R18 B.Tech.

ECE Syllabus JNTU HYDERABAD

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD

B.Tech. in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
COURSE STRUCTURE & SYLLABUS (R18)

Applicable From 2018-19 Admitted Batch

I YEAR I SEMESTER
Course
S. No. Course Title L T P Credits
Code
1 MA101BS Mathematics - I 3 1 0 4
2 AP102BS Applied Physics 3 1 0 4
3 CS103ES Programming for Problem Solving 3 1 0 4
4 ME104ES Engineering Graphics 1 0 4 3
5 AP105BS Applied Physics Lab 0 0 3 1.5
6 CS106ES Programming for Problem Solving Lab 0 0 3 1.5
7 *MC109ES Environmental Science 3 0 0 0
Induction Programme
Total Credits 13 3 10 18

I YEAR II SEMESTER
Course
S. No. Course Title L T P Credits
Code
1 MA201BS Mathematics - II 3 1 0 4
2 CH202BS Chemistry 3 1 0 4
3 EE203ES Basic Electrical Engineering 3 0 0 3
4 ME205ES Engineering Workshop 1 0 3 2.5
5 EN205HS English 2 0 0 2
6 CH206BS Engineering Chemistry Lab 0 0 3 1.5
7 EN207HS English Language and Communication Skills Lab 0 0 2 1
8 EE208ES Basic Electrical Engineering Lab 0 0 2 1
Total Credits 12 2 10 19

II YEAR I SEMESTER
Course
S. No. Course Title L T P Credits
Code
1 EC301PC Electronic Devices and Circuits 3 1 0 4
2 EC302PC Network Analysis and Transmission Lines 3 0 0 3
3 EC303PC Digital System Design 3 1 0 4
4 EC304PC Signals and Systems 3 1 0 4
5 EC305ES Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes 3 0 0 3
6 EC306PC Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab 0 0 2 1
7 EC307PC Digital System Design Lab 0 0 2 1
8 EC308ES Basic Simulation Lab 0 0 2 1
9 *MC309 Constitution of India 3 0 0 0
Total Credits 18 3 6 21

II YEAR II SEMESTER
Course
S. No. Course Title L T P Credits
Code
1 MA401BS Laplace Transforms, Numerical Methods & 3 1 0 4
Complex Variables
2 EC402PC Electromagnetic Fields and Waves 3 0 0 3

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 R18 B.Tech. ECE Syllabus JNTU HYDERABAD

3 EC403PC Analog and Digital Communications 3 1 0 4

4 EC404PC Linear IC Applications 3 0 0 3
5 EC405PC Electronic Circuit Analysis 3 0 0 3
6 EC406PC Analog and Digital Communications Lab 0 0 3 1.5
7 EC407PC IC Applications Lab 0 0 3 1.5
8 EC408PC Electronic Circuit Analysis Lab 0 0 2 1
9 *MC409 Gender Sensitization Lab 0 0 2 0
Total Credits 15 2 10 21

III YEAR I SEMESTER

Course
S. No. Course Title L T P Credits
Code
1 EC501PC Microprocessors & Microcontrollers 3 1 0 4
2 EC502PC Data Communications and Networks 3 1 0 4
3 EC503PC Control Systems 3 1 0 4
4 SM504MS Business Economics & Financial Analysis 3 0 0 3
5 Professional Elective - I 3 0 0 3
6 EC505PC Microprocessors & Microcontrollers Lab 0 0 3 1.5
7 EC506PC Data Communications and Networks Lab 0 0 3 1.5
8 EN508HS Advanced Communication Skills Lab 0 0 2 1
9 *MC510 Intellectual Property Rights 3 0 0 0
Total Credits 18 3 8 22

III YEAR II SEMESTER

Course
S. No. Course Title L T P Credits
Code
1 EC601PC Antennas and Propagation 3 1 0 4
2 EC602PC Digital Signal Processing 3 1 0 4
3 EC603PC VLSI Design 3 1 0 4
4 Professional Elective - II 3 0 0 3
5 Open Elective - I 3 0 0 3
6 EC604PC Digital Signal Processing Lab 0 0 3 1.5
7 EC605PC e – CAD Lab 0 0 3 1.5
8 EC606PC Scripting Languages Lab 0 0 2 1
9 *MC609 Environmental Science 3 0 0 0
Total Credits 18 3 8 22

IV YEAR I SEMESTER
Course
S. No. Course Title L T P Credits
Code
1 EC701PC Microwave and Optical Communications 3 0 0 3
2 Professional Elective – III 3 0 0 3
3 Professional Elective – IV 3 0 0 3
4 Open Elective - II 3 0 0 3
5 SM702MS Professional Practice, Law & Ethics 2 0 0 2
6 EC703PC Microwave and Optical Communications Lab 0 0 2 1
7 EC704PC Industrial Oriented Mini Project/ Summer Internship 0 0 0 2*
8 EC705PC Seminar 0 0 2 1
9 EC706PC Project Stage - I 0 0 6 3
Total Credits 14 0 10 21

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IV YEAR II SEMESTER
S. No. Course Code Course Title L T P Credits
1 Professional Elective – V 3 0 0 3
2 Professional Elective – VI 3 0 0 3
3 Open Elective - III 3 0 0 3
4 EC801PC Project Stage - II 0 0 14 7
Total Credits 9 0 14 16

*MC - Environmental Science – Should be Registered by Lateral Entry Students Only.

*MC – Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory

Note: Industrial Oriented Mini Project/ Summer Internship is to be carried out during the summer
vacation between 6th and 7th semesters. Students should submit report of Industrial Oriented Mini
Project/ Summer Internship for evaluation.

