.
Reconciliation of revenue, result, assets

and liabilities.

Tapovan Institute for CAAS
9281
18100 200
– Related Party AS 18 – Related Party Disclosures
Disclosures
Objective:
The objective of this Standard Related Party Disclosures is to establish requirements for disclosure
of:
Related party relationships; and

Transactions between a reporting enterprise and its related parties.
Scope:
This Standard deals only with related party relationships described in (a) to (e) below:
(a) Enterprises that directly, or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, control, or are
controlled by, or are under common control with, the reporting enterprise (this includes holding
companies, subsidiaries and fellow subsidiaries);
(b) Associates and joint ventures of the reporting enterprise and the investing party or venture in
respect of which the reporting enterprise is an associate or a joint venture;
(c) Individuals owning, directly or indirectly, an interest in the voting power of the reporting
enterprise that gives them control or significant influence over the enterprise, and relatives of any
such individual;
(d) Key management personnel and relatives of such personnel; and
(e) Enterprises over which any person described in (c) or (d) is able to exercise significant influence.
This includes enterprises owned by directors or major shareholders of the reporting enterprise and
enterprises that have a member of key management in common with the reporting enterprise.
Applicable To
(e) Enterprises over

(a) Enterprises that
which any person
controlled by the
described in (c) or (d)
reporting enterprise
is able to exercise
(b) Associates and joint significant influence
ventures of the entity (d) Key management
personnel and relatives of
(c) Individuals who have control or such personnel
significant influence directly or
indirectly & their relatives

Tapovan Institute for CA 9281 100 200 AS 18 – Related Party Disclosures
Definitions/Meaning
For the purpose of this Standard, the following terms are used with the meanings specified:
1) Related Party –
Parties are considered to be related if at any time during the reporting
period one party has the ability to control the other party or exercise
significant influence over the other party in making financial and/or
operating decisions.
2) Related party transaction – a transfer of resources or obligations

between related parties regardless of whether or not a price is charged.
3) Control –
Ownership, directly or indirectly, of more than one-half of the voting power
of an enterprise, or
Control of the composition of the board of directors in the case of a company
or of the composition of the corresponding governing body in case of any
other enterprise, or
A substantial interest in voting power and the power to direct, by statute or
agreement, the financial and/or operating policies of the enterprise.
4) Significant influence – participation in the financial and/or operating policy decisions of an

enterprise, but not control of those policies.
Does the entity has 20% or more voting power?
Yes No
Does It exercise significant influence? Does It exercise significant influence?
Yes No Yes No
It is an ASSOCIATE It is an NOT an It is an ASSOCIATE. It is an NOT an

Disclose as required ASSOCIATE. NO need Disclose as required ASSOCIATE. NO
of disclosures. (It (It should be proved) need of
should be proved) disclosures

Examples of exercising significant influence:

Having investor's representative in the board of associate; (Representative can participate in BOD's
discussions)
Participation in the policy-making process;
Material transactions between investor and associate
Interchange of managerial personnel;
Technical assistance required by associate is provided by the investor; (Technical dependence) etc.
In the above examples, investor can influence the company even though it does not control it.
5) A Joint venture –
A contractual arrangement whereby two or more parties undertake an economic activity which is
subject to joint control.
6) Key management personnel

– Those persons who have the authority and responsibility for planning,
directing and controlling the activities of the reporting enterprise.
Example of key managerial personnel are Managing director, whole time

director, Chief executive officer, and any person in accordance with
whose directions or instructions the board of directors of the company is
accustomed to act, are usually considered key management personnel.
7) Relative
– in relation to an individual, means the spouse, son, daughter, brother, sister,
father and mother who may be expected to influence, or be influenced by, that
individual in his/her dealings with the reporting enterprise.
8) Holding company – a company having one or more subsidiaries.
9) Subsidiary – a company:
In which another company (the holding company) holds, either by itself
and/or through one or more subsidiaries, more than one-half in
nominal value of its equity share capital; or
Of which another company (the holding company) controls, either by
itself and/or through one or more subsidiaries, the composition of its
board of directors.

Disclosure
1) The statutes governing an enterprise often require disclosure in financial statements of
transactions with certain categories of related parties. In particular, attention is focused on
transactions with the directors or similar key management personnel of an enterprise, especially
their remuneration and borrowings, because of the fiduciary nature of their relationship with the
enterprise.
2) Name of the related party and nature of the related party relationship where control exists should
be disclosed irrespective of whether or not there have been transactions between the related parties.
3) If there have been transactions between related parties, during the existence of a related party
relationship, the reporting enterprise should disclose the following:
The name of the transacting related party;

• A description of the relationship between the parties;
• A description of the nature of transactions;
• Volume of the transactions either as an amount or as an appropriate proportion;
• Any other elements of the related party transactions necessary for an understanding of the
financial statements;
• The amounts or appropriate proportions of outstanding items pertaining to related parties at
the balance sheet date and provisions for doubtful debts due from such parties at that date;
and
• Amounts written off or written back in the period in respect of debts due from or to related
parties.
4) Items of a similar nature may be disclosed in aggregate by type of related party except when
separate disclosure is necessary for an understanding of the effects of related party transactions on
the financial statements of the reporting enterprise.
5) The following are examples of the related party transactions in respect of which disclosures may
be made by a reporting enterprise:
• Purchases or sales of goods (finished or unfinished);

• Purchases or sales of fixed assets;
• Rendering or receiving of services;
• Agency arrangements;
• Leasing or hire purchase arrangements;
• Transfer of research and development;
• License agreements;
• Finance (including loans and equity contributions in cash or in kind);
• Guarantees and collaterals; and
• Management contracts including for deputation of employees.

