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Reviewer For 3rd Quarter

This document provides an overview of matter and atomic structure. It defines key terms like atoms, molecules, ions, and isotopes. It describes early atomic models from Democritus and Dalton, and contributions from scientists like Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr that led to the current nuclear model. The document also covers physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds, the periodic table, and subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
278 views76 pages

Reviewer For 3rd Quarter

This document provides an overview of matter and atomic structure. It defines key terms like atoms, molecules, ions, and isotopes. It describes early atomic models from Democritus and Dalton, and contributions from scientists like Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr that led to the current nuclear model. The document also covers physical and chemical properties of elements and compounds, the periodic table, and subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Uploaded by

rhainbaguioro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reviewer for 3rd Quarter

Science
Matter – is anything that occupies space
- It can have different properties
- You can measure its balance by triple beam balance or weighing scale
- Made up of tiny discrete particles
- Particles of matter are very, very small
- Particles of matter have spaces between them
- Particles of matter are constantly moving
- Particles of matter attract each other
Mass – measure of the amount an object has
Volume – measure of the space occupied by an object
Nature of Matter – Solid, Liquid and Gas
Classification of matter
Pure substance – Elements and Compound
Mixture – Homogenous and Heterogenous
Leucippus and Democritus – “atoms and the void that surrounds them.” And
“atoms are physically, but not geometrically indivisible.”
Democritus
- All mater composed of atoms in void
- Atoms were indivisible & indestructible
- Properties of atom differ in shape, arrangement and sizes
- Shape of atom determined the substance properties
John Dalton
- Why the elements in a compound always join in the same way
- “All matter is made up of individual particles called atoms which cannot be
divided.”
Atom – an atom is the smallest particle
- Size of an atom is measured in angstroms
- One angstrom is equal to one to ten millionth of a millimeter
Molecule – is a neutral particle that consists two or more atoms which are
chemically bonded
Ion- is a positively or negatively charged particle
Scantling Tunneling Microscope (STM)- magnifies an image ten million times
Different properties of matter
1. hardness
2. color and texture
3. malleability
4. flexibility
5. conductivity
6. viscosity
Properties of Solids
- Solids have fixed shape and volume
- Cannot be compressed much
- Have high densities
- Do not fill their container completely
- Does not flow
- Close particles
Properties of Liquids
- Liquids have fixed volume but has no shape
- Cannot be compressed much
- Moderate to high densities
- Do not fill their container completely
- Generally, flow
- Close particles
Properties of Gases
- Gases have no fixed shape or volume
- Can be compressed easily
- Very low densities
- Fills their container completely
- Flows easily
- Particles are far apart
Pure substance – a substance that has constant composition and properties
4 ancient elements – Air, Earth, Fire and Water
Elements in the universe
- Hydrogen 75%
- Helium 20%
- Oxygen the 3rd abundant element
- All other elements are relatively more in the universe
Elements in the Earth
- Oxygen is the most abundant element with 46.6%
- Silicon 2nd most abundant element with 27.7%
- Aluminum 8.17%
- Iron 5.01%
- Account for approximately 98.5% of total mass
Elements – a pure substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary means
- Made of one kind material
- Simplest form of substance
Chemical Symbols
- Shorthand way of representing the elements
- One or two letters
- Taken from the name of element
Compounds – a pure substance that contains two or more different elements. The
elements are chemically bonded. Made of molecules.
Sodium – highly reactive metal
Chlorine – poisonous gas
Sodium Chlorine – table salt
Chemical formula
- Shorthand way of representing compounds
- These are the words
- Sometimes represent a molecule of an element
- Diatomic molecules
Mixtures – a pure substance that contains two or more pure substance that
cannot be chemically combined
FESOa – Ferrous Sulfate Compound
- Components can be separated by physical means
Homogenous Solution – a mixture that has uniform composition. One phase of
the components within the solution are not identifiable with the eye.
Solute – the dissolved particle. In smaller proportion
Solvent – Larger proportion. Substance which the solute is dissolved
Physical Change – alters the form of a substance
- It changes shape or size
- It dissolves
- It changes phases (freezing, boils, evaporates, condenses)
- Changes its property but not its chemical nature
Chemical Change – changes that undergoes when it becomes new and different
matter
- It burns
- Temperature changes without heating/cooling
- It bubbles (makes gas)
- It changes color
- It forms perciptate
Metals
- Typically hard, opaque. Shiny and has good electoral and hermal
conductivity
- Forms positive ions and has metallic bonds
- Can be hammered or pressed
- Fusible (fused or melted
- Ductile (drawn to thin wire)
- some elements appear moth metallic and non-metallic

Non-metals
- not able to conduct electricity or heat very well
- brittle, cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into sheets
- forms most matte in the earth
IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
- distribution of metals, non metals and metalloids
- both metal and non metal are called metalloids
The Table
Sodium
- easily cut off with a knife
- floats and burns on water
Magnesium
- catches fire easily
Aluminum
- low density makes it light weight
- does not corrode in air
Potassium
- easily cut off with a knife
- explodes with water
Calcium
- effort need to cut with knife
- reactive and present in many compounds
Iron
- hard substance to make wide variety of strong hard objects
- decompose into flakes or crust
Copper
- red-orange metal
- soft enough to pull easily into wires or press into sheets
- good conductor of heat
Zinc
- does not corrode in air

Physical Properties of Metals


Lustrous
- Metals have luster
- They are shiny
Ductility
- Metals are ductile
- Can be drawn to wires
Density
- Metals have high density
Conductor of Heat and Electricity
- Metals are good conductor of heat and electricity
- Allows heat and electricity to pass through
Sonorous
- Metals are sonorous
- Makes sound when hit with an object
Hardness and Softness
- Metals are generally hard in nature
Melting and Boiling Point
- Metals have high melting and boiling point
Brittleness
- Non metals are not malleable but they are brittles

Non-metals
- Is a chemical element that mostly lacks metallic attributer
- Highly volatile, have low elasticity and are good insulators of heat and
electricity
- High ionization energy and electronegativity values
- Gain or share electrons when it reacts with other elements or compounds
- Seventeen elements are classified as nonmetals
Three Sub Atomic particles
Electrons- outside
Protons- inside
Neutrons- inside
Electron
- Sub atomic particle with a negative element
- No known components or substructures
- Mass is 1/1836
- Symbol is e-
- Discovered by J.J Thomson in 1897
- Relative mass is 0.005
- Relative charge -1
- Charge is -1.6 x 10‾¹⁹
- Mass is 9.11 x 10‾³¹
Protons
- Symbol of P or P+ and a positive electric charge
- One or more 2 atoms are present
- Proton number=atomic number
- Hydrogen nucleus by Earnest Rutherford in 1920
- Shown by E. Goldstein in 1886
- Anode rays obtained from hydrogen has protons
- Produced when electron is removed from a hydrogen electron
- Positively charged particle
- Relative mass is 1
- Relative charge is +1
- Charge is +1.6 x 10‾¹⁹
- Mass is 1.97 x 10‾²⁷
Neutron
- Symbol is n
- Has no charge
- Neutral and has larger mass than proton
- Discovery of subatomic particle by James Chadwick in 1932
- Neutral particles found in nucleus of an atom
- Relative mass is 1
- Relative charge neutral
- Charge 0
- Mass is 1.97 x 10‾²⁷
Atomic number
- Number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
- Identical to the charge number of the nucleus
- Represented by symbol z
- Identifies a chemical element
- Equal to the number of electron
Mass number
- Mas number “A” which is the number of nucleons
- Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
- Number of electrons=number of protons
Istotopes
- Atoms of the same element that contains the same number of protons but
different neutrons
- Same chemical properties but different physical properties
Stable
- Does not go radioactive or nuclear decay
Unstable
- Undergoes radioactive or nuclear decay
- Also known as radioistotopes
Demotricus ancient philosopher who lived around 400 B.C. developed first atomic
model. Matter is made up very small particles. Atomos in greek means indivisible.
Present a vaccum. Model of discontinuity. Close to reality

Aristotle 100 years later opposed demotricus idea. Matter completely fills space.
No vaccum. Model of continuity. Infinitely divisible. four elements fire, earth,
water and air.
John Dalton English physicist who lived around 1766-1844. Model from scientific
experiments. Gases are not all identical. Chemist Joseph proust same product
same proportion and Antoine laurent de voiser
Equal to the mass of the product. Nothing is lost nothing is created everything is
transformed. Solid sphere 1803

J.J Thomson. British physicist lived 1856-1940. The electron. Modify dalton model.
Cathode ray tube leave a negative electrode called cathode and positive called
anode. Plum pudding 1904
Atom is not indivisible. Ball of positive matter. Atom is neutral

