PPS - Unit 8

Structure
Syllabus Topics

✓ Basics of structure

✓ structure members

✓ accessing structure members

✓ nested structures

✓ array of structures

✓ structure and functions

✓ structures and pointers

Data Types
✓ Data types are describe the type of the value a variable can hold.

Data types in C

Primary Data type

Secondary Data type
(int, char, float, double)

Derived Data type User defined Data type

(array, pointer) (structure, union, enum)
 Data Types

✓ C language has built-in datatypes like primary and derived data types.

✓ But, still not all real world problems can be solved using those data types.

✓ We need custom datatype for different situation.

User Defined Datatype
We need combination of various datatypes to understand different entity/object.
• Example-1: Book

Title: Let Us C Datatype: char / string

Author:Yashavant Kanetkar Datatype: char / string
Page: 320 Datatype: int
Price: 255.00 Datatype: float

• Example-2: Student

Name: ABC Datatype: char / string

Roll_No: 180540107001 Datatype: int
CPI: 7.46 Datatype: float
Backlog: 01 Datatype: int
 Structure Concept
▪ “Structure is a collection of logically related data of different datatypes grouped
together under single name”.

▪ It is a group of elements of different type.

▪ Structure is a user defined datatype.

▪ Structure helps to build a complex datatype which is more meaningful than an array.

▪ An array holds elements of similar datatype, while structure holds elements of different
datatypes.

▪ Two fundamental aspects of Structure:

▪ Declaration of Structure Variable

▪ Accessing of Structure Member

Structure Syntax
• To define a structure, we need to use struct keyword.

• This keyword is reserved word in C language. We can only use it for structure and its object declaration.

• Members can be normal variables, pointers, arrays or other structures.

Syntax

struct structure_name Structure Tag

{
member1_declaration;
member2_declaration;
. . . Structure Member Declaration
memberN_declaration;
};
Structure Example
Example

struct student
{
char name[30];
int roll_no;
float CPI;
int backlog;
};

• You must terminate structure definition with semicolon ;.

• You cannot assign value to members inside the structure definition, it will cause
compilation error.
Create Structure Variable

• A data type defines various properties about data stored in memory.

• To use any type we must declare its variable.

• Hence, let us learn how to create our custom structure type objects also known
as structure variable.

• In C programming, there are two ways to declare a structure variable:

1) Along with structure definition

2) After structure definition

Create Structure Variable

1) Declaration along with the structure definition

Syntax Example
struct structure_name struct student
{ {
member1_declaration; char name[30];
member2_declaration; int roll_no;
. . . float CPI;
memberN_declaration; int backlog;

} structure_variable; } student1;
Create Structure Variable
2) Declaration after Structure definition

Syntax
struct StructureName StructureVariable;

Example
struct student
{
char name[30];
int roll_no;
float CPI;
int backlog;
};

struct student student1;

 Access Structure Member

• Structure is a complex data type, we cannot assign any value directly to it

using assignment operator.

• We must assign data to individual structure members separately.

• C supports two operators to access structure members, using a structure variable.

1)

2)
#include<stdio.h>

struct Student
{ Write a program to read and display
char Name[20]; student information using structure.
int Roll_no;
float Marks;
}S1;

void main()
{
printf(" Enter Name : ");
scanf("%s", S1.Name);

printf(" Enter Roll_no : ");

Output
scanf("%d", &S1.Roll_no );
Enter Name : Aakash
printf(" Enter Marks : "); Enter Roll_no : 11
scanf("%f", &S1.Marks ); Enter Marks : 95

printf("\n --------- Student Details --------- \n"); --------- Student Details ---------

printf("\n Student Name = %s ",S1.Name); Student Name = Aakash

printf("\n Student Roll_No = %d ",S1.Roll_no); Student Roll_No = 11
printf("\n Student marks = %f ",S1.Marks); Student marks = 95.000000
}
Array of Structure

• “collection of multiple structure variables” is known as array of structure.

