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2

Introduction
GEETHA RAVICHANDRAN M.E (Chem), PMP

B.E – 1993 batch in Annamalai University

M.E – 1995 batch in Annamalai University

17 years experience in gas industry which includes

8 years experience in project Management, 6 years experience in
domain Management.

My hobbies: Reading, gardening.

Like to go often to clean watery, natural places
Contact : +91 9952092334
[email protected] , [email protected]

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 MME Electrical-by Darley

MME-Chemical
Agenda

1. Heat Transfer
2. Process Calculation
3. Thermodynamics
4. Reaction Kinetics
5. Fluid Mechanics and Pumps
6. Distillation
7. Economic Analysis
8. Project Management

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 MME Electrical-by Darley

MME-Chemical
HEAT TRANSMISSION

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
There are three fundamental types of heat transfer:
Conduction, convection and radiation.
Conduction : is the transfer of heat from one part of body to
another part of the same body, or from one body to another in
physical contact with it, without appreciable displacement of
particles of body.

Convection : is the transfer of heat from one point to another

within a fluid, gas or liquid by the mixing of one portion of the
fluid with another.
 In natural convection, the motion of the fluid is entirely
the result of differences in density resulting from
temperature differences.
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
 In forced convection, the motion is produced by
mechanical means. When the forced velocity is relatively
low, it should be realized that ‘free-convection’ factors
such as density and temperature differences may have an
important influence.

Radiation : is the transfer of heat from one body to another,

not in contact with it by means of wave motion through space.

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
Conduction : Fourier’s law is the fundamental differential
equation for heat transfer by conduction:
dQ/dθ = -kA(dt/dx) where
 dQ/dθ is the rate of flow of heat.
 A is the area at right angles to direction in which the heat
flows, and
 dt/dx is the rate of change of temperature with the distance
in the direction of flow of heat.
 k is thermal conductivity
 Thermal conductivity of cork, slag, wool, char-coal and
wood fibers are 2.2 times that of air and cellular form of
rubber is 1.6 times of air.
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
Conduction through several bodies in series :
Rate of Heat flow:
q1 = k1A1 Δt1/x1 Δt1 = t2-t1 t1

q2 = k2A2 Δt2/x2 Δt2 = t3-t2

t2
q3 = k3A3 Δt3/x3 Δt3 = t4-t3 t3
t4

Overall q = ∑Δt / RT where as

x1 x2 x3
R = x / kA, RT = R1+R2+R3
Δt = t4-t1

q – J/s or Btu/hr and k = J/m.s.˚K or Btu/hr.ft.˚F

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
Convection : In the majority of heat transfer process in
industrial practice, heat is being transferred from one fluid to
another through a solid wall. Heat Convection, involves the
energy carried by the fluid by the virtue of its velocity. The
heat transfer expression for heat convection is expressed by
Newton’s law of cooling
q = hAdt
h- Heat transfer coefficient ; dt = Ts-Tair
A – Area
Natural convection occurs when a solid surface is in contact
with a fluid of different temperature from the surface. Heat
transfer coefficient is generally expressed by dimensionless
relation between:
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
Prandtl Number : NPr = cpµ / k
Nusselt Number: NNu = hL/k or hD/K
Reynolds number: NRe = DG/µ = xVρ/µ = xV/ν
Grashof Number: NGr = L3ρgc βΔt/µ2
Rayleigh Number: NRa = NGr NPr
Then heat transfer coefficient can be expressed by Nusselt
equation:
hL/k = C ((L3ρgcβΔt/µ2)(cpµ/k))n
NNu = C (NGr NPr )n

