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    9 Kinetics Fermentation N Thermodynamic

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    Hasna Mazidah
    This document discusses techniques for microbial fermentation and reactor design. It covers several key concepts: 1) Yield coefficients which measure products synthesized per substrate consumed and are important for modeling microbial growth. 2) Stoichiometric equations for microbial reactions on a carbon mole basis which define the consumption and production of reactants and products. 3) The degree of reduction concept which relates the electron content of reactants and products and is important for balancing redox reactions. 4) Calculations of stoichiometric coefficients and yield coefficients for microbial growth on different substrates like hexadecane and glucose based on experimental data relating substrate carbon converted to biomass. 5) Thermodynamic concepts like standard Gibbs energy change calculations for cat

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    9 Kinetics Fermentation N Thermodynamic

    Uploaded by

    Hasna Mazidah
    25 views35 pages
    This document discusses techniques for microbial fermentation and reactor design. It covers several key concepts: 1) Yield coefficients which measure products synthesized per substrate consumed and are important for modeling microbial growth. 2) Stoichiometric equations for microbial reactions on a carbon mole basis which define the consumption and production of reactants and products. 3) The degree of reduction concept which relates the electron content of reactants and products and is important for balancing redox reactions. 4) Calculations of stoichiometric coefficients and yield coefficients for microbial growth on different substrates like hexadecane and glucose based on experimental data relating substrate carbon converted to biomass. 5) Thermodynamic concepts like standard Gibbs energy change calculations for cat

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    9 Kinetics Fermentation n Thermodynamic

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    This document discusses techniques for microbial fermentation and reactor design. It covers several key concepts: 1) Yield coefficients which measure products synthesized per substrate consumed and are important for modeling microbial growth. 2) Stoichiometric equations for microbial reactions on a carbon mole basis which define the consumption and production of reactants and products. 3) The degree of reduction concept which relates the electron content of reactants and products and is important for balancing redox reactions. 4) Calculations of stoichiometric coefficients and yield coefficients for microbial growth on different substrates like hexadecane and glucose based on experimental data relating substrate carbon converted to biomass. 5) Thermodynamic concepts like standard Gibbs energy change calculations for cat

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views35 pages

    9 Kinetics Fermentation N Thermodynamic

    Uploaded by

    Hasna Mazidah
    This document discusses techniques for microbial fermentation and reactor design. It covers several key concepts: 1) Yield coefficients which measure products synthesized per substrate consumed and are important for modeling microbial growth. 2) Stoichiometric equations for microbial reactions on a carbon mole basis which define the consumption and production of reactants and products. 3) The degree of reduction concept which relates the electron content of reactants and products and is important for balancing redox reactions. 4) Calculations of stoichiometric coefficients and yield coefficients for microbial growth on different substrates like hexadecane and glucose based on experimental data relating substrate carbon converted to biomass. 5) Thermodynamic concepts like standard Gibbs energy change calculations for cat

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    of 35

    TEKNIK FERMENTASI

    ELEMENTAL AND REDOX BALANCES


    Pillars of Reactor Design
    Yield Coefficients
    𝑞𝑖
     𝑌𝑗𝑖 = 𝑞𝑗

     Yield coefficients are measured in many consistent set of units, g g -1 or


    mol mol-1, or for carbon-containing compounds C-moles (C-mole) -1.
    Blackbox stoichiometric equation (C-mole basis)
     −CH2O − 𝑌𝑆𝑂 O2 − 𝑌𝑆𝑁 NH3- 𝑌𝑆𝑆1 S1-…+ 𝑌𝑆𝑋 X + 𝑌𝑆𝐶 CO2+ 𝑌𝑆𝑃1 P1+… 𝑌𝑆𝑊 H2O = 0

    Glucose Oxygen N-source Secondary Biomass Carbon Product Water


    Substrate Dioxide

     Rate of consumption of glucose in units of 1 C-mole = 30 g.


     Thus, if YSN = 0.05
     then 0.05 moles of NH3 is consumed every time 30 g = 1 C-mole glucose is
    consumed by the chemical reaction
    Blackbox stoichiometric equation (C-mole basis)
    products synthesized per hour in the reactor
     Type equation here.
    Blackbox stoichiometric equation (1 mole of carbohydrate
    basis)
    Respiratory quotient (RQ)
    𝑞𝑐 𝑌𝑆𝐶
     𝑅𝑄 = = =𝑌𝑂𝐶
    𝑞𝑂 𝑌𝑆𝑂

     Implications ??

     Correlation with kLa?