Professional Elective – I
EC511PE Computer Organization & Operating Systems
EC512PE Error Correcting Codes
EC513PE Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation

Professional Elective – II
EC611PE Object Oriented Programming through Java
EC612PE Mobile Communications and Networks
EC613PE Embedded System Design

Professional Elective – III

EC711PE Artificial Neural Networks
EC712PE Scripting Languages
EC713PE Digital Image Processing

Professional Elective – IV
EC721PE Biomedical Instrumentation
EC722PE Database Management Systems
EC723PE Network Security and Cryptography

Professional Elective – V
EC811PE Satellite Communications
EC812PE Radar Systems
EC813PE Wireless Sensor Networks

Professional Elective – VI
EC821PE System on Chip Architecture
EC822PE Test and Testability
EC823PE Low Power VLSI Design

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EC701PC: MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS (PC)

B.Tech. IV Year I Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisite: Antennas and Propagation

Course Objectives:
 To get familiarized with microwave frequency bands, their applications and to understand the
limitations and losses of conventional tubes at these frequencies.
 To distinguish between different types of microwave tubes, their structures and principles of
microwave power generation.
 To impart the knowledge of Scattering Matrix, its formulation and utility, and establish the S-
Matrix for various types of microwave junctions.
 Understand the utility of Optical Fibres in Communications.

Course Outcomes: Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
 Known power generation at microwave frequencies and derive the performance characteristics.
 realize the need for solid state microwave sources and understand the principles of solid state
devices.
 distinguish between the different types of waveguide and ferrite components, and select proper
components for engineering applications
 understand the utility of S-parameters in microwave component design and learn the
measurement procedure of various microwave parameters.
 Uunderstand the mechanism of light propagation through Optical Fibres.

UNIT - I
Microwave Tubes: Limitations and Losses of conventional Tubes at Microwave Frequencies,
Microwave Tubes – O Type and M Type Classifications, O-type Tubes: 2 Cavity Klystrons – Structure,
Reentrant Cavities, Velocity Modulation Process and Applegate Diagram, Bunching Process and Small
Signal Theory – Expressions for O/P Power and Efficiency. Reflex Klystrons – Structure, Velocity
Modulation and Applegate Diagram, Mathematical Theory of Bunching, Power Output, Efficiency,
Oscillating Modes and O/P Characteristics.
Helix TWTs: Types and Characteristics of Slow Wave Structures; Structure of TWT and Amplification
Process (qualitative treatment), Suppression of Oscillations, Gain Considerations.

UNIT - II
M-Type Tubes:
Introduction, Cross-field Effects, Magnetrons – Different Types, Cylindrical Traveling Wave Magnetron
– Hull Cut-off and Hartree Conditions, Modes of Resonance and PI-Mode Operation, Separation of PI-
Mode, o/p characteristics,
Microwave Solid State Devices: Introduction, Classification, Applications. TEDs – Introduction, Gunn
Diodes – Principle, RWH Theory, Characteristics, Modes of Operation - Gunn Oscillation Modes,
Principle of operation of IMPATT and TRAPATT Devices.

UNIT - III
Waveguide Components: Coupling Mechanisms – Probe, Loop, Aperture types. Waveguide
Discontinuities – Waveguide Windows, Tuning Screws and Posts, Matched Loads. Waveguide
Attenuators – Different Types, Resistive Card and Rotary Vane Attenuators; Waveguide Phase Shifters
– Types, Dielectric and Rotary Vane Phase Shifters, Waveguide Multiport Junctions - E plane and H
plane Tees. Ferrites– Composition and Characteristics, Faraday Rotation, Ferrite Components –
Gyrator, Isolator,

UNIT - IV
Scattering matrix: Scattering Matrix Properties, Directional Couplers – 2 Hole, Bethe Hole, [s] matrix
of Magic Tee and Circulator.

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Microwave Measurements: Description of Microwave Bench – Different Blocks and their Features,
Errors and Precautions, Measurement of Attenuation, Frequency. Standing Wave Measurements,
measurement of Low and High VSWR, Cavity Q, Impedance Measurements.

UNIT - V
Optical Fiber Transmission Media: Optical Fiber types, Light Propagation, Optical fiber
Configurations, Optical fiber classifications, Losses in Optical Fiber cables, Light Sources, Optical
Sources, Light Detectors, LASERS, WDM Concepts, Optical Fiber System link budget.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Microwave Devices and Circuits – Samuel Y. Liao, Pearson, 3rd Edition, 2003.
2. Electronic Communications Systems- Wayne Tomasi, Pearson, 5th Edition

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Optical Fiber Communication – Gerd Keiser, TMH, 4th Ed., 2008.
2. Microwave Engineering - David M. Pozar, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt Ltd., 1989, 3r ed., 2011
Reprint.
3. Microwave Engineering - G.S. Raghuvanshi, Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., 2012.
4. Electronic Communication System – George Kennedy, 6th Ed., McGrawHill.

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EC711PE/EI723PE: ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (PE – III)

B.Tech. IV Year I Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3
Prerequisite: Nil

Course Objectives:
 To understand the biological neural network and to model equivalent neuron models.
 To understand the architecture, learning algorithms
 To know the issues of various feed forward and feedback neural networks.
 To explore the Neuro dynamic models for various problems.

Course Outcomes: Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
 Understand the similarity of Biological networks and Neural networks
 Perform the training of neural networks using various learning rules.
 Understanding the concepts of forward and backward propagations.
 Understand and Construct the Hopfield models.

UNIT-I:
Introduction: A Neural Network, Human Brain, Models of a Neuron, Neural Networks viewed as
Directed Graphs, Network Architectures, Knowledge Representation, Artificial Intelligence and Neural
Networks
Learning Process: Error Correction Learning, Memory Based Learning, Hebbian Learning,
Competitive, Boltzmann Learning, Credit Assignment Problem, Memory, Adaption, Statistical Nature
of the Learning Process

UNIT-II:
Single Layer Perceptrons: Adaptive Filtering Problem, Unconstrained Organization Techniques,
Linear Least Square Filters, Least Mean Square Algorithm, Learning Curves, Learning Rate Annealing
Techniques, Perceptron –Convergence Theorem, Relation Between Perceptron and Bayes Classifier
for a Gaussian Environment
Multilayer Perceptron: Back Propagation Algorithm XOR Problem, Heuristics, Output Representation
and Decision Rule, Computer Experiment, Feature Detection