Tf = (Ts+Tair )/ 2

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
There is a simplified cp = Specific heat constant pressure
formula for air, which gc = Gravitational acceleration
gives the heat transfer NGr = Grashof number (dimensionless)
coefficient for natural h = Heat transfer coefficient
convection of air over k = Thermal conductivity of air
L = Height or length of plate
a flat plate [1]. This
NNu = Nusselt number (dimensionless)
formula is of the form,
NPr = Prandtl number (dimensionless)
NRa = Rayleigh number (dimensionless)
Ta = Temperature of ambient air
Ts = Temperature of heated surface
T = Temperature difference from surface to air
V – velocity – m/s β = Coefficient of thermal expansion for air
G- Mass Velocity – Kg/m2 s = V ρ ρ = Density of air
ν – kinetic viscosity = µ / ρ – m2/s µ = Dynamic viscosity of air
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
Overall Heat transfer Coefficient : represents the total
resistance to heat transfer from one fluid to other fluid.
 It is a measure of overall ability of series of conductive and
convective to transfer the heat.
 The heat transfer coefficient is the reciprocal of thermal
insulance. This is used for building materials (R-Value).
 It can be estimated by dividing the thermal conductivity of
the convection fluid by a length scale. The heat transfer
coefficient is often calculated from the Nusselt Number (a
dimensionless number).
1/U = (1/hi + xw /k+ 1/h0) (xw – wall thickness)
1/U = (1/hi +xw /k + 1/hd + 1/h0) (if any scale deposit)
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
Overall Heat transfer :
q = UA Δt
q/A - Heat Flux
Heat Resistance:
RT = Rconvection + Rconduction
Rconvection = 1/hA = 1/hiAi + 1/hoAo
Rconduction = x/kA

Heat transfer coefficient Units:

 1 W/(m2K) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m2 oC) = 0.1761 Btu/(ft2 h oF)
 1 Btu/(ft2 h oF) = 5.678 W/(m2 K) = 4.882 kcal/(h m2 oC)
 1 kcal/(h m2 oC) = 1.163 W/(m2K) = 0.205 Btu/(ft2 h oF)
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
ForcedConvection:
In natural convection, any fluid motion is caused by natural
means such as the buoyancy effect, i.e. the rise of warmer fluid
and fall the cooler fluid. Whereas in forced convection, the
fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a tube by external
means such as a pump or fan.
The rate of convection heat transfer is expressed by Newton’s la
w of cooling:
q = hAdt
h- Heat transfer coefficient ; dt = T∞-Ts; A- Area
The convective heat transfer coefficient h strongly depends on
the fluid properties and roughness of the solid surface, and the
type of the fluid flow (laminar or turbulent).
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
Flow Over Flat Plate:
The friction and heat transfer coefficient for a flat plate can
be determined by solving the conservation of mass,
momentum, and energy equations (either approximately
or numerically). They can also be measured experimentally.
It is found that the Nusselt number can be expressed as:

NNu = C NRem NPrn = hL/k

where C, m, and n are constants and L is the length of the

flat plate. The properties of the fluid are usually evaluated
at the film temperature defined as:
Tf = (Ts+T∞ )/ 2
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
Laminar Flow:
Nusselt number over the entire isothermal plate laminar
region:
NNu = 0.664NRe1/2 NPr1/3 = hL/k
Friction coefficient:
Cf = 1.328/NRe 1/2
Turbulent Flow:
Nusselt number over the entire isothermal plate turbulent
region”:
NNu = 0.037NRe4/5 NPr1/3 = hL/k
Friction coefficient:
Cf = 0.074/NRe 1/5
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent is
called critical Reynolds number. For flat plate critical Reynold
number is 5 X 105
 For Laminar flow: NPr ≤ 0.6 and NRe ≤ 5 X 105
 For Turbulent Flow: 0.6 ≤ NPr ≥ 60 5 X 105 ≤ NRe ≥ 107

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
 Typical convective heat transfer coefficients for some common fluid flow
applications:

•Free Convection - air, gases and dry vapors : 0.5 - 1000 (W/(m2K))
•Free Convection - water and liquids: 50 - 3000 (W/(m2K))
•Forced Convection - air, gases and dry vapors: 10 - 1000 (W/(m2K))
•Forced Convection - water and liquids: 50 - 10000 (W/(m2K))
•Forced Convection - liquid metals: 5000 - 40000 (W/(m2K))
•Boiling Water : 3.000 - 100.000 (W/(m2K))
•Condensing Water Vapor: 5.000 - 100.000 (W/(m2K))