    Degree of Reduction
     The degree of reduction, g, for organic compounds may be defined as
    the number of equivalents of available electrons per gram atom C.
    The available electrons are those that would be transferred to oxygen
    upon oxidation of a compound to CO , H O, and NH .
    2 2 3

     The degrees of reduction for some key elements are C = 4, H = 1,


    N = -3, O = -2, P = 5, and S = 6.
    Degree of Reduction
     Methane (CH4): 1(4) + 4(1) = 8, g = 8/1 = 8
     Glucose (C6H12O6): 6(4) + 12(1) + 6(-2) = 24, g = 24/6 = 4
     Ethanol (C2H5OH): 2(4) + 6(1) + 1(-2) = 12, g = 12/2 = 6

     A high degree of reduction indicates a low degree of oxidation. That


    is, g CH4 > g EtOH > g glucose.
    Degree of Reduction

     The degrees of reduction of substrate, biomass, and product are


    g = 4 + m − 2n
    s

    C = 4, H = 1, N = -3, O = -2, P = 5, and S = 6.


    Note that for CO2, H2O, and NH3 the degree of reduction is zero.
    Degree of Reduction
     elemental balances on C, H, O, and N, an available electron balance, an
    energy balance, and a total mass balance
     For such a data set, we would typically choose a carbon, a nitrogen, and
    an available-electron balance, thus:

    g = 4 + m − 2n
    s
    c+d+f =1
    cδ + dz = b
    cg + dg = g − 4 a
    b p s
    Degree of Reduction
     Assume that experimental measurements for a certain organism have
    shown that cells can convert two-thirds (wt/wt) of the substrate carbon
    (alkane or glucose) to biomass.
     Calculate the stoichiometric coefficients for the following biological
    reactions:

     Calculate the yield coefficients YX/S (g dw cell/g substrate), YX/O2 (g


    dw cell/g O2) for both reactions.
    Degree of Reduction
     a. For hexadecane,
     amount of carbon in 1 mole of substrate = 16(12) = 192 g
     amount of carbon converted to biomass = 192(2/3) = 128 g

     Then, 128 = c(4.4)(12); c = 2.42.


     amount of carbon converted to CO2 = 192 - 128 = 64 g
     64 = e (12), e = 5.33
    Degree of Reduction
     The nitrogen balance yields
    14b = c(0.86)(14)

     b = (2.42)(0.86) = 2.085

     The hydrogen balance is


     34(1) + 3b = 7.3c + 2d
     d = 12.43

     The oxygen balance yields


     2a(16) = 1.2c(16) + 2e(16) + d(16)
     a = 12.427
    Degree of Reduction
     For glucose, amount of carbon in 1 mole of substrate = 72 g
     amount of carbon converted to biomass = 72(2/3) = 48 g
     Then, 48 = 4.4c(12); c = 0.909.
     amount of carbon converted to CO2 = 72 - 48 = 24 g
     24 = 12e; e = 2
     The nitrogen balance yields
     14b = 0.86c(14)
     b = 0.782
     The hydrogen balance is
     12 + 3b = 7.3c + 2d
     d = 3.854
     The oxygen balance yields
     6(16) + 2(16)a = 1.2(16)c + 2(16)e + 16d
     a = 1.473
    Degree of Reduction
    TEKNIK FERMENTASI
    Bioenergetics of Microbial growth : in relation to black box
    stoichiometric model
     Heijnen, J.J., and Kleerebezem, R., Delft University of Technology
    System definition of Microbial Growth
     Try to solve the stoichiometric reaction with only γ!
    Overall growth reaction = Anabolism + f · Catabolism
    cat
    Thermodynamics

     Calculation of the Gibbs energy change of a catabolic reaction (∆𝑮𝟎𝟏


    𝑪𝒂𝒕)

     The superscript ‘‘0’’ corresponds to standard conditions; 298 K, 1 bar for


    gaseous species, and 1 mol/L for aqueous species. The superscript ‘‘1’’
    identifies a correction for the biological reference proton concentration of 10 −7
    mol/L.

     Standard conditions imply that the temperature equals 25◦C, that the
    concentrations of all dissolved reactants are 1 mol/L, the partial pressure of all
    gaseous reactants (e.g. O2) equals 1 bar, and that the H+ concentration equals
    10−7 mol/L (pH= 7). A standard pH = 7 is based on the knowledge that the
    intracellular pH (where the biochemical many reactions occur) is close to 7.
    Thermodynamics

     Calculation of the Gibbs energy change of a catabolic reaction


    (∆𝑮𝟎𝟏
    𝑪𝒂𝒕 )
    Thermodynamics

     Calculation of the actual Gibbs energy of a reaction under


    nonstandard condition(𝑮𝒇𝟎 )
    Thermodynamics

     Calculation of the actual Gibbs energy of a reaction under


    nonstandard condition(𝑮𝒇𝟎 )
    Thermodynamics

     Gibbs Energy Change of the Overall Growth Reaction


    Thermodynamics

     Calculation of the overall growth reaction using Gibbs Energy


    Change

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