UNIT-III:
Back Propagation: Back Propagation and Differentiation, Hessian Matrix, Generalization, Cross
Validation, Network Pruning Techniques, Virtues and Limitations of Back Propagation Learning,
Accelerated Convergence, Supervised Learning

UNIT - IV:
Self-Organization Maps (SOM): Two Basic Feature Mapping Models, Self-Organization Map, SOM
Algorithm, Properties of Feature Map, Computer Simulations, Learning Vector Quantization, Adaptive
Patter Classification

UNIT-V:
Neuro Dynamics: Dynamical Systems, Stability of Equilibrium States, Attractors, Neuro Dynamical
Models, Manipulation of Attractors as a Recurrent Network Paradigm
Hopfield Models – Hopfield Models, restricted boltzmen machine.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Neural Networks a Comprehensive Foundations, Simon S Haykin, PHI Ed.,.
2. Introduction to Artificial Neural Systems Jacek M. Zurada, JAICO Publishing House Ed. 2006.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Neural Networks in Computer Inteligance, Li Min Fu TMH 2003
2. Neural Networks -James A Freeman David M S Kapura Pearson Ed., 2004.
3. Artificial Neural Networks - B. Vegnanarayana Prentice Hall of India P Ltd 2005

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EC712PE: SCRIPTING LANGUAGES (PE – III)

B.Tech. IV Year I Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisites: Computer Programming and Data Structures

Course Objectives:
 Able to differentiate scripting and non- scripting languages.
 To learn Scripting languages such as PERL, TCL/TK, python and BASH.
 Expertise to program in the Linux environment.
 Usage of scripting languages in IC design flow.

Course Outcomes: Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
 Known about basics of Linux and Linux Networking
 Use Linux environment and write programs for automation
 Understand the concepts of Scripting languages
 Create and run scripts using PERL/TCl/Python.

UNIT – I: Linux Basics

Introduction to Linux, File System of the Linux, General usage of Linux kernel & basic commands, Linux
users and group, Permissions for file, directory and users, searching a file & directory, zipping and
unzipping concepts.

UNIT – II: Linux Networking

Introduction to Networking in Linux, Network basics & Tools, File Transfer Protocol in Linux, Network
file system, Domain Naming Services, Dynamic hosting configuration Protocol & Network information
Services.

UNIT – III: Perl Scripting.

Introduction to Perl Scripting, working with simple values, Lists and Hashes, Loops and Decisions,
Regular Expressions, Files and Data in Perl Scripting, References & Subroutines, Running and
Debugging Perl, Modules, Object – Oriented Perl.

UNIT – IV: Tcl / Tk Scripting

Tcl Fundamentals, String and Pattern Matching, Tcl Data Structures, Control Flow Commands,
Procedures and Scope, Evel, Working with Unix, Reflection and Debugging, Script Libraries, Tk
Fundamentals, Tk by examples, The Pack Geometry Manager, Binding Commands to X Events,
Buttons and Menus, Simple Tk Widgets, Entry and List box Widgets Focus, Grabs and Dialogs.

UNIT – V: Python Scripting.

Introduction to Python, using the Python Interpreter, More Control Flow Tools, Data Structures,
Modules, Input and Output, Errors and Exceptions, Classes, Brief Tour of the Standard Library.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Practical Programming in Tcl and Tk by Brent Welch, Updated for Tcl 7.4 and Tk 4.0.
2. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 : System Administration Guide Copyright, Red Hat Inc, 2005.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Learning Python – Mark Lutz and David Ascher, 2nd Ed. , O’Reilly, 2003.
2. Learning Perl – 4th Ed. Randal Schwartz, Tom Phoenix and Brain d foy. 2005.
3. Python Essentials – Samuele Pedroni and Noel Pappin. O’Reilly, 2002.
4. Programming Perl – Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen and John Orwant, 3rd Edition, O’Reilly, 2000.
(ISBN 0596000278)

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EC713PE/EI812PE: DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING (PE – III)

B. Tech. IV Year I Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3
Prerequisite: Digital Signal Processing
Course Objectives:
 To provide a approach towards image processing and introduction about 2D transforms
 To expertise about enhancement methods in time and frequency domain
 To expertise about segmentation and compression techniques
 To understand the Morphological operations on an image

Course Outcomes: Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
 Explore the fundamental relations between pixels and utility of 2-D transforms in image
processer.
 Understand the enhancement, segmentation and restoration processes on an image.
 Implement the various Morphological operations on an image
 Understand the need of compression and evaluation of basic compression algorithms.

UNIT-I:
Digital Image Fundamentals & Image Transforms: Digital Image Fundamentals, Sampling and
Quantization, Relationship between Pixels.
Image Transforms: 2-D FFT, Properties, Walsh Transform, Hadamard Transform, Discrete Cosine
Transform, Haar Transform, Slant Transform, Hotelling Transform.

UNIT-II:
Image Enhancement (Spatial Domain): Introduction, Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain,
Enhancement through Point Processing, Types of Point Processing, Histogram Manipulation, Linear
and Non – Linear Gray Level Transformation, Local or Neighborhood criterion, Median Filter, Spatial
Domain High-Pass Filtering.
Image Enhancement (Frequency Domain): Filtering in Frequency Domain, Low Pass (Smoothing)
and High Pass (Sharpening) Filters in Frequency Domain.

UNIT -III:
Image Restoration: Degradation Model, Algebraic Approach to Restoration, Inverse Filtering, Least
Mean Square Filters, Constrained Least Squares Restoration, Interactive Restoration.

UNIT -IV:
Image Segmentation: Detection of Discontinuities, Edge Linking And Boundary Detection,
thresholding, Region Oriented Segmentation.
Morphological Image Processing: Dilation and Erosion: Dilation, Structuring Element Decomposition,
Erosion, Combining Dilation and Erosion, Opening and Closing, Hit or Miss Transformation.