Units of Heat Transfer rate :

 1 W = 3.41Btu/hr = 0.8598 Kcal/hr = 60 J/m = 1 J/S

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 Questions

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
1. What the rate of heat transfer by conduction per unit area, by
means of conduction for a furnace wall made of fire clay. Furnace
wall thickness is 6" or half a foot. Thermal conductivity of the furnace
wall clay is 0.3 W/m·K. The furnace wall temperature can be taken to
be same as furnace operating temperature which is 6500C and
temperature of the outer wall of the furnace is 150 0C.

A. 110 W/m2
B. 492 W/m2
C. 380 W/m2
D. 600 W/m2

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
1. What the rate of heat transfer by conduction per unit area, by
means of conduction for a furnace wall made of fire clay. Furnace
wall thickness is 6" or half a foot. Thermal conductivity of the furnace
wall clay is 0.3 W/m·K. The furnace wall temperature can be taken to
be same as furnace operating temperature which is 6500C and
temperature of the outer wall of the furnace is 150 0C.

A. 110 W/m2
B. 492 W/m2
C. 380 W/m2
D. 600 W/m2

Ans: B
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

For the given sample problem,

T1 = 6500C
T2 = 1500C
L = 12" = 12 × 0.0254 m = 0.3048 m
k = 0.3 W/m·K

Hence,
Heat transfer rate per unit area of the wall is
calculated as,

Q/A = k × (T1 - T2)/L

Q/A = 0.3×(650-150)/0.3048 W/m2 = 492.13 W/m2
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
2. Two metals have the same size. The thermal conductivity of
metal II = 2 times the thermal conductivity of metal I. If one
end of metal I is heated so T1 = 100 oC and one end of metal II
is heated so T2 = 25 oC , then what is the temperature between
both metals.

A. 90oC
B. 100oC
C. 50oC
D. 60oC

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
2. Two metals have the same size. The thermal conductivity of
metal II = 2 times the thermal conductivity of metal I. If one
end of metal I is heated so T1 = 100 oC and one end of metal II
is heated so T2 = 25 oC , then what is the temperature between
both metals.

A. 90oC
B. 100oC
C. 50oC
D. 60oC

Ans: C
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
The heat conductivity of metal I = k
The heat conductivity of metal II=2k
The temperature at one end of metal I = 100oC
The temperature at one end of metal II = 25oC
The equation of the heat conduction

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
3. The following figure shows different A and B metal rods
connected at one end. The cross-sectional area of both rods is
the same, but the length of A is twice the length of B and the
thermal conduction coefficient A is 3 times B. If the free ends
A and B are subjected to different temperature, the
temperature at the junction is

A. 90oC
B. 86oC
C. 70oC
D. 76oC

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
3. The following figure shows different A and B metal rods
connected at one end. The cross-sectional area of both rods is
the same, but the length of A is twice the length of B and the
thermal conduction coefficient A is 3 times B. If the free ends
A and B are subjected to different temperature, the
temperature at the junction is

A. 90oC
B. 86oC
C. 70oC
D. 76oC

Ans: D

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
The thermal conductivity of metal A = 3k
The thermal conductivity of metal B = k
Length of metal A = 2l
Length of metal B = l
The temperature of one end metal A = 100oC
The temperature of one end metal B = 40oC

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

4. Which of the following commonly used condenser tube materials

has the lowest thermal conductivity?

A. Admirability brass.
B. Stainless steel.
C. Aluminium brass.
D. Titanium.

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

4. Which of the following commonly used condenser tube materials

has the lowest thermal conductivity?

