CHAPTER 4

DIFFERENTIATION
QUICK REVIEW OF THE CHAPTER
1. Differentiation. The
process of finding the
differentiation. derivative is known as
2. Derivative or differential co-efficient.
The derivative differential
efficient of y f () with
= or co
respect to x is defined as

fa) lim +h-f)

=

E-0 h

The derivative of y= f() is denoted by f') or

f) or
y oror Df ]

d-f'C)
ax

3. Derivability or Differentiability. A function f is said to be derivable at

x=a if its left and right derivatives at a exist and are equal.
The left hand derivative at x= a is given by

Lf "a) =
lim a-h-fla)
h-0

and the right hand derivative at x a is given by

a+h)-f(a)
Rf a) =
lim
A f u n c t i o n f (x) i s s a i d t o b e differentiable at x = a if Lf (a) = Rf'(a)

Important Tips: and Rf "(@) is denoted by f"(a) and is called

0 The common value of Lf "(@)
the derivative of f () at
x a. =

at x =
a.
is not differentiable
(a) * Rf (a) then f ()
(7) Lf
If
continuity.
(1t) Derivability implies derivability.
not imply
(o) Continuity need
implies non-derivability.
() Discontinuity standard functions:
4. Derivatives of s o m e
(i) x
() =n"
0
(io) a"loga, a>

(Gi)logx
53
S4Shiv Das [BCom (Prog) CBCS DELHI UNIVERSITY SERIES
(e) 4an1
zloga

5.
(e)Constant)-0
Derivative of
0 Ifu and
a
product:
be
o
two differentiable functions, then

)
r

If u, v and
Lfsl-fast)+ strf
w are
three difierentiable functions, then
do
6. dx
Derivative of the
If u and v be quotient of two
two
differentiablefunctions:
functions, then

-
(i) 1ff
)- H)0,
) then

7. Derivative of a
f) ha)st)-8)h)
then dy y f
du ) 8 )
functioncomposite (Chain Rule). If y =f() and u 8
8.
x andDerivative of
y. If it is not implicit functions. Let f
then y is said to be possible to
express as a (x, y)= 0 be
function an
implicit function of function function in the form of
a

in the x

otherwise form o x

For example, x)+y)-+ said to be an v is

Important Tips: d

Procedure to find a of an
()
Differentiate implicit function:
both
(in) Take all terms sides of the given
an R.H.S. to get
involvingon L.HS. equation
ly w.r.t.
transfer and
X.

the
the
equation in the form
remamning te
f (, u
 CHAPTER 4: DIFFERENTIATION 55

Then find
() Then ina as 8x.y)
(i) dx dx fxy)
9. Logarithmic differentiation. The process of finding the derivative by taking
the logarithm ot the functions like y =f ()]8 which gives
logy 8 ) . log/ (), 1s called logarithmic differentiation.

For example,logy)= dy
y dx

Important Tips:
log m . n = log m + log n

log 1 -log 1
(7)log
ii) log m" =
n log m

10 1, log, =
1, log, 1 =0
(io) logo e
=

functions. Let f() and y 8 ()

=
=
x
10. Differentiation of parametric

then f ) and&()

dy dy / dt_S0
dx dx/ dt fO

Important Tips: and y in the form x

=

f () and
between two variables
x
A relation expressed with t as a parameter
in parametric form
y 8) is said to be to another function. Suppose it
function with respect
1 . Differentiation of a
with respect to g ().
function
to differentiate a f(")
1s required
calculated as
(x) and z
=
g () then is
tnen suppose y
=
f

dy dy / dx_/ g(x) *0
dz dz/dx g() The second order
derivative of a
Order derivatives.
.12 Second and Higher of derivative of
the
the function.
derivative
i o n is the
If y-f) derivative
first order
then - f"(x) is called the
dx

is called
the second
order derivative
and a) - =f" (1)
ix by y or
y
dxdxdx derivative is also
denoted
Second order
derivative of y =f).
third order
called the
ne derivative - f " ) is
 DELHI
UNIVERSITY SERIES
CBCS]
56Shiv Das [B.Com. (Prog)
SOLVED NUMERICALS

Derivative * using first principle.