UNIT -V:
Image Compression: Redundancies and their Removal Methods, Fidelity Criteria, Image Compression
Models, Huffman and Arithmetic Coding, Error Free Compression, Lossy Compression, Lossy and
Lossless Predictive Coding, Transform Based Compression, JPEG 2000 Standards.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Digital Image Processing - Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, 3rd Edition, Pearson, 2008
2. Digital Image Processing- S Jayaraman, S Esakkirajan, T Veerakumar- TMH, 2010.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Digital Image Processing and Analysis-Human and Computer Vision Application with using
CVIP Tools - Scotte Umbaugh, 2nd Ed, CRC Press, 2011
2. Digital Image Processing using MATLAB – Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E Woods and Steven
L. Eddings, 2nd Edition, TMH, 2010.
3. Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision – Somka, Hlavac, Boyle- Cengage Learning
(Indian edition) 2008.
4. Introductory Computer Vision Imaging Techniques and Solutions- Adrian low, 2nd Edition, BS
Publication, 2008.

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EC721PE: BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION (PE – IV)

B.Tech. IV Year I Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3
Course Objectives
 Identify significant biological variables at cellular level and ways to acquire different bio-signals.
 Elucidate the methods to monitor the activity of the heart,brain, eyes and muscles.
 Introduce therapeutic equipment for intensive and critical care.
 Outline medical imaging techniques and equipment for certain diagnosis and therapies.

Course Outcomes: After completion of the course the student is able to:
 Understand biosystems and medical systems from an engineering perspective.
 Identify the techniques to acquire record and primarily understand physiological activity of the
human body through cell potential, ECG, EEG, BP and blood flow measurement and EMG.
 Understand the working of various medical instruments and critical care equipment.
 Know the imaging techniques including CT,PET, SPECT and MRI used in diagnosis of various
medical conditions.

UNIT - I:
Bio-Potential Signals and Electrodes: Bio-signals and their characteristics, Organization of cell,
Nernst equation of membrane, Resting and Action potentials. Bio-amplifiers, characteristics of medical
instruments, problems encountered with measurements from living systems. Bio-potential electrodes –
Body surface recording electrodes, Internal electrodes, micro electrodes. Bio-chemical transducers –
reference electrode, the pH electrodes, Blood gas electrodes.

UNIT - II:
Cardiovascular Instrumentation: Heart and cardiovascular system Heart electrical activity, blood
pressure and heart sounds. Cardiovascular measurements electro cardiography – electrocardiogram,
ECG Amplifier, Electrodes and leads, ECG recorder principles. Types of ECG recorders. Principles of
blood pressure and blood flow measurement.

UNIT - III:
Neurological Instrumentation: Neuronal communication, electro encephalogram (EEG), EEG
Measurements EEG electrode-placement system, interpretation of EEG, EEG system Block diagram,
preamplifiers and amplifiers. EMG block diagram and Stimulators

UNIT - IV:
Equipment for Critical Care: Therapeutic equipment - Pacemaker, Defibrillator, Shortwave diathermy,
Hemodialysis machine. Respiratory Instrumentation - Mechanism of respiration, Spirometry,
Pneumotachograph, Ventilators.

UNIT - V:
Principles of Medical Imaging: Radiography, computed Radiography, Computed Tomography (CT),
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Medicine, Single Photon Emission Computed
Tomography (SPECT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Ultrasonography, Introduction to
Telemedicine.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Hand-book of Biomedical Instrumentation – by R.S. Khandpur, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
2. Medical Instrumentation, Application and Design – by John G. Webster, John Wiley.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements – by Leslie Cromwell, F.J. Weibell, E.A.
Pfeiffer, PHI.
2. Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation – by L.A. Geoddes and L.E. Baker, John Wiley
and Sons.
3. Introduction to Biomedical equipment technology-by Joseph Carr and Brown.

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EC722PE: DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (PE – IV)

B.Tech. IV Year I Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisite: Data Structures

Course Objectives:
 To understand the basic concepts and the applications of database systems.
 To master the basics of SQL and construct queries using SQL.
 Topics include data models, database design, relational model, relational algebra, transaction
control, concurrency control, storage structures and access techniques.

Course Outcomes
 Gain knowledge of fundamentals of DBMS, database design and normal forms
 Master the basics of SQL for retrieval and management of data.
 Be acquainted with the basics of transaction processing and concurrency control.
 Familiarity with database storage structures and access techniques

UNIT - I
Database System Applications: A Historical Perspective, File Systems versus a DBMS, the Data
Model, Levels of Abstraction in a DBMS, Data Independence, Structure of a DBMS
Introduction to Database Design: Database Design and ER Diagrams, Entities, Attributes, and Entity
Sets, Relationships and Relationship Sets, Additional Features of the ER Model, Conceptual Design
With the ER Model

UNIT - II
Introduction to the Relational Model: Integrity constraint over relations, enforcing integrity
constraints, querying relational data, logical data base design, introduction to views, destroying/altering
tables and views.
Relational Algebra, Tuple relational Calculus, Domain relational calculus.

UNIT - III
SQL: Queries, Constraints, Triggers: form of basic SQL query, UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT,
Nested Queries, aggregation operators, NULL values, complex integrity constraints in SQL, triggers
and active data bases.
Schema Refinement: Problems caused by redundancy, decompositions, problems related to
decomposition, reasoning about functional dependencies, FIRST, SECOND, THIRD normal forms,
BCNF, lossless join decomposition, multi-valued dependencies, FOURTH normal form, FIFTH normal
form.

UNIT - IV
Transaction Concept, Transaction State, Implementation of Atomicity and Durability, Concurrent
Executions, Serializability, Recoverability, Implementation of Isolation, Testing for serializability, Lock
Based Protocols, Timestamp Based Protocols, Validation- Based Protocols, Multiple Granularity,
Recovery and Atomicity, Log–Based Recovery, Recovery with Concurrent Transactions.

UNIT - V
Data on External Storage, File Organization and Indexing, Cluster Indexes, Primary and Secondary
Indexes, Index data Structures, Hash Based Indexing, Tree base Indexing, Comparison of File
Organizations, Indexes and Performance Tuning, Intuitions for tree Indexes, Indexed Sequential
Access Methods (ISAM), B+ Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Database Management Systems, Raghurama Krishnan, Johannes Gehrke, Tata Mc Graw Hill
3rd Edition
2. Database System Concepts, Silberschatz, Korth, Mc Graw hill, V edition.