A. Admirability brass.
B. Stainless steel.
C. Aluminium brass.
D. Titanium.

Ans: B 30
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
5. One end of a metal rod is maintained at 100 degrees C, and the
other end is maintained at 0 degrees C by an ice-water mixture. The
rod is 60 cm long and has a cross-sectional area of 1.25 cm^2. The
heat conducted by the rod melts 8.50 g of ice in 10.0 min. Find the
thermal conductivity of the metal if 30% of heat is lost to the
surroundings.

A. o.777 cal/cm.s.oC
B. o.91 cal/cm.s.oC
C. 1.071 cal/cm.s.oC
D. o.381 cal/cm.s.oC

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
5. One end of a metal rod is maintained at 100 degrees C, and the
other end is maintained at 0 degrees C by an ice-water mixture. The
rod is 60 cm long and has a cross-sectional area of 1.25 cm^2. The
heat conducted by the rod melts 8.50 g of ice in 10.0 min. Find the
thermal conductivity of the metal if 30% of heat is lost to the
surroundings.

A. o.777 cal/cm.s.oC
B. o.91 cal/cm.s.oC Rate of heat flow:
C. 1.071 cal/cm.s.oC Q/t = mLf /t
D. o.381 cal/cm.s.oC L= Latent heat of fusion=80cal/g

Q/t=((8.5*80)/0.7)/10*60 = 1.619 cal/s

k = (1.619/(1.25 (100-0)))*60 = 0.777

Ans: A
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

6.Transition from laminar to turbulent zone in free convection

heat transfer is governed by the critical value of

A. Grashoff number.
B. Grashoff number & Reynolds number.
C. Reynolds number.
D. Grashoff number & Prandtl number.

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

6.Transition from laminar to turbulent zone in free convection

heat transfer is governed by the critical value of

A. Grashoff number.
B. Grashoff number & Reynolds number.
C. Reynolds number.
D. Grashoff number & Prandtl number.

Ans: D
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

7. A fluid flows over a square plate surface of 1m length. The surface

temperature is 50 0C and the air temperature is 20 0C. The
convective heat transfer coefficient is 2000/W.m2 0C, Then the
heat loss from the plate surface is

A. 40 KW
B. 100 KW
C. 60 KW
D. 70 KW

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
7. A fluid flows over a square plate surface of 1m length. The surface
temperature is 50 0C and the air temperature is 20 0C. The
convective heat transfer coefficient is 2000/W.m2 0C, Then the
heat loss from the plate surface is

A. 40 KW
B. 100 KW
C. 60 KW
D. 70 KW

A = 1m * 1 m = 1m2
q=2000*1 *(50-20) = 60000 W = 60 KW

Ans: C
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
8. A 22ft uninsulated steam pipeline crosses a room. The outer
diameter of pipeline is 18 inch. The outer surface temperature is
280 0F. The heat transfer coefficient of air is 18 Btu/hr.ft2. 0F.
What is the heat flow rate from pipe into room, if the room
temperature is 72 0F

A. 387 Kw
B. 114 KW
C. 189 KW
D. 67 KW

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
8. A 22ft uninsulated steam pipeline crosses a room. The outer
diameter of pipeline is 18 inch. The outer surface temperature is
280 0F. The heat transfer coefficient of air is 18 Btu/hr.ft2. 0F.
What is the heat flow rate from pipe into room, if the room
temperature is 72 0F

A. 387 Kw
B. 114 KW
C. 189 KW
D. 67 KW

A = 2 π r l = (2) (3.14) (0.75)(22) = 103.62 ft2

q= 18 (103.62) (280-72) = 387953.28 Btu/hr = 113.7 KW

Ans: B 38
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
9. A stainless steel plate heat exchanger with area 2m2 and 0.1mm
thickness is used for air to air heat transmission. What is the
overall heat transfer rate if inside temperature of exchange is 100
0C and the outside temperature is 20 0C, thermal conductivity of

stainless steel is 16 W/m 0K and convection heat transfer

coefficient of air is 50 W/m2 K

A. 4000 W
B. 2000 W
C. 1000 W
D. 8000 W

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
9. A stainless steel plate heat exchanger with area 2m2 and
0.1mm thickness is used for air to air heat transmission. What is the
overall heat transfer rate if inside temperature of exchange is 100 0C
and the outside temperature is 20 0C, thermal conductivity of
stainless steel is 16 W/m 0K and convection heat transfer coefficient
of air is 50 W/m2 K