Earnest Rutherford new Zealand physicist lived 1871-1937. Atom is empty with a
dense nucleas as its center. Discovered the proton. Radioactivity. Alpha radiation.
1911 Nuclear

Niels Bohr Danish Physicist and a student of Rutherford. Electrons travel in orbit.
Electron shells. If energy is given to an electron it moves to a higher shell. Plentary
1913

Depending on the movement of an electron the color of the light emitted will be
different.
Atom represented as mostly empty space with dense nucleus
The simplified atomic model
- James Chadwick in 1932
- British physicist
- Modified the Rutherford-bohr model
- Why positive particles do not repel each other
- Discovery of neutron
- Called simplified to differentiate it from the complex models
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
1817
German Chemist
Formed the triads
Development of periodic table

Jon Newlands
1863
Law of octaves
English Chemist

Lothar Meyer in Germany and Dimitri Mendeleev in Russia


Arrange elements in order of increasing atomic mass
1869

Henrey Mosley
English Physicist
1914
Follows the order of elements by atomic number
X ray
Periodic Law
Groups Families - are the vertical columns
Group 1-Alkali metals
Group 2-Alkaline Earth metals
Group 13-Boron Group
Group 14-Carbon Group
Group 15-Nitrogen group/Charcogen
Group 16-Oxygen group
Group 17-Halogens
Group 18-Noble Gases Groups
3-12-Early and Late Transition metals

Lanthanide and actinides


Transition block
Inner transition elements
Groups 1,2,13 to 18 are called representative elements

predictable patterns in the periodic table:


Atomic Radius
lonization Energy
Metallic Character
Electronegativity

Element Radius
Atomic radius of an element is measure the of its atom usually the distance of
nucleus boundary of surrounding electrons
Atomic radius
¹/² distance between nuciel of 2 like atoms
Move down it increases
Move left to right it decreases

Ionization Energy (IE)


required to remove 1 electron from an atom (make a + ion)
Low IE: easy to remove the electron
High IE: hard to remove the electron
Move down group of ion decreases
Mobe left to right it increases

Velence Electron
Number of electrons in the outermost energy level

Noble Gases have highest IE because they are most stable

Electron Affinity
Energy released when an atom aquires an electron
More energy released mor readily an atom becomes an anion
Electronegativity
Tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a compound
Move down it decreases
Move left to right increases

Metallic Character
Tendency of an element to be shiny, silver, malleable, ductile and to react from
positive ions
Move down increases
Move left to right decreases
Atomic Number Increases
lonization Energy Increases
Electron Affinity Increases
Electronegativity Increases

Atomic Radius increases


Metallic Property Increases

Electronegativity Decreases
Electron Affinity Decreases
lonization Energy Decreases
Atomic Number Increases

Atomic Radius Decreases


Metallic Property Decreases
Quantum model states that
Electrons are not in circular orbits around the nucleus
Electrons are in 3D region around the nucleus called atomic orbital

Atomic orbital - location of the electron

Quantum mechanical model


Determines the allowed energies an electron can have
Likely to find the electron around the nucleus
The quantum mechanical model of the atom

Quantum mechanical model of atom states that


- Electrons are NOT in circular orbit around nucleus
- Electrons are in a 3-d region around the nucleus called "atomic orbitals The
atomic orbital describes the probable location of the electron

Quantum mechanical model


- determines the allowed energies an electron can have and how likely it is to
find the electron in various locations around the nucleus.

- The probability of finding an electron within a certain volume of space


surrounding the nucleus can be represented as a fuzzy clouds

- The cloud is more dense where the probability of finding the electron is
high.
Atomic orbitals
- (fuzzy cloud) = An atomic orbital is often thought of as a region of space in
which there is a high probability of finding an electron
Electrons
- can be considered as particles surrounding the nucleus in 13-dimentional
regions called orbitals. There are four orbital types, designated ass, p. d and
f.
P orbitals
- the dumbbell shaped.
- Z axis
S orbitals
- Spherical
- Small atom fewer electrons take up less space
- Large atom more electrons take up more space
Atomic Orbitals
- different atomic orbitals are detonated by letters. The s-orbitals are
spherical, and p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped -Four of the five d-orbitals
have the same shape but different orientation in space.
Note:
- Electrons in each orbit have definite energy, which increases as the
distance of the orbit from the nucleus increases.
- As long as the electron stays in its orbit; there is no absorption of emission
of energy.
 When an electron of an element absorbs extra energy (from a flame or
electric arc), this electron moves to a higher energy level.
 At this point the electron is at its excited state. Once excited, the atom is
Unstable. The same electron can return to Elower energy levels releasing
energy in the form of light with particular color and a definite energy or
wavelength.
 When an electron returns to a lower energy level, energy is emitted in the
form of light.

 Energy levels of an electron are like the steps of a ladder.


- The lowest step of the ladder corresponds to the lowest energy level.
- A person can climb up and down by going from step to step. Similarly, the
electron can move from one energy level to another by absorbing or
releasing energy.

Electron Configuration
- The distribution of electrons in specific energy levels/orbitals around the
nucleus.
Energy Levels =
MAPEH (MUSIC)
INDIA
- is the largest country in South Asia.
- Its music is as vast as its geographic location and as large as its
demographic population.
- reflects different aspects of Asian culture through its timbre, rhythm,
melody, texture, form and style.
- sources of spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and entertainment.
VOCAL MUSIC
- India's classical music tradition, includes Carnatic and Hindustani music
- .Music of India also includes several types of folk and popular music.
Sama Veda,
- a sacred text
- sung as Samagana and not chanted.
- is the third of the four Vedas of Hinduism but ranks next to Rig Veda
(Rigveda) in terms of its sanctity and liturgical importance.
Rig Veda
- sung in the Samagana traditional singing style.
- counted as first among the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism known
as Vedas.
- ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns.
- Some of its verses are still recited as Hindu prayers at religious functions
and other occasions.
Characteristics of Traditional Music from India:
1. Carnatic music
- refers to music from South India
- directed to a Hindu god, which is why it is called “temple music”
- unified where schools are based on the same ragas, same solo instruments
(veena, flute, violin) and the same rhythm instrument (mridangam and
ghatam)
2. Hindustani music
- further developed in the 13th and 14th centuries AD with Persian
influences and from existing religious and folk music
predominantly found in the northern and central regions
- influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical Vedic
religion/Vedic philosophy, native Indian sounds and enriched by the
Persian performance practices of the Mughal era
- Nasal singing is observed in their vocal music
- in North India, the most common style of singing is called khyal, a word
which means imagination
Classification of Musical Instruments from India:
1. Ghan
- described as a non-membranous percussive instrument but with solid
resonators.
- one of the oldest class of instrument in India.
- It may also be a melodic instrument or instruments to keep tal.
Examples Of Ghan Instruments
1. Ghatam
- large, narrow-mouthed earthenware water pot used as a percussion
instrument in India.
- Unlike other Indian percussion Instruments,

2. khartal or kartal
- is a percussion instrument of India.
- is an ancient Instrument mainly used in devotional/ folk songs.
- It has derived its name from Sanskrit words "kara' meaning hand and 'tala'
meaning clapping.
3. Manjira
- (also spelled manjira or manjeera). jalra, or gini is a pair of clash cymbals,
originating in the Indian subcontinent,
- make high- pitched percussion sounds.
- it consists of a pair of small hand cymbals.
4. Nout(a.k.a. Nuht)
- is a small pot used in Kashmir as a percussion instrument.
- It may be thought of as a north Indian ghatam.