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REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Database Systems design, Implementation, and Management, Peter Rob & Carlos Coronel 7th
Edition.
2. Fundamentals of Database Systems, Elmasri Navrate, Pearson Education
3. Introduction to Database Systems, C. J. Date, Pearson Education
4. Oracle for Professionals, The X Team, S.Shah and V. Shah, SPD.
5. Database Systems Using Oracle: A Simplified guide to SQL and PL/SQL,Shah, PHI.
6. Fundamentals of Database Management Systems, M. L. Gillenson, Wiley Student Edition.

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EC723PE: NETWORK SECURITY AND CRYPTOGRAPHY (PE – IV)

B.Tech. IV Year I Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisite: Nil
Course Objectives:
 Understand the basic concept of Cryptography and Network Security, their mathematical
models
 To understand the necessity of network security, threats/vulnerabilities to networks and
countermeasures
 To understand Authentication functions with Message Authentication Codes and Hash
Functions.
 To provide familiarity in Intrusion detection and Firewall Design Principles

Course Outcomes: Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
 Describe network security fundamental concepts and principles
 Encrypt and decrypt messages using block ciphers and network security technology and
protocols
 Analyze key agreement algorithms to identify their weaknesses
 Identify and assess different types of threats, malware, spyware, viruses, vulnerabilities

UNIT- I
Security Services, Mechanisms and Attacks, A Model for Internetwork security, Classical Techniques:
Conventional Encryption model, Steganography, Classical Encryption Techniques.
Modern Techniques: Simplified DES, Block Cipher Principles, Data Encryption standard, Strength of
DES, Block Cipher Design Principles.

UNIT- II
Encryption: Triple DES, International Data Encryption algorithm, Blowfish, RC5, Characteristics of
Advanced Symmetric block Ciphers. Placement of Encryption function, Traffic confidentiality, Key
distribution, Random Number Generation.

UNIT – III
Public Key Cryptography: Principles, RSA Algorithm, Key Management, Diffie-Hellman Key
exchange, Elliptic Curve Cryptograpy.
Number Theory: Prime and Relatively prime numbers, Modular arithmetic, Fermat’s and Euler’s
theorems, Testing for primality, Euclid’s Algorithm, the Chinese remainder theorem, Discrete
logarithms.

UNIT- IV
Message Authentication and Hash Functions: Authentication requirements and functions, Message
Authentication, Hash functions, Security of Hash functions and MACs.
Hash and Mac Algorithms: MD-5, Message digest Algorithm, Secure Hash Algorithm.
Digital signatures and Authentication protocols: Digital signatures, Authentication Protocols, Digital
signature standards.
Authentication Applications: Kerberos, Electronic Mail Security: Pretty Good Privacy, SIME/MIME.

UNIT – V
IP Security: Overview, Architecture, Authentication, Encapsulating Security Payload, Key
Management. Web Security: Web Security requirements, Secure sockets layer and Transport layer
security, Secure Electronic Transaction.
Intruders, Viruses and Worms: Intruders, Viruses and Related threats.
Fire Walls: Fire wall Design Principles, Trusted systems.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice - William Stallings, Pearson
Education.
2. Network Security: The complete reference, Robert Bragg, Mark Rhodes, TMH,2004.

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REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Network Security Essentials (Applications and Standards) by William Stallings Pearson
Education.
2. Fundamentals of Network Security by Eric Maiwald (Dreamtech press)
3. Principles of Information Security, Whitman, Thomson.
4. Introduction to Cryptography, Buchmann, Springer.

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SM702MS: PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE, LAW AND ETHICS (PC)

B.Tech. IV Year I Semester L T P C

2 0 0 2

Course Objectives:
 To make the students understand the types of roles they are expected to play in the
society as practitioners of the civil engineering profession
 To develop some ideas of the legal and practical aspects of their profession.

Course Outcome: The students will understand the importance of professional practice, Law and
Ethics in their personal lives and professional careers. The students will learn the rights and
responsibilities as an employee, team member and a global citizen

UNIT - I
Professional Practice and Ethics: Definition of Ethics, Professional Ethics - Engineering Ethics,
Personal Ethics; Code of Ethics - Profession, Professionalism, Professional Responsibility, Conflict of
Interest, Gift Vs Bribery, Environmental breaches, Negligence, Deficiencies in state-of-the-art; Vigil
Mechanism, Whistle blowing, protected disclosures. Introduction to GST- Various Roles of Various
Stake holders

UNIT - II
Law of Contract: Nature of Contract and Essential elements of valid contract, Offer and Acceptance,
Consideration, Capacity to contract and Free Consent, Legality of Object. Unlawful and illegal
agreements, Contingent Contracts, Performance and discharge of Contracts, Remedies for breach of
contract. Contracts-II: Indemnity and guarantee, Contract of Agency, Sale of goods Act -1930: General
Principles, Conditions & Warranties, Performance of Contract of Sale.

UNIT - III
Arbitration, Conciliation and ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) system: Arbitration – meaning, scope
and types – distinction between laws of 1940 and 1996; UNCITRAL model law – Arbitration and expert
determination; Extent of judicial intervention; International commercial arbitration; Arbitration
agreements – essential and kinds, validity, reference and interim measures by court; Arbitration tribunal
– appointment, challenge, jurisdiction of arbitral tribunal, powers, grounds of challenge, procedure and
court assistance; Distinction between conciliation, negotiation, mediation and arbitration, confidentiality,
resort to judicial proceedings, costs; Dispute Resolution Boards; Lok Adalats.

UNIT - IV
Engagement of Labour and Labour & other construction-related Laws: Role of Labour in Civil
Engineering; Methods of engaging labour- on rolls, labour sub-contract, piece rate work; Industrial
Disputes Act, 1947; Collective bargaining; Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946;
Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923; Building & Other - Construction Workers (regulation of
employment and conditions of service) Act (1996) and Rules (1998); RERA Act 2017, NBC 2017.