A. 4000 W
B. 2000 W
C. 1000 W
D. 8000 W
1/U = (1/50) + (0.1*10-3 /16)+(1/50) = 0.04
U = 25 W/m2 0K
q= 25 * 2 * (100-20) = 4000 W =4 KW

Ans: A 40
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
10. A liquid is stored in a large diameter tank that is maintained at
190 0F. The tank constructed of 1.5 inch thick carbon steel plate
(k=23Btu/hr-ft- 0F). The convective heat transfer coefficients:
Inside of tank h=30 Btu/(hr-ft2- 0F); Exterior of tank: h=10
Btu/(hr-ft2- 0F). The cold design air temperature is -20F. For a
fouled interior tank wall (R=0.01 (hr-ft2- 0F)/Btu), the heat loss
flux (Btu/(hr-ft2) is most nearly

A. 1,140
B. 1,420
C. 1470
D. 1510

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
10. A liquid is stored in a large diameter tank that is maintained at
190 0F. The tank constructed of 1.5 inch thick carbon steel plate
(k=23Btu/hr-ft- 0F). The convective heat transfer coefficients:
Inside of tank h=30 Btu/(hr-ft2- 0F); Exterior of tank: h=10
Btu/(hr-ft2- 0F). The cold design air temperature is -20F. For a
fouled interior tank wall (R=0.01 (hr-ft2- 0F)/Btu), the heat loss
flux (Btu/(hr-ft2) is most nearly

A. 1,140
B. 1,420
C. 1470
D. 1510

Ans: B 42
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4
3
Ans

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
7. A thermopane window is one in which two pieces of glass are stagnant air
layer. The following data apply:

Inside and outside convection coefficients 1 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)

Thermal conductivity of glass 0. 5 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Thermal conductivity of air 0. 015 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Glass Thickness 0.25 in.
Air gap for thermopane 0.25 in.

The ratio of the heat flux for a thermopane to that for a single glass pane is:

A. 0.13
B. 0.59
C. 0.98
D. 1.7

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
7. A thermopane window is one in which two pieces of glass are stagnant air
layer. The following data apply:

Inside and outside convection coefficients 1 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)

Thermal conductivity of glass 0. 5 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Thermal conductivity of air 0. 015 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Glass Thickness 0.25 in.
Air gap for thermopane 0.25 in.

The ratio of the heat flux for a thermopane to that for a single glass pane is:

A. 0.13
B. 0.59
C. 0.98
D. 1.7
Ans: B 45
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
8. An oil cooler in a high performance engine has an outside surface area
0.12 m2 and a surface temperature of 65 degree Celsius. At any
intermediate time air moves over the surface of the cooler at a
temperature of 30 degree Celsius and gives rise to a surface coefficient
equal to 45.4 W/ m 2 K. Find out the heat transfer rate?

A. 238.43 W
B. 190.68 W
C. 543.67 W
D. 675.98 W

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
8. An oil cooler in a high performance engine has an outside surface area
0.12 m2 and a surface temperature of 65 degree Celsius. At any
intermediate time air moves over the surface of the cooler at a
temperature of 30 degree Celsius and gives rise to a surface coefficient
equal to 45.4 W/ m 2 K. Find out the heat transfer rate?