CA INTERMEDIATE
ADV.ACCOUNTING
BENCHMARK

Sirf samjenge nahi
Rohan Nimbalkar
Head Office :
Office no : 23,
Contact Number :
9281 100 200 / 9921 146 146
www.TapovanCA.com
Tapovan Institute for CA 9281 100 200 AS 19 – Leases
AS – 19 Leases
This standard is the best example of 'substance over form'.
Objective of AS - 19
To Prescribe
1. The accounting treatment for leases in the books of lessee & lessor and
2. Accounting policies and disclosures.
Scope of AS - 19
This Standard is applicable to ALL leases other than
(a) Lease agreements to explore for or use natural resources, such as oil, gas, timber, metals and other
mineral rights; (No AS exists and industry rules are followed)
(b) Licensing agreements for such as motion picture films, video recordings, plays, manuscripts, pate
and copyrights; and (All these are intangible assets - AS 26 is applicable)
(c) Lease agreements to use lands.
(d) This standard is also not applicable to cancellable lease (Where leasee has a right to cancel the
lease)
Important concepts and definitions
Lease means
Lease is an agreement WHICH GIVES RIGHT TO USE AN ASSET to for lessee an agreed period of time
BY single payment or series of payments
Non-Cancellable Lease
A non-cancellable lease is a lease that is not cancellable during the lease term.
Even though the lease is cancellable, under the following situations - it is treated as non-cancellable
By CMA. CS Rohan Nimbalkar 109

lease:
Even if cancellable-
(a) Upon the occurrence of some remote (rare) contingencies (like earthquakes, floods, etc.); or (b)
With the permission of the lessor; or
(c) If the lessee enters into a new lease for the same or an equivalent asset with the same lessor; or
(d) Upon huge payment of penalty by the lessee (because it is huge payment, it is certain at the
inception that lease will be continued till the end of the lease term).
Lease term
Lease term is the non-cancellable period agreed upon + any further period (renewal term):
Renewal period can be included in the lease term only when it satisfies the following conditions -
(a) Option to renew must be given in the lease agreement (with OR without further payment); and (b)
Renewal of the lease should be reasonably certain at the inception of the lease agreement.
Inception of the lease

Lease agreement date or Date of commitment by the parties on important terms whichever is earlier
Classification of Leases
Leases are broadly classified into two
The classification of leases is based on risk and rewards incidental to

ownership of the asset.
If the risks and rewards incidental If the risks and rewards incidental to
to ownership lie with the Lessee - ownership lie with the Lessor - it is
it is called as
Finance lease Operating lease
(Risks include the losses from changes in income, technological obsolescence, idle capacity etc.
Rewards include gain from appreciation in the value of the asset, increase in residual value, an increase
in the economic life of the asset etc.)

Operating Lease:
It is a lease which does not transfer substantially all the risk and reward incidental to ownership
Accounting for operating lease
In the books of Lessor: In the books of lessee:
1. Record lease out asset as the fixed assets in the 1. Lease payments should be recognized
balance sheet as an expense in the P & L account on
2. Charge depreciation as per AS 6 a straight-line basis over the lease
3. Recognise lease income in P & L account using
term.
straight-line method.
4. Other cost of operating lease should be
recognized as expenses in the year in which they are
incurred.
5. Initial direct cost of lease may be expensed out
immediately or deferred as per lease term.
Finance Lease
It is a lease, which transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset
to the lessee by the Lessor but not the legal ownership.
Accounting for Finance Lease
In the books of Lessor: In the books of lessee:
1. Recognise asset given under finance lease as 1. Lease assets as well as liability for lease
receivable at an amount equal to net should be recognized at the lower of:
investment in the lease and corresponding a. Fair value of the leased assets at the inception
credit to sale of assets. of lease, or
Net Investment: Gross investment – unearned
b. PV of minimum lease payment from the
finance income
lessee’s point of view.
Gross Investment: Minimum lease payment
from Lessor point of view + 2. Apportionment of lease payment:
unguaranteed residual value
a. Principal Amount: is reduced from the
Unearned Finance Income: Gross investment outstanding liability.
- PV of gross investment
b. Finance charges: is allocated over lease term
2. Recognition of Finance Income: On the in such a manner that it would produce a
basis of constant periodic return on the net constant rate of return on the remaining
investment outstanding in respect of finance principal balance.
lease.
3. Charge depreciation on finance lease assets
as per AS 6.

Other Terms used in Lease
Guaranteed residual value:
In respect of lessee: residual value which is guaranteed by or on behalf of lessee.

In respect of Lessor: residual value which is guaranteed by or on behalf of lessee or by an independent
third party.
Unguaranteed residual value

The difference between residual value of assets and its guaranteed residual value is unguaranteed
residual value.
Minimum Lease payment:
1. For Lessor:
Total lease rent to be paid by lessee over the lease terms
+Any guaranteed residual value
- Contingent rent
- Cost for service and tax to be paid
+Residual value guaranteed by the third party
2. For Lessee:
Total lease rent to be paid by lessee over the lease terms

+Any guaranteed residual value
- Contingent rent
- Cost for service and tax to be paid by and reimbursed to lessor
Contingent Rent
Lease rent fixed on the basis of percentage of sales, amount of uses, price indices, market rate of
interest is called contingent rent.
PV of leased assets
PV of minimum lease payment + unguaranteed residual value

When a manufacturer or dealer of the asset gives the asset on lease
- They offer their customers an option of either buying the asset or taking it on lease.
- If customers go for lease, such lease may be a finance lease or an operating lease.
- Accounting treatment.
Finance lease
Manufacturer will have two kinds of income

1. Profit on sale from an outright sale at normal selling price; and
2. Finance Income over the lease term;

Sales Recognition
Sales revenue should be recognised at Fair value of the asset or Present value of MLPs
Whichever IS LOWER
When Manufacturers quote artificially low rate of interest to attract the customers - In such a case -
the entity should apply a market rate of interest.
Cost of sale = Cost of the leased asset Less present value of unguaranteed residual value.
The difference between the sales revenue and cost of sales should be recognised as profit at the
inception of the lease.
Initial direct costs (brokerage, etc.) are recognised as an expense at the commencement of the lease
term because they are mainly related to earning the manufacturer's or dealer's selling profit.
(Should not be deferred)
Operating Lease
Manufacturer’s Income
The lease rentals (MLP's) received by the manufacturer/dealer should be recognised as income.
(Whatever treatment is applicable for an operating lease should be followed)
Sales Recognition
When the lease is an operating lease, the Lessor should recognise the leased asset as fixed asset at cost
of manufacturing as per AS 10 (in case of self generated asset - Internal profit should not be
recognised).