2. Avanaddh-described as a membranous percussive instrument. This class of


instruments typically comprise the drums.
Examples of Avanaddh
1. daf
- is a large Kurdish and Persian frame drum used in popular and classical
music.
- is it also used in religious ceremonies among Kurds.
- national musical Instrument of Pakistan.
2. Dhol is depicted in earliest ancient Indian sculptural arts as one of the chief
percussion instruments for ancient Indian music along with tabla. Ain-i-Akbari
Orbitals
Research
An experiment – is a set of procedure that is used by the investigator to be able to
collect necessary information.
Experimenting is done under controlled conditions.
Independent variable – is the factor that affects the other variables.
- Causes particular effect or condition
- Manipulated by the investigator
Dependent variable – factor that might be affected.
Controlled variable – are the factors that are maintained in the experiment
Negative Control Group – receives a negative control treatment or a treatment
that will not give an effect
Positive Control Group – receives a positive control treatment or a treatment
already known or a particular effect
Experimental Design – plan on how to distribute each sample to the treatments in
a randomized manner
- Deals on how samples are selected
- Variables are manipulated and controlled
- How observations are made
- Statistical analysis employed
Two types of research design
1. Completely random design (CRD) – simplest design to use
- experimental units are essentially homogenous
- samples share the same characteristics
- difficult to use in field experiments
- best suited for experiments with small number of treatments
Randomization procedure – treatments are assigned to experimental units
completely at random
- Experimental unit has the same probability of receiving any treatment
- Is performed using random number table, computer, program, etc.
Blocking – replicates
Advantages of CRD
- Very flexible design
- Statistical analysis is simple compared to others
- Loss of information due to missing data is small
Disadvantages of CRD
- If you fail to minimize variation using blocking because experimental unit is
not homogenous then there may be loss of precision
- Least efficient unless experimental units are homogenous
- Not suited for large number of treatments
2. Randomized Complete Blocking Design (RCBD)
- Group samples into blocks because of known variations in the sample
- Treatment (independent variable) are assigned at random within each
block of adjacent sample
- Each treatment is given once per sample
Advantages of RCBD
- Blocking or grouping have more accurate results
- If a block has a missing data it can be omitted without affecting the analysis
of the study
Disadvantages of RCBD
- Not suitable for big numbers of treatments
- Huge differences can cause invalid results
Sampling – the process of selecting a smaller group of participants
– a process through which a researcher selects a position or segment from the
population
Sample – a group of people, object or items that are selected from a large
Population- a group of persons or object that posses a common characteristics
Factors to consider in determining sample size
1. Homogeneity of the population – the higher the homogeneity the smaller
the sample size
2. Degree of precision – the larger the sample size the higher the precision or
accuracy of the results
3. Types of sampling procedure. Probability sampling uses smaller sizes that
non probability
Various approach in determining sample sizes
1. Sample sizes smaller than 30 are generally adequate(Shott, 1990)
2. When total population is equal or less than 100 it is universal sampling
3. Slovin’s formula to compute for sizes
n=N/1±Ne2
n – sample size
N – Population
e – margin of error
4. According to Gay (1976) the following are the acceptable sizes for different
types of research
a) Descriptive research – 10% to 20% may be required
b) Comparative research – subject or group
Methods
1. Probability Sampling – involves random selection
- Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
2. Non – probability sampling- does not involve random selection
- Based on convenience or other criteria
- Usually used in qualitative research
Participants of the study – are usually used in qualitative research
Respondents – answer (responds to questionnaires usually in quantitative)
Subjects – are usually in experimental/scientific research
Sampling in Qualitative research
1. Purposive Sampling/ Judgement Sampling
- Participants have characteristics that the researcher desires
- Requires information about the participant prior to the recruitment
2. Quota Sampling – subgroups are created based on each category
3. Snowball sampling – chain referral sampling/networking
- One research participant refers to another and that person refers another
4.Convenience Sampling – employed by both qualitative and quantitative
researchers
- Collects data that can be accessed conveniently
- Availability Sampling
Qualitative Data
- Descriptive in Nature
- Cannot easily be measured
- Excellent way to gain insight into your audience’s thought, feelings,
experiences and behavior
Data Collection/Data Gathering Methods
1. Open-ended Surveys and Questionnaire
- Allows the participants much more freedom and flexibility when providing
their answer.
2. Close-ended Survey and Questionnaire
- The participant is given limited options to choose from

1. 1-on-1 Interview
 Collects data directly from the interviewee
 Personal approach
 Gathers highly personalized data
 Data is difficult to process and time consuming
 Informal
 Unstructured
 Conversational
 Spontaneous
2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
 3-10 people plus moderator
 Common denominator for all the members
Direct Observation/Observational study
1. Naturalistic Observation
- observing people’s behavior which it typically occurs
a. disguised naturalistic observation
b. undisguised naturalistic observation
Document Analysis
 Reviewing or evaluating documents both electronic and printed materials
 Requires data to be examined and interpreted
 Often used in combination with other qualitative research methods as a
means of triangulation
How to write an Introduction
What is an introduction/background of the study?
 It is where you set up your topic and approach the reader
It has several key goals
 Present your topic and get the reader interested
 Provide background or summarize existing research
Steps in writing an introduction
Use deductive methos in writing
 General to specific
1. Set the Background and Context
2. Present the research gap – is defined as the missing piece in a research or study
that has not been explored (Ed Padma, 2020)
3. Discuss the goal of the research
4. Present the rationale of the research – refers to the importance of your study.
Or the justify why you need to push through with the study

How to write chapter 1


Margin
- 1 inch from the top, bottom and right of A4 size 1.5 inch for the left margin.
This is to give allowance from the binding
Chapter number
- Is written at the center heading should not be encoded in all capital letters
- The number chapter 1 should be in numerical form
Fontstyle
 Bookman Old Style 12
 Times New Roman 12
 Courier New Font 12
 Arial Font 12
After the title chapter heading, move 3 single spaces to type “The Problem”

The problem is at the center, right at the bottom of the chapter.


Number title headings should not all be in capital letters, not bold and not
underlined

Have 4 spaces and type heading (i.e. introduction)

There is no pagination for every page


Manuscript pagination starts with page 2 right after the indicating of chapter 1
The number is located at the lower center of the page

Objectives of the study


Specific objectives
General objectives

Hypotheses
Ho: There is no significant difference….
Ha: There is a significant difference…
Filipino
Anyo ng kontemporaryong panitikan
1. Pahayagan
A. Broadsheet – pinaka karaniwang pormat ng pahayagan
 binibigyan diin ang mga malalim na sakop ng alita
B. Tabloid – isang uri ng pahayagan na mas makitid
 ang kuwento/balita ay mas maikli
 lapastangan ang estilo ng kanilang pagsulat ng balita
Mga Bahagi ng Pahayagan
Pangalan – pahayagan na magiging pagkakakilanlan dito at matatagpuan sa itaas
bahagi ng unang pahina
Pagmukhang Pahina – ulo ng balita o pinakatampok at pangunahing balita.
Pangulong Tudling o Editoryal – kuro-kuro ng editor o patnugot ng pahayagn ukol
sa mga napapanahong isyu
Lathalain – Mababasa rito ang iba’t ibang artikulo ng iba’t ibang manunulat
Pitak – kinapapalooban ng mga opinion at pagmamasid ay isang palagian o
regular na manunulat ng pahayagan
Balitang Pambansa – naganap, nagaganap at magaganap sa loob ng bansa
Balitang pandaigdig - naganap, nagaganap at magaganap sa labas ng bansa
Balitang Kalakalan – ukol sa Negosyo, pananalapi o iba pang kaugnayan ng
ekonomiya ng bansa
Libangan – artista, pelikula, tanghalan at iba pang sangay ng sining
Balitang Pampalakasan – tungkol sa paligsahan at iba pang larangan ng isports
Anunsyong Klasipikado – ukol sa paghahanap ng trabaho, mga uri ng serbisyo,
paupahang bahay at iba pa.
Obitwaryo – pangalan ng mga yumao o patay na at iba pang impormasyon
tungkol sa kanila

2. Komiks – isang grapikong midyum kung saan ang salita at larawan ay ginagamit
upang ihatid ang isang salaysay o kuwento
Mga Bahagi ng Komiks
1. Kuwadro – tagpo ng kuwento (frame)
2. Kahon ng salaysay – maikling salaysay tungkol sa tagpo
3. Lobo ng usapan – usapan ng tauhan
4. Larawang guhit ng mg tauhan
5. Pamagat ng Kuwento

3. Magasin
Liwayway – maikling kuwento at sunod-sunod na mga nobela
FHM (For Him) – mapag usapan ng mga kalakihan
 bahay, pag-ibig, kagandahan at iba.
Cosmopolitan – magasin pangkababaihan
 pinakamainit na isyu sa kalusugan, kagandahan, kultura at aliwan.
Good HouseKeeping – para sa abalng ina
 gawin ang mga responsibilidad at magin mabuting may bahay
Yes Magazine – balitang showbiz
Metro Magazine – tungkol sa fashion, mga pangyayari, shopping at isyu hinggil sa
kagandahan
Candy Magazine – kagustuhan at suliranin ng kabataan.
 Gawa ng mga batang manunulat na mas nakaka intindi sa sitwasyon ng mga
mambabasa
Men’s Health – tungkol sa isyu ng mga kalakihan sa kanilang kalusugan
 Pag eehersisyo, pagbawas timbang, mga pagsusuri sa mental at pisikal ba
kalusugan
T3 Magazine – tungkol sa gadget
 Pinakahuling pagbabago sa teknolohiya
Entrepreneur Magazine – tungkol sa may Negosyo o nais magtayo ng Negosyo

4. Ontemporaryong Dagli – Plotless o mga kuwentong pawang sitwasyon lamang


 Sitwasyong may mga nasasangkot na tauhan ngunit walang aksyong
umuunlad gaholsa banghay, mga panglalarawan lamang (Arrogante, 2007)
Mga paraan sa mga Pagsulat ng Dagli
1. Magbigay toon lamang sa isa: tauhan, banghay, tunggalian, diyalago,
paglalarawan ng matinding damdamin tapo
2. Magsimula lagi sa aksyon.
3. Sikaping magkaroon ng twist o twist o punchline sa dulo.
4.Magpakita ng kuwento, huwag ikuwento ng kuwento.
5. Gawing double blade ang pamagat.