of flt)
=

Q.1. Find the derivative

Sol. We have f a ) = X,

lim+h-f()
By definition f "(t)
=

h-0 h
l i m + h - r 2

h-+0

lim
+h+2hx-x
h-0 h

= lim+ 21imhh+2x)
im-
=
lim (h + 2x)
10
=
2
Hence the derivative of x2 =
2x

Derivative of a Product
Q. 2. Differentiate (2 1) e w.r.t.x. +
Sol. Let y =(x+1) e
Differentiating w.r.t. X, get we

x - (+1)e +e(2+1)

(x+1)
e
e te2x
(+1 +
2x) =

e"(2+ 2x +
1) =
(x +
1) e

Derivative of the Quotient

Q.3. If f ) =

Sol. We have
f (t)
xthen find f').
+3 =

Differentiating w.rt. x,2x-1

we
get
f)= d 9)=(4x+3).(2x-1)
(2x-1
-(2x-1)4-(4x+3):
(2:x 1 2
8x-4-Bx-6
(2x-1 -10
(2x-13
 CHAPTER 4: DIFFERENTIATION 57
Derivative of A Composite Function
o. 4. Differentiate the following w.r.t. a

log(x+V1+x)
Sol. Let y= log (x+V1+?)
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

ix X+V1+2 d

+V1+

Derivative of Implicit Function

Q.5. Find idx f ax2 +2hxy by2 2gr 2fy+ c=0.
+ + +

Sol. We have ax?+ 2hxy by2 2gx+ 2fy + C=0

+ +

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. X, we get

24x+2h+y1+2hy+2g-1+2/+0-0
x
Dividing by 2, we get

ax+hx +hy +by+g+/=0

hx by+f=-X-hy-8

hx+by+f)=-{ax+lhy + 8)

dx

dy ax+ y *E
dTex+by+
Q.6. If x/1+y+y/1+x=0,
show that d +1
=0
So1. We have x/1+y +yv1 +x
or x1+y=-yN1+x
 DELHI UNIVERSITY SERIES
58 Shiv Das [B.Com. (Prog) CBCS]

Squaring both sides, + get

we
x2+x'y= y+ yx
x(1 + y) =y{1 2) (x +y) ( -y)-xyx-
r-y yx xiy
does not satisty the given equation.
X-y#0 as x= y y t xy -X
x+y
-X
y(1 + x)
-X
y +1
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

(x+1
x+1)-1-x-1
(x+1)

X+1-x
TC+ 1F (+1F

Logarithmic Differentiation
Q.7. If y = x then find
Das
dx
Sol. We have y' =

x
Taking logarithm on both sides, we have
X. log y=y. log X
Differentiating w.r.t. X, We get
t. dylogy 1=y-+logx
y dx
x

aylogy +log8
Y-log
y dx -logy
y -logx
dx logy

y V-xlogy
dx -vlog=logy
X-ylogx x(x-y log x)
O.8. If x y=e* y , prove that
-

dx
 CHAPTER 4: DIFPERENTIATION 59
Sol. x y ( t Vy
Taking logarithms on both sides, we get
log (. y') log(x + yp*
log+ log yi= log(x + y*
p log x t9 log y (p*9) log(r +
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get y). - log a* n log

xy dxX+y
4-P+dy _p+4_p
y x+y )dx x+y
a(x+)-yP+9) dy_ pt9)x-p(x +y)
+) dx (x+
9-Py dy9-Py
dx

dy
dx

D ifferentiation of Parametric Functions

Q.9. Find if
dx atand y 2at.
x = =

Given that af and y =

2nt
Sol. x=

Now,-2at
t
and 2
dy
dx
dy /dt_22at 1t
dx/dt

Im1.
Q.10. If x =
t log f and y= ,
findat
Sol. We have x = t log
t
dtlog
+
log

t + l o g t = 1+ log!

NOW, y=

logs-log

logt1-log!
 UNIVERSITY SERIES
DELHI

Shiv Das [B.Com.

(Prog) CBCS]
60

y 1-logt
Then, dy 1-logx
P1+logt P(1+log)
dx
dt

1-log1 1-0 1
1(1+0)
LdxJ-1 1)*(1+log1)

Derivatives
Second and Higher Order
0.
Q.11. If y =
log (x+v1+x),
show that (1 + a) y2
t
xy =

Sol. We have y
=
log (r+V1+x*)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

dx +V1+L

x+V1+r L v1+

V1+x
Squaring both sides, we get

(+) 1
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we
get

).2 20
Dividing both sides by 2 we
get

1+3 + 0(Hence Proved) : (1+r