Sale and Lease back transactions

In this transaction one party sells an asset to another party and the buyer of the asset leases it back to
the seller immediately by entering into another agreement.
There is no movement in the place of the asset
There are two agreements
1. For sale of the asset; 2. Lease agreement.
The lease payments and the sale price are usually interdependent as they are negotiated as a package
by both the parties.
Accounting treatment of a sale and leaseback transaction
When it is a finance lease When it is an Operating lease
The risks and rewards are with If the sale price is equal to fair market value
the seller only as the asset is Any profit or loss should be recognised immediately.
leased back to the seller
If the sale price is below fair market value
• Any profit or loss should be recognised immediately,
except that, if the loss is compensated by future lease
- The accounting treatment payments at below market price
should reflect the substance of • If the loss is compensated by future lease payments at
the transaction rather than its below market price, the profit or loss should be deferred
form. (AS 1 - Substance over and amortised in proportion to the lease payments.
form); If the sale price is above fair market value
- The profit or loss on sale of the • The excess over fair value should be deferred and
asset should be deferred and amortised over the period for asset is expected to be used.
amortised over the lease term in • Further, if the fair value at the time of a sale and leaseback
proportion to the depreciation of transaction is less than the carrying amount of the asset, a
the leased asset. loss equal to the amount of the difference between the
carrying amount and fair value should be recognised
immediately.

Disclosure Requirements
In case of financial lease:
In the books of lessee In the books of Lessor
a) Assets acquired under finance lease a) General description of the significant leasing
arrangement
b) Reconciliation between the total of minimum
lease payments and their present value as at the b) Accounting policy for initial direct cost
balance sheet date with following segregation
c) Reconciliation of total gross investment in lease
Not later than one year and present value of minimum lease payment
Later than one year and not later than five years (MLP) receivable at the balance sheet date.
Later than five years
c) Contingent rents recognised as an expense. d) MLP receivable in following categories
d) Future minimum sublease payments Not later than one year

expected to be received under non-cancellable Later than one year and not later than five years
subleases Later than five years
e) General description of the leasing

arrangements
In case of operating lease
In the books of lessee In the books of Lessor
(a) General description of the significant leasing a) General description of the significant leasing
arrangement arrangement
b) Total of future minimum lease payments in the b) Accounting policy for the initial direct payment
following period
c) Future lease payments in aggregate classified
Not later than one year later than one year and as:
not later than five years
Later than one year and not later than five years Not later than one year
Later than five years Later than one year and not later than five years
c) Lease payments recognised in profit & loss later than five years
account for the period. Later than five years

Tapovan Institute for CA 9281 100 200 AS 20 - Earnings Per Share
AS – 20 Earnings Per Share
Objective
1 To Prescribes the principles for computation of Earnings Per Share (EPS)
2. To give presentation guidance of Earnings Per Share (EPS) which helps user to compare the
performance among different entities and performance
Scope of AS – 20
Applicable to an entity
1. Whose equity shares or potential equity shares are listed on a recognised stock exchange in
India
2. Any entity (listed or not listed) who wants to disclose EPS voluntarily; or
3. If EPS disclosure is required by any statute.
4. If the entity is presenting consolidated financial statements, then EPS should be calculated based
on the consolidated earnings.
Definitions
1. Potential Equity Share (PES)
It is a financial instrument or other contract, which entitles or may entitle the holder to equity shares.
E.g.
(a) Convertible debentures or convertible preference shares;
(b) Share warrants;
(c) Employee stock option plans;
(d) Loan agreement, if the borrower has to issue equity shares in case of default of conditions.
2. Share warrants or Options

These are financial instruments which give the holder a right to acquire equity shares of the entity.
Presentation of Earning Per Share

An entity should present Basic EPS and Diluted EPS on the face of P&L alc.
Basic & Diluted EPS should be presented separately for each class of equity shares that has a different
right in sharing the net profit.

Net Profit or Loss for the period attributable to Equity share holders
Basic EPS =
Weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period
Let us see how to get following the amounts
1. Net profit or Loss for the period attributable to Equity share holders
In calculation of profit/loss available to Equity shareholders the entity should consider (add/less) the
following:
Income Tax expense;
Profit/loss from exceptional items;
Profit/loss from extraordinary items (Refer AS 5 for detailed discussion)
Profit/loss from prior period items;
Preference dividend
(a) In case of non cumulative preference dividend, it should be deducted only if it is declared/ provided
by the entity during the period.
(b) In case of cumulative preference dividend, it should be deducted every year whether or not
declared/provided by the entity.
All items of income & expenditure which are recognised in P&L;
2. Weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period
It should be computed in the following manner-
Number of equity shares outstanding at the beginning of the period xx

Add/ Less: No. of equity shares issued/ bought back during the period time weight factor (xx)
Weighted average number of shares xx
Generally shares are included in the calculation of weighted average number of shares only from the
date the consideration is receivable.
The standard's guidance on the time of inclusion in calculation of weighted average number of shares
Included when?
For cash Cash is receivable
On conversion of debentures From the date of conversion
In lieu of interest or principal of The date from where interest stops to accrue (as
financial instrument per the agreement)
For the settlement of a liability Date of settlement or as agreed upon
For other than cash consideration The asset received is recognised in the books
For rendering services When services are rendered
Amalgamation in the nature of purchase From the date of acquisition
From the beginning of the period as if combined
Amalgamation in the nature of merger entity had existed from the beginning of the
reporting period.

Other important Concepts

Partly paid up equity shares
If the entity has partly paid up equity shares, then those are converted to equivalent shares based on its
entitlement to participate in dividends compared to fully paid up equity shares.
Different nominal values/class of shares

Where an entity has equity shares of different nominal values but with the same dividend rights, the
number of equity shares is calculated by converting all such equity shares into equivalent number of
shares of the same nominal value.
Calculation of basic EPS in case of Bonus issue / Share split & Share consolidation
In case of bonus issue, shares are issued to existing shareholders for no additional consideration. Share
capital increases without an increase in the resources.
Share split means dividing the face value of share into small values. Because of this, number of shares
increase but total share capital does not change. No consideration is received from the share holders.
Share consolidation (Reverse split) is exactly opposite to share split i.e. two or more shares with
smaller face value are combined to make it one share of higher face value. No consideration is received
from the share holders.
Calculation of Basic EPS in case of Rights issue

In case of bonus issue, as there is increase in number of shares without increase in resources, we have
restated the PY basic EPS.
Right shares are generally issued at less than fair value it means that there is bonus element in rights
issue also.
Whenever bonus element is involved, the treatment remains same i.e. we should restate (adjust)
previous year basic EPS. The previous year's number of shares should be multiplied with the bonus
factor. The entity needs to perform the following calculations.
Bonus Factor =
Fair value per share immediately prior to the exercise of rights
Theoretical ex-rights fair value per share
Theoretical ex - rights FV per share=

Fair value of shares outstanding before rights issue + Amount received on issue of rights
Total number of shares after rights issue

Diluted Earnings Per Share
Diluted EPS is computed in the following manner
= Net profit or loss attributable to equity share holders after giving effect of potentially dilutive equity shares
Weighted average number of shares outstanding after giving effect of potentially dilutive equity shares
In computing the diluted EPS, the entity should assume that.