Ayon kay E. Arsenio Manuel-nag ugat ng dagli sa panahon ng pananakop ng mga


Kastila. Naging tampok ang mga ito sa mga pahayagang Espanyol at tinawag na
Instantaneas
Sky flakes ni Eros Atalia isang dagli
Hahamakan ang lahat ni Abdon M. Balde Jr.
Salita sa mundo ng dagli
1. Ad
- Pina ikling bersiyon ng advertisement
- Patalastas kung saan nagbabayad ang isang kompanya sa mass media
2. Assignment
- isang story ana ibinibigay sa reporter para kunan ng impormasyon
3. Column
- Isang artiikulo na lumalabas araw araw
4. Copy Editor
- Nagwawasto o nageedit sa kopya na isinulat ng repoter
5. Editor
- Namamahala sa editorial
6. Nameplate o flag
- Nakalimbang na pamagat ng isang pahayagan sa tuktok ng harap pahina
- Pangalan o logo
7. Headline
- Pamagat ng isang artikulo o balita sa pahayagan
8. Press
- Makina na naglilimbang ng pahayagan
9. Mastehead
- Mga detalye ng publisher, lugar ng publikasyon, kawani ng editorial at
impormasyon tungkol sa pahayagan na karaniwang inilalagay sa pahina ng
editorial
10. Issue
- Lahat ng kopya na inilathala ng isang pahaygan sa isang araw
11. Layout
- Gawain ng isang layout artist
- Pagguhit o pag disenyo ng pahina

Pagtiyak sa damdamin, tono, layunin at pananaw ng teksto


1. Damdamin
- Tumutukoy a saloobing nilikha ng mambabasa sa teksto
2. Tono
- Tumutukoy sa saloobin ng akda sa paksang kanyang isinulat
3. Layunin
- Tumutukoy sa layon o kung ano ang nais mangyari ng manunulat sa
mambabasa
4. Pananaw
- punto de vista
- paraan ng pagtanaw ng manunulat sa kanyang akda

Antas ng Wika
Di-pormal
- karaniwan, palasak, pang araw-araw, ginagamit sa pakikipag usap at
pakikipagtalastasan
Salitang Balbal
- Slang
- Sariling codes, pinakamababang antas ng wika
- Singaw ng panahon
- Ginagamit sa lansangan
Mga proseso sa pagbou ng salitang balbal
 Katutubo o Lalawiganin
- Bayot
- Gurang
 Kahulugan sa salitang tagalog
- Alat-pulis
- Hiyas-virginity
 Pagbabaligtad/Melatesis
- Astig-tigas
- Nosi ba lasi-sino ba sila
 Paggamit ng Bilang
- 143-Iloveyou
- 424- miss na kita
 Wikang Banyaga
- Indian-hindi sumipot
- Salvage-pinatay
 Pagpapaikli/Reduksyon
- Munti-muntinlupa
- Kano-amercano
 Pagpapalit Pantig
- Bakla-jokla
- Mabaho-majoho
 Paggamit ng akronim
- JGH-just got home
- OOTD-outfit of the day
 Paghahalo ng wika
- Maka recover raka
- Ang haba ng hair mo
 Pandaragdag
- Puti-isPUTIng
- Malay-MALAYsia
 Kumbinasyon
- Dead-dedo
- Cry-crayola
Lalawiganin
- Gamitin sa particular na pook o lalawigan
- Salitain ng mga katutubo
- Isang palatandaan ng lalawiganing tatak ay ang punto o accent
- Hindi pamilyar gamitin sa ibang lugar
Kolokyal
- Pang araw araw na salita
- May kagaspangan ngunit maaring repinado batay sa nagsasalita

Pormal
- Standard at kinikilala ng makarami
Pambansa
- Ginagamit ng manunulat ng aklat
- Pambalarila para sa paaralan at pamahalaan
- Ginagamit sap ok o centro ng sibilasyon at kalakalan
- Pag describe nga isang tao
Panretorika
- Ginagamit nga malikhain na manunulat
- Gumagamit ng talinghaga, idyoma, tayutay at iba pang tono, tema at
punto
- Pinakamayamg antas ng wika
- Mabulak ang dila
- Di-maliparang uwak
Ang Pagkaiba ng “Ng” at “Nang”
Ng
- Sumasagot sa tanong na ano at nino
Nang
- Paikliin ang salitang “na” at “ng”
Mga gamit ng “ng”
 Una, ginagamit kasunod ng pang uring pamilang
 Pangalawa, ginagamit sa mga pangngalan
 Pangatlo, ginagamit upang magsasaad ng magmamay-ari
 Pang apat, ginagamit kapag sinusundan na salita ay pang uri
 At sa wakas, ginagamit bilang pananda ng pandiwa sa pangungusap
Nang
 Una, maaring gamitin sa gitnang pandiwang inuulit
 Pangalawa, ginagamit ang “nang” pampalit sa ‘na’ at ‘ng’, ‘na’ at ‘ang’, ‘na’
at ‘na’ sa pangungusap
 At sa wakas, ginagamit para magsaad ng dahilan o kilos ng galaw

Paraan o etralehiya upang maging maayos at hitik sa impormasyon ang susulating


popular na basahin:
1. Pagbabasa at Pananaliksik
- Pagkonsulta sa mga libro at iba pang materyales
2. Obserbasyon
- Pagmamasid sa mga bagay-bagay, tao o pangkat, pangyayari, at mga
katangian ng kaugnay ng paksa
3. Pakikipanayam o Interbyu
- Pakikipagugnay sa mga taong Malaki ang karanasan at awtoridad sa
paksang hinahanapan ng impormasyon
4. Pagtatawag o Questioning
- Paglalatag ng katanungan nan ais masagutan hinggil sa paksa
5. Pagsulat ng Journal
- Pagtatala ng mga mahahalagang pangyayari upang hindi makalimutan
6. Brainstorming
- Pangangalap ng opinion at katwiran ng ibang tao
7. Pagsasarbey
- Pagpapasagot ng questionnaire sa isang grupo ng mga respondent
8. Sounding Out Friends
- Isa isang palapit sa mga kaibigan, kapitbahay o kasama sa trabaho para
sa isang impormal na talakayang hinngil sa paksa
9. Imersyon
- Sadyang paglagay sa sarili sa isang karansan o pakikipagsalamuha sa
isang grupo ng tao
10. Pag eeksperimento
- Pagsubok ng isang bagay bago sumulat ng akda

Katangian ng Dokumentaryong Pantelebisyon


1. Paka
- Nagpopokus sa kilos ng tao, kanyang ginagalawan at papaano siya
kumilos sa bahay.
- Totoong nagaganap at kadalasang napapanahon

2. Layunin
- Gustong sabhin ng nasa likod nga dokumentaryo
- Irekord ang panlipunang kaganapan na itinuturing nila namahalagang
maipaalam sa lipunan
3. Anyo
- Nahugis habang nasa proses
- Diskusyon ay orihinal
- Tunog at tanawin ay pinpili akma sa karapat dapat dito
- Iskrip at aksyon ay mula sa umiiral na mga pangyayari
4. Estilo at/o Teknik
- Tanawin ng bawat pagkuha ng kamera at sa panahon ng page edit nito
- Non actors o mga taong walang anomang karakter ang mahalagang
sangkap
5. Uri ng karanasan
- Astetiko at epekto
- Hind mag pokus sa artista kundi sa paksa nito
- Alamin ng manunoud ang kanilang layunin