UNIT - V
Law relating to Intellectual property: Introduction – meaning of intellectual property, main forms of IP,
Copyright, Trademarks, Patents and Designs, Secrets; Law relating to Copyright in India including
Historical evolution of Copy Rights Act, 1957, Meaning of copyright – computer programs, Ownership
of copyrights and assignment, Criteria of infringement, Piracy in Internet – Remedies and procedures
in India; Law relating to Patents under Patents Act, 1970

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Professional Ethics: R. Subramanian, Oxford University Press, 2015.
2. Ravinder Kaur, Legal Aspects of Business, 4e, Cengage Learning, 2016.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. RERA Act, 2017.
2. Wadhera (2004), Intellectual Property Rights, Universal Law Publishing Co.
3. T. Ramappa (2010), Intellectual Property Rights Law in India, Asia Law House.
4. O.P. Malhotra, Law of Industrial Disputes, N.M. Tripathi Publishers.

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EC703PC: MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LAB

B.Tech IV Year I Semester L T P C

0 0 2 1

Note: Any twelve of the following experiments

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Reflex Klystron Characteristics.
2. Gunn Diode Characteristics.
3. Attenuation measurement
4. Directional coupler Characteristics.
5. Scattering parameters of wave guide components
6. Frequency measurement.
7. Impedance measurement
8. VSWR measurement
9. Characterization of LED.
10. Characterization of Laser Diode.
11. Intensity modulation of Laser output through an optical fiber.
12. Measurement of Data rate for Digital Optical link.
13. Measurement of Numerical Aperture of fiber cable.
14. Measurement of losses for Optical link

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EC811PE : SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (PE – V)

B.Tech. IV Year II Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisite: Analog and Digital Communications

Course Objectives :
 To acquired foundation in orbital mechanics and launch vehicles for the satellites.
 To provide basic knowledge of link design of satellite.
 To understand multiple access systems and earth station technology
 To understand the concepts of satellite navigation and GPS.

Course Outcomes: Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
 Understand basic concepts and frequency allocations for satellite communication, orbital
mechanics and launch vehicles.
 Envision the satellite sub systems and design satellite links for specified C/N.
 Understand the various multiple access techniques for satellite communication systems and
earth station technologies.
 Known the concepts of LEO, GEO Stationary Satellite Systems and satellite navigation

UNIT - I:
Introduction: Origin of Satellite Communications, Historical Back-ground, Basic Concepts of Satellite
Communications, Frequency Allocations for Satellite Services, Applications, Future Trends of Satellite
Communications.
Orbital Mechanics and Launchers: Orbital Mechanics, Look Angle determination, Orbital
Perturbations, Orbit determination, Launches and Launch vehicles, Orbital Effects in Communication
Systems Performance.

UNIT - II:
Satellite Subsystems: Attitude and Orbit Control System, Telemetry, Tracking, Command And
Monitoring, Power Systems, Communication Subsystems, Satellite Antennas, Equipment Reliability
and Space Qualification.

UNIT - III:
Satellite Link Design: Basic Transmission Theory, System Noise Temperature and G/T Ratio,
Design of Down Links, Up Link Design, Design Of Satellite Links For Specified C/N, System Design
Examples.
Multiple Access: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Inter modulation, Calculation of C/N,
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frame Structure, Examples, Satellite Switched TDMA
Onboard Processing, DAMA, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Spread Spectrum Transmission
and Reception.

UNIT - IV:
Earth Station Technology: Introduction, Transmitters, Receivers, Antennas, Tracking Systems,
Terrestrial Interface, Primary Power Test Methods.

UNIT - V:
Low Earth Orbit and Geo-Stationary Satellite Systems: Orbit Considerations, Coverage and
Frequency Consideration, Delay & Throughput Considerations, System Considerations, Operational
NGSO Constellation Designs.
Satellite Navigation & Global Positioning System: Radio and Satellite Navigation, GPS Position
Location Principles, GPS Receivers and Codes, Satellite Signal Acquisition, GPS Navigation
Message, GPS Signal Levels, GPS Receiver Operation, GPS C/A Code Accuracy, Differential GPS.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Satellite Communications – Timothy Pratt, Charles Bostian and Jeremy Allnutt, WSE, Wiley
Publications, 2nd Edition, 2003.

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2. Satellite Communications Engineering – Wilbur L. Pritchard, Robert A Nelson and Henri G.

Suyderhoud, 2nd Edition, Pearson Publications, 2003.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Satellite Communications : Design Principles – M. Richharia, BS Publications, 2nd Edition, 2003.
2. Satellite Communication - D.C Agarwal, Khanna Publications, 5th Ed.
3. Fundamentals of Satellite Communications – K.N. Raja Rao, PHI, 2004
4. Satellite Communications – Dennis Roddy, McGraw Hill, 4th Edition, 2009.

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EC812PE: RADAR SYSTEMS (PE – V)

B.Tech. IV Year II Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisite: Analog and Digital Communications

Course Objectives:
 To explore the concepts of radar and its frequency bands.
 To understand Doppler effect and get acquainted with the working principles of CW radar, FM-
CW radar.
 To impart the knowledge of functioning of MTI and Tracking Radars.
 To explain the deigning of a Matched Filter in radar receivers.

Course Outcomes: Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
 Derive the complete radar range equation.
 Understand the need and functioning of CW, FM-CW and MTI radars
 Known various Tracking methods.
 Derive the matched filter response characteristics for radar receivers.

UNIT - I
Basics of Radar: Maximum Unambiguous Range, Simple form of Radar Equation, Radar Block
Diagram and Operation, Radar Frequencies and Applications. Prediction of Range Performance,
Minimum Detectable Signal, Receiver Noise, Modified Radar Range Equation.
Radar Equation: SNR, Envelope Detector – False Alarm Time and Probability, Integration of Radar
Pulses, Radar Cross Section of Targets, Transmitter Power, PRF and Range Ambiguities, System
Losses (qualitative treatment).

UNIT - II
CW and Frequency Modulated Radar: Doppler Effect, CW Radar – Block Diagram, Isolation between
Transmitter and Receiver, Non-zero IF Receiver, Receiver Bandwidth Requirements, Applications of
CW radar.
FM-CW Radar: Range and Doppler Measurement, Block Diagram and Characteristics, FM-CW
altimeter.