1. Profits available to equity share holders after issue of equity shares to Potential Equity
Shareholders
2. How many number of equity shares would be there after such issue
3. It issued equity shares to all potential equity share holders at fair value; If the shares are issued
at less than the fair value, the difference between the number of shares issuable at fair value and
shares issued at actual price should be treated as an issue of equity shares for no consideration.
Such issue dilutes the EPS
Determination of whether a potential equity share is Dilutive or Anti-dilutive

A potential equity share is said to be dilutive only when earnings per share decrease after conversion
into equity shares.
If the earnings per share increase, such potential equity shares are called anti· dilutive and not
considered for the calculation of diluted EPS.
The standard gives the following guidance on the sequence of usage of PES:
Step 1: Identify the potential equity shares;
Step 2: Determine the increase in earnings after conversion;
Step 3: Determine the increase in number of shares to be issued on conversion;
Step 4: Calculate earrings per Incremental potential equity share i.e. Increase in earnings (Step 2)
Increase in no. of shares (Step 3)
Step 5: Give ranks based on incremental PES, least incremental share gets first rank as it is considered
most dilutive.
Step 6: Based on the ranks, start calculating dilutive EPS step by step. If the EPS is decreased from one
step to another, such PES is treated as dilutive and if EPS is increased at any level such PES are treated
as anti-dilutive and stop calculating diluted EPS.
Disclosures
Entity should disclose
1. Basic & Diluted EPS with and without extraordinary items (Refer AS 5 for the meaning of
extraordinary items);
2. Face/Nominal value of shares
3. Details about the weighted average number of shares

CA INTERMEDIATE
ADV.ACCOUNTING
BENCHMARK

Sirf samjenge nahi
Rohan Nimbalkar
Head Office :
Office no : 23,
Contact Number :
9281 100 200 / 9921 146 146
www.TapovanCA.com
Tapovan Institute for CA 9281 100 200 AS 22 - Accounting For Taxes On Income
AS 22 Accounting For Taxes on Income
Concept No. 1 - Introduction & Objective

Due to provisions of Income tax Act, accounting income differs from taxable income& due to this,
sometimes current year incomes and expenses are recognised in the next year.
This standard is mainly based on Accrual & Matching concept.
According to this standard, current years income should be taxed in the current year & income tax is
considered to be an expense incurred by the entity in earning income and are accrued/recognised in
the same period irrespective of actual payment of Tax.
Concept No. 2 - Scope:
Taxes on income include all domestic and foreign taxes, which are based on taxable income.
Taxes in income exclude tax payable on

distribution of dividend and other distribution
made by enterprise.
Concept No. 3 – Meaning and Definitions:

1. Current tax:
Current Tax is the amount of income tax payable or recoverable in respect of the taxable income / loss
for a period.
2. Accounting income & taxable income
INCOME
Accounting Income Taxable income
Profit or loss for a period The income for a period determined in

before deducting tax accordance with the rules established by the
expense taxation Laws, upon which income tax is
payable

3. Reasons for differences between accounting income and taxable income
2. Permanent difference
1.Timing difference
This type of difference arises in one
period and not capable of reversal
This type of difference arises in subsequently.
one period and capable of reversal
in one or more subsequent period. In other words, Reversal of such item
is permanently disallowed.
Example: The following items are income or

1. Difference due to rate of expense either for accounting or income
depreciation. tax purpose and it will never be reversed
2. Difference due to method of in life. Hence the entity need NOT defer
depreciation. the tax expense for future years.
3, Expenses debited in P& L A/c of (a) Agricultural Income;
current year but allowed for tax (b) Expenses disallowed U/S 40A;
purpose in subsequent period. Like (c) Dividend income; ( It is shown as
section 43B of Income Tax Act, 1961. income in accounting but it won’t be
taxed)
(d) Penalties or fines;
(g) Employers' contribution to
unapproved
provident fund.
Note: Permanent difference do not

result in deferred tax asset or
deferred tax liability.
5. Deferred Tax Asset
It is recognised when taxes of initial years are higher

and subsequent years are lower.
In other words, Deferred Tax Asset should be

recognised when expenses are deductible in future
years as per Income Tax Act & the entity is going to
receive income tax benefit in the future years.

Example:
Due to this situation

Then company need to
If expenses are provided there will be excess
pay higher tax in
in the P&L A/c of current payment of income
current year but this
year but it is not allowed tax in current year
expenditure is allowed
as a deduction u/s 43B of which will result in
to be deducted in
the Income-tax Act, 1961 lesser tax payment in
future
future.
In above case extra tax payment in current year resulted in tax saving in future tax therefore payment
made can be treated as asset.
Deferred Tax Asset should be recognisedand carried forward only to the extent that there is a
reasonable certainty that company will get sufficient future taxable income to set-off disallowed
expenses of current year.
Reasonable certainty can be deemed to exist if chances of having future taxable income are greater
than 50%.
Accounting
profit is lower
> Taxable profit
Deferred Tax
Asset
Technically speaking, If accounting profit is lower than taxable profit then Deferred Tax Asset shall be
recognised subject to condition of reasonable certainty.
In case there is no sufficient future income to recover
journal entry for creation of Deferred Tax Asset:
Deferred Tax Asset A/c……... Dr.