A. 238.43 W
B. 190.68 W
C. 543.67 W
D. 675.98 W

q=45.4 * 0.12 * (65-30) = 190.68 W

Ans: B
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
9. The rate equation used to describe the mechanism of convection is called
Newton’s law of cooling. So rate of heat flow by convection doesn’t
depend on

A. Convective heat transfer coefficient

B. Surface area through which heat flows
C. Time
D. Temperature potential difference

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
9. The rate equation used to describe the mechanism of convection is called
Newton’s law of cooling. So rate of heat flow by convection doesn’t
depend on

A. Convective heat transfer coefficient

B. Surface area through which heat flows
C. Time
D. Temperature potential difference

Ans: C 50
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
10. A hot plate of 15 cm2 area maintained at 200 degree celsius is exposed
to still air at 30 degree Celsius temperature. When the smaller side of
the plate is held vertical, convective heat transfer rate is 15 per cent
higher than bigger side of the plate is held vertical. Find size of the plate.
The appropriate correlation for the convection coefficient is
Nu = 0.60 (Gr Pr) 0.25

A. l = 5.123 cm and b = 2.928 cm

B. l = 6.123 cm and b = 3.928 cm
C. l = 7.123 cm and b = 4.928 cm
D. l = 8.123 cm and b = 5.928 cm

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
10. A hot plate of 15 cm2 area maintained at 200 degree celsius is exposed
to still air at 30 degree Celsius temperature. When the smaller side of
the plate is held vertical, convective heat transfer rate is 15 per cent
higher than bigger side of the plate is held vertical. Find size of the plate.
The appropriate correlation for the convection coefficient is
Nu = 0.60 (Gr Pr) 0.25

A. l = 5.123 cm and b = 2.928 cm

B. l = 6.123 cm and b = 3.928 cm
C. l = 7.123 cm and b = 4.928 cm
D. l = 8.123 cm and b = 5.928 cm

Ans: A
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
C=0.6, m = 0.25

h1 = C((Ts –Tair )/b)m

h2 = C((Ts –Tair )/l)m

h1 /h2 = (l/b)0.25 = 1.15

l=1.75b

Area = l*b=1.75b2 = 15
b =2.928 cm
l = 5.123 cm

Ans: A
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

11. A horizontal heated plate at 200 degree Celsius and facing upwards has
been placed in still air at 20 degree Celsius. If the plate measures 1.25 m
by 1 m, make calculations for the heat loss by natural convection. The
convective film coefficient for free convection is given by the following
empirical relation, h = 3.02 (α)0.25 W/m2 K

Where α is the mean film temperature in degrees kelvin

A) 6006 W
B) 5006 W
C) 4006 W
D) 3006 W

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
11. A horizontal heated plate at 200 degree Celsius and facing upwards has
been placed in still air at 20 degree Celsius. If the plate measures 1.25 m
by 1 m, make calculations for the heat loss by natural convection. The
convective film coefficient for free convection is given by the following
empirical relation, h = 3.02 (α)0.25 W/m2 K

Where α is the mean film temperature in degrees kelvin

A) 6006 W
B) 5006 W
C) 4006 W
D) 3006 W
α = 273 + 200 + 20/2 = 383 K.
h = 13.36
rate of heat loss q = h A d t = 3006 W.
Ans: D
55
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
12. Lube oil is cooled in the annulus of a double-pipe exchanger from 4500P
to 3500P by crude oil flowing in the tube. The following properties of
lube oil are at the caloric temperature
Heat capacity, Cp=0.615 Btu/lb F, Viscosity µ= 3.05cP
Thermal conductivity, k= 1.55 x10-6 Btu/S in F

The value of the Prandtl number under these conditions is:

A. 12.2
B. 57.4
C. 28.3
D. 67.7

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
12. Lube oil is cooled in the annulus of a double-pipe exchanger from 4500P
to 3500P by crude oil flowing in the tube. The following properties of
lube oil are at the caloric temperature
Heat capacity, Cp=0.615 Btu/lb F, Viscosity µ= 3.05cP
Thermal conductivity, k= 1.55 x10-6 Btu/S in F

The value of the Prandtl number under these conditions is:

A. 12.2
B. 57.4 k=1.55x10-6 Btu/S in oF =66960x10-6 Btu/hr ft 0F
C. 28.3 µ=3.05cP=7.378 lb/ft-hr
D. 67.7 Cp =0.615 Btu/lb F

NPr = (0.615x7.378)/(66960x10-6) = 67.76

Ans: D
57
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
13. Which of the following is an example of steady state heat transfer?