Mga ekspresyon sa pagpapahayag ng pananaw


 Pananaw ay opinion o paningni ng isang tao sa isang bagay o paksa
 Personal na pagkaunawa o perspektibo ng isang tao
Mga ekspresyon nagpapahayag ng mg pananaw
ayon, batay, para, sang-ayon, sa/kay, ganoon din sa paniniwala / pananaw / akala
ko, nl/ng, alam ko,naninindigan ako, sa palagay ko, sa aking opinion at marami
pang iba.
Nagpapahayag ng pananw at sariling pananaw
 Sa tingin ko
 Sa aking panananw
 Para sa akin
 Ang paniniwala ko ay
 Sa palagay ko
Paggamit ng mg ekspresyong hudyat sa ugnayang local
Dahil at bunga o Sanhi at bunga
 Sanhi o dahilan ng isang pangyayari at nag sasabi ng resulta o kinalabasan
ang bung anito
 Palibhasa, dahil, kasi, kaya, bunga ay madalas gamitin sa ganitong pahayag
Paraan at resulta
 Nagsasaad kung paano makuha ang resulta
 “Sa” ang karaniwang ginagamit pang ugnay
Kondisyo at bunga
 Nagpapakita kung ano ang maaring maganap kung isasagawa ang
kondisyon
 Kapag, sana, sakali, ay maari ng gamitin pang ugnay
Paraan at layunin
 Ugnayan kung paano makamit ang layunin gamit ang paraan
 Para nang, upang at iba pa

Pagbibigay kahulugan sa mga salitang ginagamit sa radio broadcasting


Am
- Amplitude modulation
- Standard band ng radio
- Frequency ay mula 530
Fm
- Frequency modulation
- Frequency ay mula 88 hanngang 108 MHz
Opening Bill Board
Closing Bill Board
SFX
- Sound effects
Anchor
- Taong nagsasalita sa nagaganap na broadcast

Manoro (Ang Guro)


- Isang aetna nagngangalang Jonalyng Ablong
- Nangarap maturuan ang kanyang mal edukadang pamilya
- Tinuruan niya ang pamilya magsulat upang magamit sa pag boto
- Tatlong araw nawawala ang kanyang lolo na si apo bisen sa kakahuyan
- Ipinagdasal ng kanyang pamilya na sana makauwi ng ligtas si apo bisen
- Nag[asya ang pamilya na magboto kaht wala si apo bisen at hintayin ito sa
presinto
- Pero di dumating si apo bisen
- Hindi nakaboto si apo bisen and sinabing “Hindi ikababa ng pagkatao ko
ang hindi kompagboto”
Sapang Bato Elementary School sa Angeles City, Pampanga
- Paaralan ni jonalyn at kung saan sila nagboto
Jonalyn Ablong
- Pangunahing tauhan
- Nagiisa sa tribu na nakapagtapos ng elementarya
- Representasyon ng maka bagong Pilipino
- Pagbago ng Sistema ng makabagong pamamaraan ng pamumuhay
Apo Bisen
- Lolo ni jonalyn
- Nawala at nagpakita sa halalan
Carlo Ablong
- Na ni jonalyn
- Isa sa kanyan mga tinuruan
Apo Namalyari
- Itinuturing nilang Diyos
Posters ng mga pulitiko
- Representasyon na sumasabay ang mga aeta sa modernisasyon
Kawalan ng Edukasyon
- Kawalan sa pangunahing komunikasyon
- Tulad ng pagbabasa, pagsulat at pakikipagtalastasan
Kakulangan sa mga impastraktura
- Tagong lugar ay hindi semntado ang daan
- Mahabang panahon ang gugulin para makaratig sa paaralan
Malayo sa Kabihasnan
- Kinaroroonan ng kanilang komunidad ay malayo
- Mahirap magpaabot ng tulong, edukasyon, kalusugan at iba pa

Mga Karaniwang uri ng anggulo o kuha ng kamera


1. Establising/Long shot
- Scene setting
- Mula sa malayo kinukuhanan ang boung senaryo ng lugar
2. Medium Shot
- Mula tuhod paitaas o mula baywang paitaas
- Karaniwan sa senaryong may diyalogo
3. Close up shot
- Pokus ay nasa isang partikula na bagay lamang
4. Extreme Close up shot
- Pinakamataas na lebel ng clse up shot
- Isang detalye lamang naka pokus
5. High Angle Shot
- Ang kamera nasa taas
- Ang pokus ay mula sa mataas na bahagi papunta sa ilaim
6. Low angle shot
- Kamera ay nasa baba
- Ang pokus ay nagmula sa baba paitaas
7. Birds Eye View
- Aerial shot
- Nagmula sa pinakamataas na bahagi at tingin ay nasa baba
8. Panning Shot
- Mabilis na pagkuha ng anggulo
- Masundan ang detalyeg kinukunan
Araling Panlipunan
Europa – ikalawa sa pinaka maliit na kontinente sa daigdig
 Sub continente ng asya
Seven Continents
1. Africa
2. Antartica
3. Asia
5. Europe
6. North America
7. South America
Bakit lumakas ang Europe?
1. Bourgeoisie
2. Merkantilismo – Gold and Silver
3. National Monarchy
4. Simbahang Katoliko
5. Renaissance
6. Reporasyon
Sino ang mga Bourgeoisie
 Doctor
 Nurse
 Engineer
 Teacher
 Abogado
Bourgeoisie – gitnang uri (middle class)
King Louis XII (The Sun King) -noong panahon niya nakilala ang bourgeoisie
Mangagalakal – taong bumibili at nagbebenta o nakikipagpalit upang tumubo;
negosyante
Artisano – isang mangagawa o mg dalubhasa sa paggawa ng mga gamit na gawa
sa kamay

Ika 17 na siglo
Binubou ng mga:
a. mangangalakal
b. banker (nagmamayari ng bangko)
c, mga ship owner (nagmamayari ng barko)
d. mga pangunahing mamumuhunan
e. mga negosyante

Sa Ika 17 at 18 na siglo
1. Konstitusyonalidad – isang kondisyon kung saaan ang grupo at tao ay kumikilos
batay sa konstitusyon
a. Likas na Karapatan – universal na Karapatan
b. Banal na karapatn – hindi nagpapasailalim sa kapangyarihan ng hari dahil sa
Diyos sila nanalig

Negosyante
Henry Sy- Chinese-filipino entrepreneur and founder of SM group
Tony Tan Caktiong – Founder of Jollibee 1978
Edgar “Injap” Sia II: Mangi nasal founder 2003
Impluwensya ng bourgeoisie
A. pamahalaan
B. Paggawa at Pagpatupad ng patakaran
C. Hultura
 Jean Jacques Rosseau
 Voltaire
 Denise Diderot

Sistemang Merkantilismo – maraming gintoat pilak


 Naniwala ang Europe na ang tunay na yaman ng bansa ay base sag into at
pilak
Merkantilismo – sistemang pang ekonomiya na kumaganap sa Europe.
 Maraming ginto at pilak bilang tanda sa kayamanan ng isang bansa

Ballonism – sentral sa teorya ng merkantilismo

Nasyonalismong Ekonomiko – kayang tustusan ng isang bansa ang kaniyang


pangangailangan
a. export iniluluwas na produkto
b. import inaangkat ng produkto

National Monarchy – pamaraan sa Europe noong 13 na siglo kung saan may hari
Ano ang ginagampanan ng Hari upang lumakas and Europe ?
 Ng paglakas ng bourgeoisie at paggamit ng merkantilismo ang nagging daan
upang bumalik ang kapangyarihan ng hari

 Sa panahon ng piyudalismo walang sentralisadong pamahalaan


 Mahina ang kapangyarihan ng hari

 Mas makapangyarihan ang mga mahrlika o noble

 Nagbago ang katagian ng monarkiya sa tulong ng mga bourgeoisie

Ang mahinang hari dati ay uni unting yumayagpa sa pagitan ng sumusunod:


A. Pagpapalawak ng teritoryo at pagbubuo ng matatg na sentralismong
pamahalaan
B. Humirang siya ng mga mamayang nagpatupad ng batas at magsagawa ng
paglilitis at pagpaparusa ng korte ng palasyo
- Bilang resulta ang katapatan ng mamayn ay lumipat mula sa panginoon tungo sa
pamahalaang kaya silang protrktahan
- handa mag bayad ng buwis para sa proteksyon
- gamit ang buwis ay makabayad na ang hari sa sundalo
- dahil dito naklaya ang hari sa proteksyon ng knigts ng panginoong maylupa
- maaring gamitin ng hari ang sundalo laban sa knights ng panginoong maylupa

- Maari ring humirang ang hari ng edukadong mamayan:


a. kolektor ng buwis
b. hukom
c. sekretarya
d. administrator

Pagusbong ng Nation State – sa pagbabago ng konsepto sa monarkiya naitatag na


rin ang batayan ng nation state sa Europe
Konsepto ng Nation State
- Ito ay tumutukoy sa isang estado na pinamamahalan ng mga mamayan na
may magkatulad ng mga sa:
1. Wika
2. Kultura
3. Relihiyon
4. Kasaysayan
- Dahil sa pare parehong kultura ng mamayan nag isang lahi nlang sila
Paano nakakatulong nation state sa paglakas ng Europe?
1. Pagkabou ng propesyonal na hukbo sa tapat ng hari
2. Tungkuli ng hukbo na palawigin ang teritoryo at kapangyarihan kahi mag dulot
ito ng digmaan
3. Pinapatakbo ang pamahalaan ayon sa kautusan ng hari

Anoa no ang katungkulan ng mga opisyan ng pamahalaan?