UNIT - III
MTI and Pulse Doppler Radar: Principle, MTI Radar - Power Amplifier Transmitter and Power
Oscillator Transmitter, Delay Line Cancellers – Filter Characteristics, Blind Speeds, Double
Cancellation, Staggered PRFs. Range Gated Doppler Filters. MTI Radar Parameters, Limitations to
MTI Performance, MTI versus Pulse Doppler Radar.

UNIT - IV
Tracking Radar: Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Mono pulse Tracking Radar
– Amplitude Comparison Mono pulse (one- and two- coordinates), Phase Comparison Mono pulse,
Tracking in Range, Acquisition and Scanning Patterns, Comparison of Trackers.

UNIT - V
Detection of Radar Signals in Noise Matched Filter Receiver – Response Characteristics and
Derivation, Correlation Function and Cross-correlation Receiver, Efficiency of Non-matched Filters,
Matched Filter with Non-white Noise.
Radar Receivers – Noise Figure and Noise Temperature, Displays – types. Duplexers – Branch type
and Balanced type, Circulators as Duplexers. Introduction to Phased Array Antennas – Basic Concepts,
Radiation Pattern, Beam Steering and Beam Width changes, Applications, Advantages and Limitations.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Radar Systems – Merrill I. Skolnik, TMH Special Indian Edition, 2ndEd., 2007.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Radar: Principles, Technology, Applications – Byron Edde, Pearson Education, 2004.

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2. Radar Principles – Peebles, Jr., P.Z., Wiley, New York, 1998.

3. Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles – Mark A. Richards, James A. Scheer, William A.
Holm, Yesdee, 2013
4. Radar Handbook - Merrill I. Skolnik, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill Education, 2008.

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EC813PE: WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (PE – V)

B.Tech. IV Year II Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3
Prerequisite: Analogue and Digital Communications

Course Objectives:
 To acquire the knowledge about various architectures and applications of Sensor Networks
 To understand issues, challenges and emerging technologies for wireless sensor networks
 To learn about various routing protocols and MAC Protocols
 To understand various data gathering and data dissemination methods
 To Study about design principals, node architectures, hardware and software required for
implementation of wireless sensor networks.

Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
 Analyze and compare various architectures of Wireless Sensor Networks
 Understand Design issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks
 Analyze and compare various data gathering and data dissemination methods.
 Design, Simulate and Compare the performance of various routing and MAC protocol

UNIT - I:
Introduction to Sensor Networks, unique constraints and challenges, Advantage of Sensor Networks,
Applications of Sensor Networks, Types of wireless sensor networks

UNIT - II:
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Sensor Networks, Enabling technologies for Wireless
Sensor Networks. Issues and challenges in wireless sensor networks

UNIT - III:
Routing protocols, MAC protocols: Classification of MAC Protocols, S-MAC Protocol, B-MAC protocol,
IEEE 802.15.4 standard and ZigBee

UNIT - IV:
Dissemination protocol for large sensor network. Data dissemination, data gathering, and data fusion;
Quality of a sensor network; Real-time traffic support and security protocols.

UNIT - V:
Design Principles for WSNs, Gateway Concepts Need for gateway, WSN to Internet Communication,
and Internet to WSN Communication.
Single-node architecture, Hardware components & design constraints,
Operating systems and execution environments, introduction to TinyOS and nesC.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Ad-Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks- C. Siva Ram Murthy,B. S. Manoj, Pearson
2. Principles of Wireless Networks – Kaveh Pah Laven and P. Krishna Murthy, 2002, PE

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Wireless Digital Communications – Kamilo Feher, 1999, PHI.
2. Wireless Communications-Andrea Goldsmith, 2005 Cambridge University Press.
3. Mobile Cellular Communication – Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao, Pearson Education, 2012.
4. Wireless Communication and Networking – William Stallings, 2003, PHI.

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EC821PE: SYSTEM ON CHIP ARCHITECTURE (PE – VI)

B.Tech. IV Year II Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisite: Embedded System Design

Course Objectives:
 To introduce the architectural features of system on chip.
 To imbibe the knowledge of customization using case studies.

Course Outcomes:
 Expected to understand SOC Architectural features.
 To acquire the knowledge on processor selection criteria and limitations
 To acquires the knowledge of memory architectures on SOC.
 To understands the interconnection strategies and their customization on SOC.

UNIT – I:
Introduction to the System Approach: System Architecture, Components of the system, Hardware &
Software, Processor Architectures, Memory and Addressing. System level interconnection, An
approach for SOC Design, System Architecture and Complexity.

UNIT – II:
Processors: Introduction, Processor Selection for SOC, Basic concepts in Processor Architecture,
Basic concepts in Processor Micro Architecture, Basic elements in Instruction handling. Buffers:
minimizing Pipeline Delays, Branches, More Robust Processors, Vector Processors and Vector
Instructions extensions, VLIW Processors, Superscalar Processors.

UNIT – III:
Memory Design for SOC: Overview of SOC external memory, Internal Memory, Size, Scratchpads
and Cache memory, Cache Organization, Cache data, Write Policies, Strategies for line replacement
at miss time, Types of Cache, Split – I , and D – Caches , Multilevel Caches, Virtual to real translation
, SOC Memory System , Models of Simple Processor – memory interaction.