A) Boilers and turbines

B) Cooling of I.C engine
C) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body
D) Electric bulb cools down by the surrounding atmosphere

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
13. Which of the following is an example of steady state heat transfer?

A) Boilers and turbines

B) Cooling of I.C engine
C) Chilling effect of cold wind on a warm body
D) Electric bulb cools down by the surrounding atmosphere

Ans: D
59
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
14. Heat transfer takes place according to which law?

A) Newton’s law of cooling

B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Newton’s second law of motion
D) First law of thermodynamics

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
14. Heat transfer takes place according to which law?

A) Newton’s law of cooling

B) Second law of thermodynamics
C) Newton’s second law of motion
D) First law of thermodynamics

Ans: B
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
15. Heat transfer takes place in liquids and gases is essentially due to

a) Radiation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Conduction as well as convection

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
15. Heat transfer takes place in liquids and gases is essentially due to

a) Radiation
b) Conduction
c) Convection
d) Conduction as well as convection

Ans: C
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
16. The appropriate rate equation for convective heat transfer between a
surface and adjacent fluid is prescribed by

A. Newton’s first law

B. Wein’s displacement law
C. Kirchhoff’s law
D. Newton’s law of cooling

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
16. The appropriate rate equation for convective heat transfer between a
surface and adjacent fluid is prescribed by

A. Newton’s first law

B. Wein’s displacement law
C. Kirchhoff’s law
D. Newton’s law of cooling

Ans: D
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

17. During a cold winter season, a person prefers to sit near a fire.
Which of the following modes of heat transfer provides him the
maximum heat?

a) Conduction from the fire

b) If it is near the fire, convection sounds good
c) Convection and radiation together
d) Radiation will provide quick warmth

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

17. During a cold winter season, a person prefers to sit near a fire.
Which of the following modes of heat transfer provides him the
maximum heat?

a) Conduction from the fire

b) If it is near the fire, convection sounds good
c) Convection and radiation together
d) Radiation will provide quick warmth

Ans: D
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
18. Heat transfer in a long, hollow cylinder which is maintained at uniform
but different temperatures on its inner and outer surfaces may be
assumed to be taking place in which direction?

A. Axial only
B. Unpredictable
C. Radial only
D. No heat transfer takes place

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
18. Heat transfer in a long, hollow cylinder which is maintained at uniform
but different temperatures on its inner and outer surfaces may be
assumed to be taking place in which direction?

A. Axial only
B. Unpredictable
C. Radial only
D. No heat transfer takes place

Ans: C
69
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
19. A tank is maintained at 250 F using 50-psig saturated steam. The tank
heat loss is 75,000 Btu/h and is compensated for by using a 1-in sch. 40
pipe worm heater.
The following data apply:
T steam(50psig)= 298 F
Convective heat transfer coefficients
Condensing steam h 1,200 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Exterior of pipe to fluid h = 40 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Pipe data
Thermal conductivity 26 Btu/(hr-ft-F)
Interior pipe diameter 1.049 in.
Exterior pipe diameter 1.315 in.
The length (ft) of pipe needed for the wo rm heater

A. 86
B. 120
C. 145
D. 168 70
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
19. A tank is maintained at 250 F using 50-psig saturated steam. The tank
heat loss is 75,000 Btu/h and is compensated for by using a 1-in sch. 40
pipe worm heater.
The following data apply:
T steam(50psig)= 298 F
Convective heat transfer coefficients
Condensing steam h 1,200 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Exterior of pipe to fluid h = 40 Btu/(hr-ft2-F)
Pipe data
Thermal conductivity 26 Btu/(hr-ft-F)
Interior pipe diameter 1.049 in.=0.08742ft (ri=0.0437ft)
Exterior pipe diameter 1.315 in.=0.1096ft (ro=0.0548ft)
The length (ft) of pipe needed for the worm heater