1. pangongolekta ng buwis
2. pagpapatupad ng batas
3. pagkakaloob ng hustisya

- Dahil makapangyarihang nation state naipakita ng ibayong lakas ang


Europe
- Nabuo sa Europe ang mga bagong institusyon
A. pampolitika
B. panlipunan
C. pang ekonomiya
- Paglakas ng Europe ay nagbigay daan par lumakas ang impluwensya

Dahilan sa panghimasok at pananakop ng Europe sa nation state:


- A. asya
- B. amerika
- C. aprika

Unang Yugto ng Imperyalismo


- Noong ika 15 na siglo nagsimula ang eksplorasyon ng Europe sa mga lugar
na di pa naririnig
- Ito ay nagbigay daan para sa kolonyalismo
- Kolonyalismo ay ang pagsakop ng isang bansa sa makapangyarihang bansa
Motibo para sa kolonyalismo
 Paghahanap ng kayamanan
 Pagpapalaganap ng kristyanismo
 Paghangad ng katanyagan at karangalan
Salik pagdating sa kanluraning asya
 Renaissance
 Ang paglakbay ni marco polo at Ibn Battuta
 Merkantilismo
 Krusada

SPAIN at PORTUGAL ang dalwang bans ana nagsimula paglayag


Prinsipe Henry (The Navigator)
- Inspirasyon ng manlalayag
- Pinamunuan niya ang pangunguna ng pistugal sa bansang spain
1469 nagsimula ang imperyo sa panig ng spain ng magpakasal si Isabella kay
Ferdinand ng Aragon
Sa pamumuno nilang dalawa napatili nila angdugong bughaw sa castilla
Nasupil ang muslim sa Granada at nagwakas ang Reconquista
Ika 17 na siglo- bagong imperyo sa Great Britain. Netherlands at France.
Ika 13 na siglo- spices na matatagpuan sa asya particular sa india

Ang mga spces na malaking demand sa


a. paminta b. cinnamon c. nutmeg
Ang kalakalan ng spices sa Europe at asya ay controlado ng venice,Italy
Spices – ginagamit pampalasa at pang reserba na karne

Pinangunahan ng Portugal ang paggagalugad


Portugal
- Unang bansang europeo na nagkaroon ng interes sa pangangalugad sa
karagatang Atlantic par maghanap ng spices
- Dahil sab anta ni mongol ginamit ng eropeo ang rutang katubigan hanggang
Africa upang makakita ng ruta papuntang asya
Bartholomeu Disa
- Agosto 1988 natagpuan niya ang pinakamatinong bahagu ng Africa
Vasco De Gama
- Pinamunuan ang apat na sasakyang pandagat na naglakbay mula prtigal
hanngang india noong 1947
- Natuklasan ang hindu at muslim na nakikipagkalakalan ng mahusay na
soda, porselana at pampalasa sa pangunahung kailangan nga postugese
- BAYANI ng Portugese
Prinsipe Henry
- Nagging patron ng mga manlalakbay
- Nakarating siya sa azores, isla ng madeira at mga isla ng cape verde

Ang paghanda ng spain ng kayamanan mula sa silangan


- Ang pagpakasal nila henry V at Isabella I ay nagging daan daan upang
mahangad ng spain ang kayamanan ng silangan
Christopher Columbus
- Italyanong unang namuno sa ekspedisyon sa silangan
- Inilunsad ang kaniyang ekspedisyon sa pakanluran ng atlantiko
- Narrating nila ang silangan pagod at gutom sa kanilang paglakbay at haba
ng panahon sa katubigan
- Naabot and isla Bahamas dahil akala niya na Indians ang tao don dahil sa
kulay ng balat
- Tatlong buwan ang paglakbay nila hanggang naabot nila abf Mispaniola
(kasalukuyang nasa bansa ng Haiti at Dominican Republic) at ang Cuba
- Maraming ginto natagpuan pero pa narrating ang sibilasyon ng asya
- Pagbalik ng spain ay binigyan ng titulong Admiral of the ocean sea, Victory
at goberdanor ng islang natagpuan sa indies
- Bago siya namatay ay mayroon pa siyang tatlong ekspedisyong pinamunuan
- Narrating niya ang caribean at south America pero di nagtagumpay sa
paghanp ng bagong ruta papuntang silangang
Amerigo Vespucci
- Italyanong nagpaliwanag a si columbus ay nakatatag ng bagong mundo
noong 1507
- America ay naipangalan sa kanya

Ang rebolusyong siyentipiko enlightment at industriyal


- Bagong kaalaman at teknolohiya ay idinala at pinakilala nito
- Buusod upang patunayan ng mga tao ang edukasyon at agham
Rebolusyong Siyentipiko
- Ika 16 to 17 na siglo ang pagpasok nito
- Simula ng panahon ng pagsiisiyasat
- Bunga ng kanilang pag mamasid sa sansidunkob
- Dating impluwensya ng simbahan ay nabawasan at humina dahil sa
paglathala ng bagong tuklas na kaalaman na pinagtayuan nito
- Naging tulong ang panahon ng katwiran (age of reason) para magkaroon ng
bagong Liwanag ang teadisyon at ideya at bigyan ng bagong paglalarawan
at ekspedisyon ang lipunan
Nicholas Copernicus 1473-1543
- Asronomer mula sa Poland
- Nakilala sa heliocentric view sa kalawakan
- Hindi daigdig ang sentro kundi araw umiikot ang daigdig sa paligid ng araw
Galileo Galilei 1564-1601
- Italyanong scientist at mathematician
- Teleskopyong ginagamit sa pag aaral ng kalawakan
Tycho Brahe 1546-1601
- Danish scientistika
- Ang komet ay hindi lamang ponomenong atmosperiko
- Ang Kometa ay representasyon ng pagbabago sa kalawakan
Isaac Newton 1643-1727
- English mathematician
- Law of gravity sa paliwanag ng paggalaw ng planeta
Rene Descartes 1596-1650
- Pilosopo at mathematician na frencg
- Gamit ang math ay ipinaliwanag niya ang agham at pilosopiya
- Geogito, ergo sum – I think therefore I am
Panahon ng englightment
- Bumha ng pamaraang agham at epekto ng rebolusyon
- Pilosopiyang umunlad sa europe noong ika 18 na siglo
- Bimubou ng sikolar nan ais iahon ang europeo
- Nagtangka ang philosophers na maipaliwanag ang kalikasan nito
- Hangad nilang makabou ng ideyal na pamamaraan sa pamumuno
- Mapaunlad ang buhay ng tao sa pagitan ng:
 Pangkabuhayan
 Pampolitika
 Panselehiyon
 Edukasyon
Thomas Hobbes 1588-1670
- Likas na makasarili kaya Plaging nakatunggali ang kapwa tao
Jean Jacques Ronsseau 1712-1778 John Locke 1632-1704
- Ang pamahalaan ay naitatag mula sa pahintulot nga mga mamayan
Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797
- “A vindication of the Rights of Women”
- Karapatan ng kababihan bumuto at magka roon ng posisyon sa pamahalaan

- makikita ang pamana ng enlightment sa sining


- Kompositor ng panahong klasikal
 Van Beethoven 1732-1809
 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791
 Franz joseph hayden 1732-1809
Paglagay ng tao sa kaniyang kapalaran sa pamagitan ng paggamit ng katwiran

Rebolusyong Industriyal
- Taong 1700 at 1800 ang malaking pagbago sa agricultural and industriya sa
Europe at united states
- Nagging Malaki at mabilis ang produksyon
- Nagging daan upang magkaroon ng malaing kita at mapaunlad ang kanilang
pamumuhay
George Washington Carver 1864-1943
- Itinaguyod ang siyentipikong pamaraan ng agricultural
- Tinuruan ang mga magsasaka ng crop rotation
Thomas Newcomen 1664-1729
- Naimbento ng isang steam engine na pinaandar ng artificial pump (1700)
James Watt 1736-18-18
- Pinagbuti naman ni james ang steam engine ni newcomen (1763)
Robert Fulton 1765-1815
- Isang amerkaning imbentor nakabou ng isang steam boat (clement)
Alessandro Volta !745-1827
- Italyanong propessor na nakaimbento ng baterya na kayang tumustus ng
sapat na elektrisidad
Andre Ampere 1775-1836
- Isang pranses na nagpanukala ng prinsipyo at nagsasaad epekto ng
magneto sa electric current
Alexander Grahambell 1847-1922
- Isang propesor sa boston na nakatuklas ng telepono (1876)