To Profit and Loss A/c (Deferred tax income)

6. UNABSORBED DEPRECIATION OR CARRY FORWARD OF LOSSES :
Unabsorbed depreciation
As per Income Tax Act, Any unabsorbed depreciation and Losses can be set off
against future profits within eight years’ time limit.
If the entity has unabsorbed depreciation or losses (carried forward) as per the tax laws, it
can set-off it against future taxable income and pay less tax in the future.
Therefore this Unabsorbed depreciation or losses as per the tax laws will generate a future
economic benefit for entity by reducing the future income tax payments and due to this
reason entity shall create (recognise) a deferred tax asset.
Once again remember the rule that entity shall recognise Deferred tax asset only if there
is reasonable certainty of future taxable income.
The entity should disclose the convincing evidence based on which it created Deferred Tax
Asset in notes on accounts.
Concept No. 4 - Re-assessment of Unrecognised Deferred Tax Assets

On every balance sheet date, an entity should reassess unrecognised Deferred Tax Asset.
If it becomes reasonably certain that such unrecognised deferred tax asset will be realised then such
unrecognised Deferred Tax Asset shall be recognised immediately.
Concept No. 5 - Recognition of deferred tax liability

Technically speaking, If accounting profit is higher than taxable profit then Deferred Tax Liability shall
be recognised.
For recognition of Deferred tax liability there is no need to analyse any certainty level.

Concept No. 6 - Review of Deferred Tax Asset:

If it is evident that any portion of deferred tax asset already
recognised is not recoverable then Deferred Tax Assets shall
be written down to that extent.
Concept No. 7- Measurement of Deferred Tax Asset and Liability:

It should be measured using the applicable tax rates and tax laws that
have been enacted OR substantively enacted as on the balance sheet
date.
When different tax rate is applicable for two different level of taxable
income then average rate should be used.
Concept No. 8 - Minimum Alternate Tax
The concept of Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) was introduced under

Income Tax Act to tax companies making high profits and declare
dividends to their shareholders but have no significant taxable
income because of exemptions, deductions and incentives
The payment of tax under section 115JB of the Income-tax Act, 1961 is a current tax for the period.
Even though the company pays tax U/S 115JB, Deferred Tax Asset or Liability should be recognised
and measured using the regular tax rates and not using MAT rate.
Regular tax rates should be used even if the company expects the reversal of deferred taxes during
MAT period because it is an expectation and cannot be known with a reasonable degree of certainty.
This is to bring the uniformity between pre and post MAT period.

Mat Credit
MAT credit is the excess amount of MAT paid over and above
normal income tax for the assessment year
MAT credit can be carried forward for set off in 7 years in which
the company is liable to pay tax
It should be recognised as an asset only when the entity has

reasonable certainty that it can get the benefit of set off.
Concept No. 9 - Tax Holidays:

Meaning
Period under which a government gives incentive to

applicableentities not to pay tax for certain activities.
Treatment under AS-22
• The deferred tax in respect of timing differences arising

and reversing during tax holiday period should not be
recognised to the extent the gross total income of the
enterprise is subject to such deduction.
• The deferred tax in respect of timing difference which will
reversed after tax holiday period should be recognised in
the year in which it is originated subject to condition of
certainty.
• Timing differences which originate first should be
reversed first.

Tapovan Institute for CA 9281 100 200 AS 24 – Discontinuing Operations
AS 24 - Discontinuing Operation
Objective Of AS - 24
The objective of this Statement is –
To establish principles for reporting information about discontinuing operations, thereby enhancing
the ability of users of financial statements to make projections of an enterprise's cash flows, earnings-
generating capacity, and financial position by segregating information about discontinuing
operations from information about continuing operations.
E.g. RN Company is engaged in business like Electronics and Two Wheeler Manufacturing is planning to
sell (discontinuing operation) its Two wheeler division.
As per this AS the company should disclose the revenue, profit, assets, liabilities and other information
of that discontinuing operation (Component – Two wheeler division) in the financial statements
Scope of AS - 24
This Statement applies to all discontinuing operations of an enterprise. The requirements related to
cash flow statement contained in this Statement are applicable where an enterprise prepares and
presents a cash flow statement.
Discontinuing of operation - Explanation with Chart
A Discontinuing Operation is a component of an enterprise/Entity Which
Represents separate major Can be separated / Is discontinued (as per a

line of business or discontinued for single plan) by
geographical area of
operations
Operational Purpose Financial reporting purpose
Methods of Discontinuing
Selling substantially Selling off component's Terminating through

in total either in single assets individually abandonment; i.e. stopping
transaction or (piecemeal disposal) and the operations (as it is)
demerger or spin off settling its liabilities also without selling its
individually. assets/components. (Stopping
with an intention to sell)

Definition
A discontinuing operation is a component of an enterprise:
a. That the enterprise, pursuant to a single plan, is:
• Disposing of substantially in its entirety, such as by selling the component in a single
transaction or by demerger or spin-off of ownership of the component to the enterprise's
shareholders; or
• Disposing of piecemeal, such as by selling off the component's assets and settling its
liabilities individually; or
• Terminating through abandonment; and
b. That represents a separate major line of business or geographical area of operations; and
c. That can be distinguished operationally and for financial reporting purposes.
Initial Disclosure Event
With respect to a discontinuing operation, the initial disclosure event is the occurrence of one of the
following, whichever occurs earlier:
a. The enterprise has entered into a binding sale agreement for substantially all of the assets
attributable to the discontinuing operation; or
b. The enterprise's board of directors or similar governing body has both (i) approved a detailed,
formal plan for the discontinuance and (ii) made an announcement of the plan.
Recognition and Measurement

An enterprise should apply the principles of recognition and measurement that are set out in other
Accounting Standards for the purpose of deciding as to when and how to recognise and measure the
changes in assets and liabilities and the revenue, expenses, gains, losses and cash flows relating to a
discontinuing operation.
This Statement does not establish any recognition and measurement principles. Rather, it requires that
an enterprise follow recognition and measurement principles established in other Accounting
Standards.
Presentation and Disclosure
Initial Disclosure
An enterprise should include the following information relating to a discontinuing operation in its
financial statements beginning with the financial statements for the period in which the initial
disclosure event occurs:
1. A description of the discontinuing operation(s);
2. The business or geographical segment(s) in which it is reported as per AS 17, Segment
Reporting;