UNIT - IV:
Interconnect Customization: Inter Connect Architectures, Bus: Basic Architectures, SOC Standard
Buses, Analytic Bus Models, Using the Bus model, Effects of Bus transactions and contention time.
SOC Customization:

UNIT – V:
Configuration: An overview, Customizing Instruction Processor, Reconfiguration Technologies,
Mapping design onto Reconfigurable devices, Instance- Specific design, Customizable Soft Processor,
Reconfiguration - overhead analysis and trade-off analysis on reconfigurable Parallelism.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Computer System Design System-on-Chip by Michael J. Flynn and Wayne Luk, Wiely India Pvt.
Ltd.
2. ARM System on Chip Architecture – Steve Furber –2nd Eed., 2000, Addison Wesley Professional.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Design of System on a Chip: Devices and Components – Ricardo Reis, 1st Ed., 2004, Springer
2. Co-Verification of Hardware and Software for ARM System on Chip Design (Embedded
Technology) – Jason Andrews – Newnes, BK and CDROM
3. System on Chip Verification – Methodologies and Techniques –Prakash Rashinkar, Peter
Paterson and Leena Singh L, 2001, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

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EC822PE: TEST AND TESTABILITY (PE – VI)

B.Tech. IV Year II Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3

Prerequisite: Switching Theory and Logic Design, Digital System Design with PLDS

Course Objectives:
 To provide or broad understanding of fault diagnosis.
 To illustrate the framework of test pattern generation.
 To understand design for testability in Digital Design

Course Outcomes: On completion of this course the student will be able to:
 To acquire the knowledge of fundamental concepts in fault and fault diagnosis
 Test pattern generation using LFSR and CA
 Design for testability rules and techniques for combinational circuits
 Introducing scan architectures

UNIT - I
Need for testing, the problems in digital Design testing, the problems in Analog Design testing, the
problems in mixed analog/digital design testing, design for test, printed-circuit board (PCB) testing,
software testing,
Fault in Digital Circuits:
General Introduction, Controllability and Observability, Fault Models, stuck at faults, bridging faults,
CMOS technology considerations, intermittent faults.

UNIT - II
General Introduction, to test pattern genration, Test Pattern generation for combinational logic circuits,
Manual test pattern generation, automatic test pattern generation, boolen difference method, Roth’s D-
algoritham, Developments following Roth’s D-algoritham, Pseudorandom test pattern generation.

UNIT - III
Pseudorandorn test pattern generators, Design of test pattern generator usingLinear feedback shift
registers (LFSRs) and cellular automata(CAs).

UNIT - IV
Design for Testability for combinational circuits: Basic Concepts of testability, controllability and
observability, the Reed Muller’s expansion techniques, use of control logic and syndrome testable
designs.

UNIT - V
Making sequential circuits testable, testability insertion, full scan DFT technique-Full scan insertion, flip-
flop structures, Full scan design and test, scan architectures-full scan design, shadow register DFT,
partial scan methods, multiple scan design, other scan designs.

TEXT BOOKS
1. Fault Tolerant and Fault Testable Hardware Design-Parag K. Lala, 1984, PHI.
2. VLSI Testing digital and Mixed analogue/digital techniques-Stanley L. Hurst, IEE
Circuits, Devices and Systems series 9, 1998.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design-Miron Abramovici, Melvin A. Breuer and Arthur
D. Friedman, Jaico Books
2. Esstentials of Electronic Testing-Bushnell and Vishwani D.Agarwal, Springers.
3. Design for test for Digital IC’s and Embedded Core Systems-Alfred L. Crouch, 2008, Pearson
Education.

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EC823PE: LOW POWER VLSI DESIGN (PE – VI)

B.Tech. IV Year II Semester L T P C

3 0 0 3
Prerequisite: VLSI Design
Course Objectives:
 Known the low power low voltage VLSI design
 Understand the impact of power on system performances.
 Known about different Design approaches.
 Identify suitable techniques to reduce power dissipation in combinational and sequential
circuits.

Course Outcomes: Upon completing this course, the student will be able to
 Understand the need of Low power circuit design.
 Attain the knowledge of architectural approaches.
 Analyze and design Low-Voltage Low-Power combinational circuits.
 Known the design of Low-Voltage Low-Power Memories

UNIT - I:
Fundamentals: Need for Low Power Circuit Design, Sources of Power Dissipation – Switching Power
Dissipation, Short Circuit Power Dissipation, Leakage Power Dissipation, Glitching Power Dissipation,
Short Channel Effects –Drain Induced Barrier Lowering and Punch Through, Surface Scattering,
Velocity Saturation, Impact Ionization, Hot Electron Effect.

UNIT - II:
Low-Power Design Approaches: Low-Power Design through Voltage Scaling – VTCMOS circuits,
MTCMOS circuits, Architectural Level Approach –Pipelining and Parallel Processing Approaches.
Switched Capacitance Minimization Approaches: System Level Measures, Circuit Level Measures,
and Mask level Measures.

UNIT - III:
Low-Voltage Low-Power Adders: Introduction, Standard Adder Cells, CMOS Adder’s Architectures
– Ripple Carry Adders, Carry Look- Ahead Adders, Carry Select Adders, Carry Save Adders, Low-
Voltage Low-Power Design Techniques –Trends of Technology and Power Supply Voltage, Low-
Voltage Low-Power Logic Styles.

UNIT - IV:
Low-Voltage Low-Power Multipliers: Introduction, Overview of Multiplication, Types of Multiplier
Architectures, Braun Multiplier, Baugh- Wooley Multiplier, Booth Multiplier, Introduction to Wallace Tree
Multiplier.

UNIT - V:
Low-Voltage Low-Power Memories: Basics of ROM, Low-Power ROM Technology, Future Trend and
Development of ROMs, Basics of SRAM, Memory Cell, Precharge and Equalization Circuit, Low-Power
SRAM Technologies, Basics of DRAM, Self-Refresh Circuit, Future Trend and Development of DRAM.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits – Analysis and Design – Sung-Mo Kang, Yusuf Leblebici,
TMH, 2011.
2. Low-Voltage, Low-Power VLSI Subsystems – Kiat-Seng Yeo, Kaushik Roy, TMH Professional
Engineering.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Introduction to VLSI Systems: A Logic, Circuit and System Perspective – Ming-BO Lin, CRC
Press, 2011
2. Low Power CMOS VLSI Circuit Design – Kaushik Roy, Sharat C. Prasad, John Wiley & Sons,
2000.
3. Practical Low Power Digital VLSI Design – Gary K. Yeap, Kluwer Academic Press, 2002.
4. Leakage in Nanometer CMOS Technologies – Siva G. Narendran, Anatha Chandrakasan,
Springer, 2005.

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