A. 86
B. 120
C. 145 Ans: B
D. 168 71
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
Interior pipe diameter 1.049 in.=0.08742ft (ri=0.0437ft)
Exterior pipe diameter 1.315 in.=0.1096ft (ro=0.0548ft)

1/U = (1/hi + xw /k+ 1/h0) = ((1/1200) +(0.011/26)+ ( 1/40))

1/U = 0.0263

U = 38.086

q = UA Δt=75000

A = 75000/(38.086* (298-250))

= 41.03 = 2πrl=2*3.14*0.0548*l

l= 119.7 ft
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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
20.Engine oil at 60°C flows over a 5 m long flat plate whose
temperature is 20°C with a velocity of 2 m/s. The rate of heat
transfer per unit width of the entire plate is:
The properties of the oil at the film temperature are:

ρ = 876 kg/m3 ; k=0.144 W/m K ; ν = 242 X 10-6 m2 /s Cp= 1950 J/kgK

A. 10.82 KW
B. 11.04 KW
C. 9.3 KW
D. 12.5 KW

73

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
20.Engine oil at 60°C flows over a 5 m long flat plate whose
temperature is 20°C with a velocity of 2 m/s. The rate of heat
transfer per unit width of the entire plate is:
The properties of the oil at the film temperature are:

ρ = 876 kg/m3 ; k=0.144 W/m K ; ν = 242 X 10-6 m2 /s Cp= 1950 J/kgK

A. 10.82 KW
B. 11.04 KW
C. 9.3 KW
D. 12.5 KW

Ans: B
74

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION

ν =µ/ρ
µ = ν ρ = 242 x 10-6 * 876 = 0.212 Kg/m s
NPr = Cp µ / k = 0.00195 * 211992 / 0.144 = 2870.83

NRe = xV/ν = 5 X 2 / 242 x 10-6 = 0.0413 X 106

NNu = 0.664NRe1/2 NPr1/3 = hL/k

h = 55.2 W/m2K

The Rate of heat transfer per Unit width

Q = hAΔT = 55.2*5*1*40 = 11040 W = 11.04 KW

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
21. Air at atmospheric pressure and 20 degree Celsius flows with 6 m/s
velocity through main trunk duct of air conditioning system. The duct is
rectangular in cross-section and measures 40 cm by 80 cm. Determine
heat loss per meter length of duct corresponding to unit temperature
difference. The relevant thermos-physical properties of air are, v = 15 *
10 -6 m 2/s, α = 7.7 * 10 -6 m2/hr, k = 0.026 W/m degree

A) 42.768 W
B) 74.768 W
C) 58.768 W
D) 65.768 W

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 HEAT TRANSMISSION
21. Air at atmospheric pressure and 20 degree Celsius flows with 6 m/s
velocity through main trunk duct of air conditioning system. The duct is
rectangular in cross-section and measures 40 cm by 80 cm. Determine
heat loss per meter length of duct corresponding to unit temperature
difference. The relevant thermos-physical properties of air are, v = 15 *
10 -6 m 2/s, α = 7.7 * 10 -6 m2/hr, k = 0.026 W/m degree

A) 42.768 W
B) 74.768 W
C) 58.768 W
D) 65.768 W

Ans: B
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 V = 6m/s
HEAT TRANSMISSION
ν = 15 X 10-6 m2/s
NRe = xV/ν = 0.8 X 6 / 15 x 10-6 = 0.32 X 106

ν =µ/ρ
µ=νρ
NPr = Cp µ / k = Cp ν ρ/ k α = k/ ρ Cp

=ν/α
= 15 X 10-6 / ((7.7 X 10-6 )/60X60)=7013

NNu = 0.664NRe1/2 NPr1/3 = hL/k

h= 233.65W/m2K

dq/dt= hA = 233.65 * 0.32 = 74.768W

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