3. The date and nature of the initial disclosure event;

4. The date or period in which the discontinuance is expected to be completed if known or
determinable;
5. The carrying amounts, as of the balance sheet date, of the total assets to be disposed of and the
total liabilities to be settled;
6. The amounts of revenue and expenses in respect of the ordinary activities attributable to the
discontinuing operation during the current financial reporting period;
7. The amount of pre-tax profit or loss from ordinary activities attributable to the discontinuing
operation during the current financial reporting period, & the income tax expense related
thereto; and
8. The amounts of net cash flows attributable to the operating, investing, and financing activities of
the discontinuing operation during the current financial reporting period.
Other Disclosures
When an enterprise disposes of assets or settles liabilities attributable to a discontinuing operation or
enters into binding agreements for the sale of such assets or the settlement of such liabilities, it should
include, in its financial statements, the following information when the events occur:
a. For any gain or loss that is recognised on the disposal of assets or settlement of liabilities
attributable to the discontinuing operation, (i) the amount of the pre-tax gain or loss and (ii)
income tax expense relating to the gain or loss; and
b. The net selling price or range of prices (which is after deducting expected disposal costs) of
those net assets for which the enterprise has entered into one or more binding sale agreements,
the expected timing of receipt of those cash flows and the carrying amount of those net assets on
the balance sheet date.
Updating the Disclosures

An enterprise should include, in its financial statements, for periods subsequent to the one in which the
initial disclosure event occurs, a description of any significant changes in the amount or timing of cash
flows relating to the assets to be disposed or liabilities to be settled and the events causing those
changes.
The disclosures required above should continue in financial statements for periods up to and including
the period in which the discontinuance is completed. Discontinuance is completed when the plan is
substantially completed or abandoned, though full payments from the buyer(s) may not yet have been
received.
If an enterprise abandons or withdraws from a plan that was previously reported as a discontinuing
operation, that fact, reasons therefore and its effect should be disclosed. For this purpose, disclosure of
the effect includes reversal of any prior impairment loss or provision that was recognised with respect
to the discontinuing operation.

Separate Disclosure for Each Discontinuing Operation

Any disclosures required by this Statement should be presented separately for each discontinuing
operation
.
Restatement of Prior Periods
Comparative information for prior periods that is presented in financial statements prepared after the
initial disclosure event should be restated to segregate assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and cash
flows of continuing and discontinuing operations
Disclosure in Interim Financial Reports

Disclosures in an interim financial report in respect of a discontinuing operation should be made in
accordance with AS 25, Interim Financial Reporting, including:
a. Any significant activities or events since the end of the most recent annual reporting period
relating to a discontinuing operation; and
b. Any significant changes in the amount or timing of cash flows relating to the assets to be
disposed or liabilities to be settled.

CA INTERMEDIATE
ADV.ACCOUNTING
BENCHMARK

Sirf samjenge nahi
Rohan Nimbalkar
Head Office :
Office no : 23,
Contact Number :
9281 100 200 / 9921 146 146
www.TapovanCA.com
Tapovan Institute for CA - 9281 100 200 AS 26 - Intangible Assets
Accounting Standard 26: Intangible Assets
Objective of AS – 26 is to
Recognition criteria of Measurement basis of Disclosure requirement of

AS - 26 AS - 26 AS - 26
Scope
The following intangibles are NOT covered by this Standard:
(a) Intangible assets that are covered by another Accounting Standard;
1. Goodwill arising on amalgamation - dealt by AS 14;

2. Goodwill arising on consolidation - dealt by AS 21;
3. Intangible assets held for sale in the ordinary course of business - dealt by AS 2; etc.
4.
When any intangible asset is specifically dealt by any other Accounting Standard, entities should
follow that standard only.
(b) Financial asset; (Dealt by AS 109,32 & 107)
(c) Mineral rights and expenditure on the exploration for, or development and extraction of,
minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources; (Dealt by Industry standards)
(d) Intangible assets arising in insurance enterprises from contracts with policyholders; and
(e) Expenditure in respect of employee termination benefits; (Dealt by AS 15)
(f) Voluntary retirement benefits (VRS) are specifically excluded; (Dealt by general principles of
accounting)
This AS is mandatory in nature and all companies and non-companies should be applying this
standard.

Meaning of Intangible Assets
Intangible Assets are assets, without physical substance, which are identifiable, non-monetary in
nature and held for use in Production of Goods and Services.
NOTE:
• Identifiable means capable of sales
• Without physical substance means non-substance of its own. They can have storage device
• Such assets is not held for sale as stock
• Such assets is non-monetary means its realisation is not fixed.
These are not considered as Intangible Assets and written off

• Preliminary Expenses
• Advertisement Expenses
• Underwriting Expenses
• Pre-Operative Expenses
• Voluntary Expansion Expenses
• Discount on issue of shares
• Relocation/Shifting Expenses
Intangible assets with or without physical substance
• A compact disk (in the case of computer software);
• Legal documentation (in the case of a licence or patent); or
• Film (in the case of motion pictures).
The container value is usually immaterial. Even though the container has physical substance, its
value is commonly treated as a part of the intangible asset (included in the cost of intangible asset).
In case of some assets, an asset may have both intangible and tangible elements and these are
practically not separable. In that case, professional judgement is required to assess which element is
predominant. If intangible element is important to the asset, the entire asset is treated as intangible
asset and accounted as per this Standard. If tangible element is important to the asset it is treated as
tangible asset and accounted as per AS 10 (subject to fixed asset definition).

Intangible Assets can be recognised
(a) By purchasing/Acquisition
(b) By Government grants
(c) By exchange with other assets
(d) By self generating such assets
Purchased intangible assets
It means intangible assets have been purchased from market.
In such cases cost of such intangible should be
Purchase Price xxx

Add:- Taxes on Purchase, xxx
Less:- Refundable Taxes on Purchase, xxx
Add:- Expenses on Valuation, xxx
Add:- Expenses on obtaining Title, xxx
Cost of Intangible Asset xxx
.
Intangible Assets by way of Government grant
Wherever intangible assets are obtained through Government grant, then such assets should be
recorded at actual concessional price paid to Government or at nominal value if obtained free of
Government.
Intangible assets obtained on Exchanges

If intangible assets are obtained through exchange of assets, then value of such intangible should be
(i)Fair value of assets given or

(ii)Fair value of assets obtained, whichever is more clearly evident.
For Exam Purpose, consider lower value as more evident.