Ikalawang yugto ng imperyalismo


- Nagsimula dahil sa tatlong oangunahing salik
- Pagpapalawak ng relihiyon
- Pagpaparami ng ginto at pilak
- Paghahangad ng mga europeong bansa ng kadakilaan
19th Century
- 1801-1900
Unang Yugto ng Imperyalismo
15th Century
Ikalawang yugto ng Imperyalismo
- 19th Century
Sanhi ng Imperyalismo
- Industrialisasyon
- Kapitalismo
- Nasyonalismo
- Social Darwinism
Industrialisasyon
- 1780 nagsimula sa Europa
- Particular ay sa great britain
- Sa lubos na pagbilis ng Rebolusyon sa England
- Lumaganap ang industrialisasyon sa malaking bahagi ng Europe
- Dahil dito kinkapos na ang raw ang pubrika ng raw materials sa paggawa ng
iba ibang manufactured goods
- Kinailangan nilang sumakop ng mga bansa upang tustusan ang kanilang
mga kailangan
Mga imbensyon
- Spinning jenny
- Flying shuttle
- Steam engine
Kapitalismo
- Mas marami silang nagawang produkto kesa sa produktong nais bilhin ng
kanilang mamamayan
Surplus
- Mga sobrang produktong hindi nabibili
- Binuksan ang pamilihang africano at asyano para sa kanila ibenta ang
surplus
- Ginawa sa pamamagitan nga pagkasundo o sa pagitan ng pananakot
Nasyonalismo
- Ang mga dakilang bansa ay naka tadhana na manakop ng mga bagong
lupain
- Ang hindi mananakop ay magiging mahina
Social Darwinism
- Isang uri ng racisms
- Naniniwala ang europeo na sila ang mas nakakaangat na lahi
Dalwang paniniwala
1. Ang mababang uri ng tao ay kailangan tapakan ng mas mataas na tao upang
makatungo sa maganadang kinabukasan
2. Ang matataas ay may obligasyon na gabayan ang mga mababa na tao patungo
sa sibilisasyon na tinatawag na "The white man's burden"

Iba't ibang anyo ng imperyalismo


- Pagbou ng kolonya
- Protectorate
- Concession
- Sphere of influence
Pagbuo ng kolonya
Isang patakaran na kung saan ang isang bansa ay namamahala ng mga
sinakop na lupain upang makuha ang yaman nito
Tuwiran o direct
- Ang nanakop na bansa ay magpapadala ng kanilang kinatawan sa bansang
kanilang sinakop upang directa tong pamunuan
Di tuwiran o indirect
- Ang nanakop na bansa ay gumagamit ng pinunong lokal bilang kanilang
ahente sa pamamahala ng kolonya
Protectorate
- Ay pagbibigay proteksyon ng nanakop na bansa sa kanilang nasakop na
lupain laban sa paglusob ng ibang bansa
- Ang pamumuno ng eurpoeong bansa sa isang protectorate ay hindi tuwiran

Concession
- Nagaganap sa pagitan ng mahina at makapangyarihang bansa
- Ang mahinang bansa ay nagbubigay ng especial na karapatang pang
negosyo sa makapangyarihang bansa
- Gaya ng karapatan sa paggamit ng kanilang daongan o likas na yaman
Sphere of Influence
- Isang bansa na hindi ganap na nasakop ng mga dayuhan
- Ngnunit may kontrol at eksklusibong karapatan sa ilang bahagi ng kanilang
lupain ang mga dayuhan
English
Bias
- Refers to the author’s his/her own opinion
- A particular issue without examining and presenting enough evidence
- Influenced by personal beliefs, culture, attitudes, preferences and past
experiences
- In favor or against one thing
- Unfair
- Favoritism
- Lack of neutral viewpoint
To recognize bias one must consider the following
1. Look for loaded words.
- Words filled with emotion
- Positive or negative can reveal an author’s opinion
2. Watch out for stereotypes
- When the author labels the entire group
3. Notice vague languages or generalization
- The author is not using specific language of words
4. Look for one-sided argument
- The author presents only one side of the argument

Propagnda
- The spreading of information with the purpose of influencing feelings or
actions
- True or false, just or not
Types of propaganda
1. Name Calling
- Trash talking another product or person
- Rejecting and condemning without thoroughly examining the product
2. Glittering Generalities
- Words of phrases
3. Transfer
- A person imagines himself as part of the picture
- Symbol that carries respect, authority, sanction and prestige
4. Testimonial
- A political endorsement
- Respected or hated celebrity is used to advertise
- Used to convince us without thoroughly examining the product
5. Plain Folks
- An idea is good because they are the same ideas of the vast majority like
yourself
6. Card Stacking
- Uses only positive qualities and ignores the negative
- Use selected information
- Not complete story
7. Bandwagon
- Uses the target’s desire to be included
- To not miss out n what everyone else is doing
Issue
- Important topic that people on the society discuses or argues about
Common Issues on Society
1. Social Issue
- Prevent society from functioning at most desired level
- A problem that influences many individuals in the society
An Issue becomes asocial issue under these circumstances
1. The issue involves people on the society
2. The public, as a whole recognizes the situation as a problem
3. The situation can be alleviated through joint actions of the citizen
Other examples:
 Racial Discrimination
 Poverty, unemployment, loneliness
2. Moral Issue
- Different beliefs and not a matter of preference
How can something be a moral Issue:
 Guilt
 Shame
 Disgust
 Anger
3. Economic Issue
- Scarcity or indequency
- Limited resources are able to meet wants and needs
Examples:
 Overpopulation
 Pandemic
 Inflation
1. Heritage
- Something handed down from the past
2. Diverse
- Dissimilar or unlike
- Many and different
- Wide variety of things
3. Literature
- Body of written works
- Reflects background of certain culture
Three Primary Forms of Literature
Poetry
- Most intense form of writing
- Expresses emotion and thought
- Relies on figurative language, rhythm and imaginary to relay the readers
Primary Sub genres of poetry
 Songs and Ballads
 Lyrics
 Epic
 Dramatic
 Narrative
Prose
- Most common form of writing
- Resembles everyday speech
- Straight forward, utilizes figurative language, dialogue, characters and
imaginary
Fiction Sub genres
 Novel
 Short Story
 Myth and legends
Non-fiction sub genres
 Essay
 Autobiography
 Diaries and Journals
Drama
- Performed in front of an audience
- Has dialogues and impersonate actors
- Divided into scenes
- Relies on props or imaginative dialogue
Primary Sub genre of drama
 Tragedy
 Comedy
 History

Cohesion
- How well parts of your text fit together
- Get your point clear
 Paragraph Cohesion
- Sentences arranged logically
- Clear transitions
- Connects ideas from different parts of text
Types of Cohesive Devices
A. Conjunctions
- Group of words used to connect words or phrases in a sentence
- “and”, “but”, ‘or”, “on the other hand”, “on the one hand”
Types of Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
- Most common type
- Grammatically equal
- Not at the beginning or the end
- For, nor, and, yet, so
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
- Used to link clauses together
- Introduce a dependent clause
- Relationship between dependent and independent clause
- While, as soon as, although, no matter, whether, unless
3. Corelative Conjunctions
- Conjunctions used to join equal sentence elements together
- Either….or, both….and, neither…nor
B. Pronouns
- Are used to replace nouns
- Avoid using too much pronouns
C. Prepositions
- Relationship between other words in a sentence
- Directions
- Time
- Location
- Special relationship
- Abstract type of relationship
D. Adverbs
- Used to show order, contrast and such
- Adverbial conjunctions
Adding something
- Also, besides, finally, furthermore, In addition
Comparing Something
- Also, as well, alike, similarly
Contrasting
- At the same time, despite that, even though, however
Emphasizing
- Certainly, definitely, indeed, in fact
Giving Example
- For instance, to illustrate, in other words, namely, specifically
Showing Equality
- As….as, both…and, either….or, neither….nor
Summarizing Concluding
- In conclusion, finally, in short, to put it simply