Syntax Example
struct student
struct structure_name {
{ char name[30];
member1_declaration; int roll_no;
member2_declaration; float CPI;
. . . int backlog;
memberN_declaration;
} S[5];
} structure_variable[size];
#include<stdio.h>
struct Student
{
char Name[20]; Write a program
int Roll_no;
float Marks;
to read and
}S[3]; display student
information for 3
void main() students using
{ int i;
array of
for(i=0;i<3;i++) structure.
{
printf("\n ---------- Enter Details of Student %d ---------- \n",i+1);

printf(" Enter Name : ");

scanf("%s",S[i].Name);

printf(" Enter Roll_no : ");

scanf("%d",&S[i].Roll_no );

printf(" Enter Marks : ");

scanf("%f", &S[i].Marks );
}
printf("\n ------------ All Students Detail ------------ \n");
printf("\n Student Name | Student Roll No. | Student Marks \n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
printf("\n %s \t %d \t\t %f \n",S[i].Name,S[i].Roll_no,S[i].Marks);
}
}
Output

---------- Enter Details of Student 1 ----------

Enter Name : Yash
Enter Roll_no : 1
Enter Marks : 99

---------- Enter Details of Student 2 ----------

Enter Name : Prisha
Enter Roll_no : 2
Enter Marks : 95

---------- Enter Details of Student 3 ----------

Enter Name : Aarav
Enter Roll_no : 3
Enter Marks : 97

------------ All Students Detail ------------

Student Name | Student Roll No. | Student Marks

Yash 1 99.000000
Prisha 2 95.000000
Aarav 3 97.000000
Structure and pointers
• Address of structure variable is stored in a pointer of Structure type.

• Using -> operator, we can access structure members using structure pointer.

Syntax Example
struct student
struct structure_name {
{ char name[30];
member1_declaration; int roll_no;
member2_declaration; float CPI;
. . . int backlog;
memberN_declaration;
} S, *p;
} Structure_Variable, *Pointer_Name;
Program
#include<stdio.h>
struct Student Write a program to access
{ Structure Members using a
char Name[20]; Structure Pointer
int Roll_no;
float Marks;

}S1,*p;
void main()
{
p = &S1;
printf(" Enter Name : ");
scanf("%s",p->Name);
printf(" Enter Roll_no : ");
scanf("%d",&p->Roll_no ); Output
printf(" Enter Marks : "); Enter Name : Smit
scanf("%f", &p->Marks ); Enter Roll_no : 1
Enter Marks : 65
printf("\n --------- Student Details --------- \n");
--------- Student Details ---------
printf("\n Student Name = %s ",p->Name);
printf("\n Student Roll_No = %d ",p->Roll_no); Student Name = Smit
printf("\n Student marks = %f ",p->Marks); Student Roll_No = 1
} Student marks = 65.000000
Nested Structures

• A structure within a structure is known as nested structure.

Syntax

struct structure_name1
{
Example
member1_declaration;
member2_declaration; struct student
. . . {
memberN_declaration; char name[30];
int roll_no;
struct structure_name2 float CPI;
{ int backlog;
// member_declaration;
} S, *p;
} Inner_Structure_Variable;

} Outer_Structure_Variable;
 Union
▪ The concept of union is borrowed from structure, but both differ in the terms of
memory storage.

▪ In structure each member has its own storage,

▪ while in union all the members share same storage.

▪ This means that in union at a time only one member can be accessed.

▪ The compiler allocates the storage that is large enough to hold the largest data type
among the union members.
Enumeration
▪ Enum is a keyword.
enum Weekdays
▪ “It is used to define more than one
{
integer symbolic constants”. Sunday,
▪ Compiler automatically assigns integer Monday,
digits beginning with 0 and remaining Tuesday,

values are assigned as 1,2,3 and so on. Wednesday,

Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday
};
THANK YOU