Self Generated Intangible Assets
It means, where intangible assets are generated by contract or own Labour.
• Goodwill, Brands, Masthead, Title, Publishing Titles should NOT be recorded Intangible Assets,
since actual cost cannot be determined.
• Other intangible assets should be recorded at actual cost incurred.
Research Phase
Expenses incurred in research should be written off in P&L. It means planned investigation for
gaining knowledge.
Development Phase
Expenses incurred on Development should be capitalized. It means application of gained knowledge.
NOTE: Development phase begins if following conditions are satisfied:
(i) Technical feasibility has been established

(ii) Resources for development of it.
(iii) Market research shows future economic benefits
(iv) Management has approved its development.
Value of intangible assets should not exceed expected future economic benefits.
Amortisation of Intangible Assets

Intangible assets should be amortised in ration of expected future benefits. Such ration should be
latest and best estimate.
If ratio of future benefits cannot be identified, then assume such ratio to be equal. It means apply
Straight Line Method basis for amortisation.
• Life of Intangible Assets (under SLM) for website and software : 3-5 years
• Life of Intangible Assets (under SLM) for others : 10 years
Always assume scrap value to be zero.
Disclosure Requirement
1. Intangible Assets, cost, Amortisation, life should be disclosed.

2. Additions / Deletion in Intangible Assets should also be disclosed.

Tapovan Institute for CA [9281 100 200] AS – 29 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities & ….
AS – 29 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
Objective of AS – 29 is to
Recognition criteria of Measurement basis of Disclosure requirement of
Contingent Contingent
Provisions
liabilities Asset
Applicability of AS - 29
Not applicable to Provisions arising from/In
1. financial instruments which are carried at fair value

2. Executory contracts (A contract where both the parties to the contract have not performed any
obligations (or) performed equally)
3. Insurance enterprises from contracts with policyholders
4. Covered by another accounting standard E.g. For the provisions required as per AS 7, AS 22, AS
19, etc.
Important Concepts
Provision
Provision is a liability which can be measured only by using a substantial
degree of estimation
Liability
It is a present obligation arising from past events, the settlement of
which is expected to result in an outflow of future economy benefits from
the entity.
Present
Which is in existence as on the balance sheet date & it is 'probable' based
on the evidence available on the balance sheet date.

Probable
• It means "more likely than not" i.e. the probability of occurrence is
greater than non occurrence. In other words, there are more than
50% chances to get an obligation.
Obligation
• Obligation is a duty or responsibility to act in a certain way arising
from binding contracts Statutes Business practice/ customs to
maintain good relationship.
Past Events
• Past activities are obligating events, where the entity doesn't have an
alternative to skip such an obligation.
• All past events are not obligating events. A past event which leads to a
present obligation is called obligating event.
Difference between liabilities, provisions and contingent liability
Liability Provision Contingent
It is liability to Things are to happen

make future Provision is not an
existing liability in future whereby a
payments liability may arise
For goods/services
already received or Substantial Degree It is conditional,
obligations already of estimation is contingent upon such
created required things happening or
not happening
Or accruals - whole
or part of the Where degree of
expense pertains estimation Hence the liability is
to the current required is less, we not recognised as
period create a liability such

1. Provision
Recognition of Provision
Recognised Provision only when it satisfies all of the following conditions
1. The entity should have a present obligation arising from past events.
2. Outflow of future economic benefits should be probable; and
3. Provision should be measured reliably by using a substantial degree of

estimation.
Example
Estimation: Measurement of the provision requires a substantial degree of estimation. Estimation

involves professional judgment.
Measurement of the provision

The estimation should be based on the best estimation available on the balance sheet date and the
entity should consider the following while estimating:
• Sufficiency of evidence available;
• Events occurring after the balance sheet date (AS 4);
• Experiences of the management on similar transactions;
• Independent expert's opinion; (Lawyer, Engineer, etc.)
• Risks and uncertainties of the items;
Changes in Provisions
1. Provisions should be reviewed at each balance sheet date
2. Should be Adjusted based on the best evidence /estimate available as
on that date.
3. If there is no outflow of future economic benefits as on the subsequent
balance sheet date, the provision should be reversed.

Provision Specific Situation
Provision - Specific Situation
Future operating losses Discounting of a provision
Amount of a provision should not be

No Liability discounted to its present value, except
decommissioning, restoration and similar
liabilities recognised as cost of PPE
No provision
- Use before tax borrowing rate as discount
rate.
Assets of the operation - The rate used should be based on risks
may be impaired. involved in the liability.
- Periodic unwinding of discount should be
recognised in the statement of profit and
loss.
2. A Contingent Liability
Contingent Liability
Present Existence Possible Existence
But cannot recognise provision because

of Existence confirmed by
Occurrence OR Non
Future Economic Amount cannot be Occurrence of One or More
Benefits out flow is measured reliably future events
not probable
Not controlled by entity

Meaning of contingent liability
A Contingent
C liability is
(a) A possible obligation that arises from past events and the existence of which will be confirmed only
by the occurrence or non-occurrence
occurrence of one or more uncertain future events, which are not fully within
the control of the entity; OR
(b) A present obligation

igation arising from past events but it is not recognised as a provision because:
(i) Outflow of future economic benefits are not probable; or

(ii) A reliable estimate of the obligation cannot be made.
Examples: - Bills Discounted, Guarantees Given, Tax disputes pending, and other legal cases
pending before the court.
Recognition of contingent liability
It should be disclosed in financial statements in notes to accounts, if outflow of future economic benefits
is not remote (rare).
3. Contingent Asset
Meaning of Contingent Assets
occurrence
possible existence
Contingent or non- One or Future
asset confirmed
assets occurrence more Events
(probable) only by
of
Which is not controlled

by the entity.

Contingent asset usually arise from unplanned or other unexpected events that
give rise to the possibility of an inflow of economic benefits to the enterprise.
Recognised Contingent Asset only when it satisfies all of the following conditions
1. Inflow of future economic benefits is probable; and
2. Cost or value can be measured reliably
Example A claim that an entity is going through legal processes, where the
outcome is uncertain.
Reimbursements of Expenses
In some cases an entity may receive the reimbursement of expenses from another party, if it settles the
obligation (for which provision is already created).
The reimbursement should be recognised as an asset only when, it is virtually certain that
reimbursement will be received if the entity settles the obligation.
Example :
• An insurance contract arranged to cover a risk;
• An indemnity clause in a contract; or
• A warranty provided by a supplier.
Restructuring Provision
Restructuring is a Programme Planned Controlled by Management which materially changes The scope
of business OR The manner in which that business is conducted
1. Sale or termination of a line of business

2. The closure of business locations in a country or region or the relocation of business activities
from one country or region to another
3. Changes in management structure, for example, eliminating a layer of management
4. Fundamental re-organisations that have a material effect on the nature and focus of the
enterprise's operations

A restructuring provision should include only the direct expenditures arising from
the restructuring:
(a) Obligation is arising as a consequence of the restructuring; and
(b) Which is not associated with the ongoing activities of the enterprise.
Disclosure related Provision Disclosure related Contingent liability
1) Brief description of the nature of the provision An entity should disclose the following for each class
and timing of Future Economic Benefits of contingent liability at the balance sheet date
outflow;
2) Assumptions made and uncertainties involved. 1) A brief description of the nature;
3) Opening balance of the provision; 2) An estimation of its financial effect;
4) Additions made during the year; 3) An indication of the uncertainties relating to any
5) Amount used (i.e. Amount incurred or charged outflow; and
against) during the period; 4) Any possibility of reimbursement.
6) Unused amounts reversed during the period.
7) Closing balance of the provision;

About theAuthor
CMA CS Rohan Nimbalkar (15+ Years Teaching Exp.)
Rohan Sir is among few CS in India who have completed CS just at the age of 21.
Rohan Sir is known for Introducing India's First Accounts Marathon back in 2017 & also India's First Coloured
Notes with Graphics for Accounts.
Rohan Sir is one of the most Experienced Faculty with a immense teaching experience of 15+ years to CA students.
In his entire career he has taught more than 25000+ CA & CMA Students till date.
Easily understandable language, Bulleted Points, Picture Graphics, Charts, Images for Conceptual Clarity, of his
notes makes the student's task easy. His notes are designed as per ICAI Guidelines with Exam Oriented Approach.
During the course Rohan Sir also guides students regarding Meditation & Spirituality which helps students to
Focus on their studies, Avoids distraction, Lowers Stress etc.
He is one of the Most Loved Faculty, with whom students feel free to share their doubts, seek guidance & follows
his advice.
AS
TapovanCA Telegram
Sirf samjenge nahi
TapovanCA Website
Yaad Hoo Jayenge !!
TapovanCA Youtube
TapovanCA’s Instagram
Head Office :
Office no : 23,
Contact Number :
9281 100 200 / 9921 146 146
www.TapovanCA.com
About theAuthor
CMA CS Rohan Nimbalkar (15+ Years Teaching Exp.)
Rohan Sir is among few CS in India who have completed CS just at the age of 21.
Rohan Sir is known for Introducing India's First Accounts Marathon back in 2017 & also India's First Coloured
Notes with Graphics for Accounts.
Rohan Sir is one of the most Experienced Faculty with a immense teaching experience of 15+ years to CA students.
In his entire career he has taught more than 25000+ CA & CMA Students till date.
Easily understandable language, Bulleted Points, Picture Graphics, Charts, Images for Conceptual Clarity, of his
notes makes the student's task easy. His notes are designed as per ICAI Guidelines with Exam Oriented Approach.
During the course Rohan Sir also guides students regarding Meditation & Spirituality which helps students to
Focus on their studies, Avoids distraction, Lowers Stress etc.
He is one of the Most Loved Faculty, with whom students feel free to share their doubts, seek guidance & follows
his advice.
AS
TapovanCA Telegram
Sirf samjenge nahi
TapovanCA Website
Yaad Hoo Jayenge !!
TapovanCA Youtube
TapovanCA’s Instagram
Head Office :
Office no : 23,
Contact Number :
9281 100 200 / 9921 146 146
www.TapovanCA.com

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CA INTERMEDIATE

1. AS 1 “Disclosure of Accounting Policies” 4

4. AS 4 Contingencies And Events Occurring After The 20

8. AS 10 Property, Plant And Equipment (PPE) 52

10. AS 12 - Accounting for Government Grants 73

11. AS 13 Accounting for Investment 82

12. AS 16 - Borrowing Costs 88

14. AS 18 – Related Party Disclosures 104

15. AS – 19 Leases 109

16. AS – 20 Earnings Per Share 116

17. AS – 22 Accounting For Taxes on Income 121

18. AS 24 - Discontinuing Operation 127

19. AS 26: Intangible Assets 132

20. AS – 29 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent 136

Concept No. 1 - Accounting policies means

Financial Statements Means

Income statement Cash flow statement Balance Sheet

Examples of Accounting Policies

Purpose/Principle Methods for applying Principles

By CMA, CS Rohan Nimbalkar 4

Concept No. 2 - Conditions to be satisfied for adopting accounting policy

Substance Over Form Materiality

2. Substance Over Form

1. Reality is more important than legal form.

By CMA, CS Rohan Nimbalkar 5

Concept No. 3 - Disclosure of Accounting Policy

All Accounting Policies shall be disclosed at one place

. Accounting Policies shall be selected after complying with

Why disclosure of Accounting Policy is required?

It helps users of accounting information:

In better understanding of financial information.

For comparison of financial statements with other entities.

Concept No. 4 Fundamental Accounting Assumptions (F.A.A.)

Going concern Consistency Accrual

By CMA, CS Rohan Nimbalkar 6

Explanation of Fundamental Accounting Assumption.

• It is assumed that business would continue for foreseeable period.

• It means it is always assumed that same accounting policies would be followed

By CMA, CS Rohan Nimbalkar 7

Concept No. 5 Change in Accounting Policy

Entity may change accounting

If change in accounting policies is If it is considered That change in

Additional Points on Change in Accounting Policies:

-Any change in accounting policy should be disclosed.

Treatment of Forward Exchange Contracts

By CMA, CS Rohan Nimbalkar 8

Concept No. 1 - Objetives of AS Valuation of Inventories

1. To formulate the method of calculation of Inventories/Stock

Concept No. 2 - Applicability of AS - Inventory Valuation

WIP of service provider

If the entity holds shares, debentures and other financial

Work-in-progress (WIP) arising under construction contracts; (It is

By CMA, CS Rohan Nimbalkar 9

Concept No. 3 - Definitions

Finished goods (FG) - Raw Material, WIP - Consumables & Loose

Chart Presentation Inventories includes

To be consumed in the process of production or in rendering the services e.g.

Concept No. 4 Measurement of Inventories

Major points for valuation of Inventories