Parallel Structure
- Construction of the same elements that are the same function
Parallelism
- Phrases in a sentence have similar or the same grammatical structure
- Balance and clarity
Rules to consider in Parallel structure
1. Parallel structure to be used when elements are joined by coordinating
conjunctions
2. Parallel structures should be used when writing elements in the format of a list
3. Parallel Structure should be used when comparing or contrasting elements (A is
better than B or X is less than Y)
MAPEH (MUSIC)
INDIA
- is the largest country in South Asia.
- Its music is as vast as its geographic location and as large as its
demographic population.
- reflects different aspects of Asian culture through its timbre, rhythm,
melody, texture, form and style.
- sources of spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and entertainment.
VOCAL MUSIC
- India's classical music tradition, includes Carnatic and Hindustani music
- .Music of India also includes several types of folk and popular music.
Sama Veda,
- a sacred text
- sung as Samagana and not chanted.
- is the third of the four Vedas of Hinduism but ranks next to Rig Veda
(Rigveda) in terms of its sanctity and liturgical importance.
Rig Veda
- sung in the Samagana traditional singing style.
- counted as first among the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism known
as Vedas.
- ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns.
- Some of its verses are still recited as Hindu prayers at religious functions
and other occasions.
Characteristics of Traditional Music from India:
1. Carnatic music
- refers to music from South India
- directed to a Hindu god, which is why it is called “temple music”
- unified where schools are based on the same ragas, same solo instruments
(veena, flute, violin) and the same rhythm instrument (mridangam and
ghatam)
2. Hindustani music
- further developed in the 13th and 14th centuries AD with Persian
influences and from existing religious and folk music
predominantly found in the northern and central regions
- influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical Vedic
religion/Vedic philosophy, native Indian sounds and enriched by the
Persian performance practices of the Mughal era
- Nasal singing is observed in their vocal music
- in North India, the most common style of singing is called khyal, a word
which means imagination
Classification of Musical Instruments from India:
1. Ghan
- described as a non-membranous percussive instrument but with solid
resonators.
- one of the oldest class of instrument in India.
- It may also be a melodic instrument or instruments to keep tal.
Examples Of Ghan Instruments
1. Ghatam
- large, narrow-mouthed earthenware water pot used as a percussion
instrument in India.
- Unlike other Indian percussion Instruments,

2. khartal or kartal
- is a percussion instrument of India.
- is an ancient Instrument mainly used in devotional/ folk songs.
- It has derived its name from Sanskrit words "kara' meaning hand and 'tala'
meaning clapping.
3. Manjira
- (also spelled manjira or manjeera). jalra, or gini is a pair of clash cymbals,
originating in the Indian subcontinent,
- make high- pitched percussion sounds.
- it consists of a pair of small hand cymbals.
4. Nout(a.k.a. Nuht)
- is a small pot used in Kashmir as a percussion instrument.
- It may be thought of as a north Indian ghatam.

2. Avanaddh-described as a membranous percussive instrument. This class of


instruments typically comprise the drums.
Examples of Avanaddh
1. daf
- is a large Kurdish and Persian frame drum used in popular and classical
music.
- is it also used in religious ceremonies among Kurds.
- national musical Instrument of Pakistan.
2. Dhol
- is depicted in earliest ancient Indian sculptural arts as one of the chief
percussion instruments for ancient Indian music along with tabla.
3. Tabla
- is a membranophone percussion instrument originating from the Indian
subcontinent, consisting of a pair of drums, used in traditional, classical,
popular and folk music.
Shir
- also known as blown air. It is characterized by the use of air to excite the
various resonators

1. Shank
- It is the shell of a large predatory sea snall, Turbinella pyrum,found in the
Indian Ocean
2. Bansuri
- is a side blown flute originating from the Indian subcontinent.
- aerophone produced from bamboo, used in Hindustani classical music.
- Other names: Baanhi, Baashi, Bansi, Basari, Classification: woodwind
instrument
3. Shehnal
- double-reed conical oboe of North India.
- is made of wood, except for a flaring metal bell attached to the bottom of
the instrument, and measures about 12-20 inches (30-50 cm) in length,
with six to eight keyless finger holes along its body.
4. shruti box (sruti box or surpeti)
- is an instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent, that traditionally
works on a system of bellows.
4.Tat
- referred to as vina during the old civilization.
- This class of instruments are plucked (stringed instruments)
Examples of Tat Instruments
1.Sitar (English: /stta:/ or /sx'to:/: far, Punjabi: fra, sitara pronounced [sx'tar])
- is a plucked stringed instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent,
used in Hindustani classical music.
2. Gutovadyam
- also known as veena (IAST: vīņā) comprises a family of chordophone
instruments from the Indian subcontinent.
3. Ektar or gopi yantra
- is a very simple folk instrument mainly played by Baul singers in Bengal.
- single string is plucked openly with one finger or a plectrum.
- pitch can be lowered considerably by pressing both halves of the forked
bamboo neck together, thus reducing the tension of the string.
4. Gopichand like the ektara
- is a one-string instrument used in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.
- the gopichand and ektara is a regular string instrument of wandering bards
and minstrels from India and is plucked with one finger.
5. Rabab.
- rose to the zenith of fame in the sixteenth century and remained there as
the most popular string Instrument along with the rudra veena till the
eighteenth century
5. Vitat
- described as bowed stringed instruments.
- One of the oldest classifications of instruments and yet did not occupy a
place in classical Indian music until the last few centuries.
Examples of Vitat Instruments
1. Banam
- is a class of folk fiddles found among the Santal people of North East
2. Esraj
- is an Indian stringed instrument found in two forms throughout the Indian
subcontinent.
- being only about 300 years old.
- It is found in North India, primarily Punjab, where it is used in Sikh music
3. Chikara
- is a simple spike fiddle played, similarly to the sarangi or sarinda, by sliding
fingernails on the strings rather than pressing them to touch the
fingerboard. It has 3 strings, two horse hair and one steel, in 3 courses and
is tuned C, F, G
4. Sarangi
- is a bowed stringed instrument with a skin-covered resonator.
- sarangl is made by hand, usually from a single block of wood.
- The four playing strings on this instrument are made of goat gut, and the
seventeen sympathetic strings are made of steel.
TALA
Rhythm plays an important role in Indian music. It is fundamental to the creation
of any musical system
Tala
- literally meaning 'clap: variously transliterated as "tal", "taal" or "taala" is a
regular, repeating rhythmic phrase, particularly as rendered on a percussive
instrument with an ebb and flow of various intonations represented as a
"theka"
- is the common Indian system of rhythm
Theka
- a sequence of drum-syllables or "bol" in Indian classical music, both
Hindustani classical music and Camatic music use complex rules to create
elaborate patterns of rhythm
Tabla
- most common instrument for keeping rhythm in Hindustani music
Mridangam
- most common instrument for keeping rhythm in Camatic music
- also transliterated as "mridang"
Pakistan
- Pakistan is known for its unique vocals.
- Though Pakistan is part of South Asia, its western part is considered as
extended Central Asia.
Vocal Music of Pakistan
1. Ghazal
- Expression of love, separation, and loneliness
- The pain of loss of a lover and the beauty in spite of the pain
- Structural requirements are more strict
- Can be sung for both men and women
2. Qawwali
- Devotional music of the chisti order
- Vibrant music stretches back in 700 years
- Performed at sufi shrines
Instrumental music of Pakistan
Punjabi music
- Strengthens the importance of music in Pakistan
- Region in south asia
Significant Instruments of Pakistan
1. Tabla
- Membranophone percussion instrument
- Used in traditional, classical, popular and folk music
- Hollowed wood or clay or brass
- Daya drum laced with hoops
- Thongs and wooden dowels on the side
2. Dholak
- Folk instrument
- Playing techniques o table
- High pitched depending on the size
- Related to the larger dhol and smaller dholki
3. Rubab
- National musical instruments of Afghanistan
- Rebab ‘played with a bow’
- However, it is plucked
4. Harmonium
- “melodeon”, “reed organ” or “pump organ
- Keyboard instrument that is a lot like an organ
- Makes sound by blowing air through reeds
Music of West Asia Israel
- Is modal
- Harmony not emphasized
Commonly used during
- Communal worship
- Mystic rituals
- Life passage events
- Entertainment
Vocal Music of Israel and Arabia
a. Israeli Music
- Sing with guttural and throaty enunciation
Two divisions of jewish music
1. Devotional
- Almost entirely vocal
- Featured during sabbath and other holy days
- The art of hazan been evident in the culture
- Shofar is a special call to prayer and repentence
2. Secular
- Instruments and voice are used
- Played during life passage events
- Context lies outside religious domain
- Very rhythmic and have popular and romantic texts
B. Arabis Music
- Technique of improvisation
1. Wazn
- Means measure
- Goblet drum, frame drum, and kettle drum
2. Iqa
- Rhythmic pattern in arabian music
- 100 iqa
- Rarely used in performance
- Greates varitiesranges from 48 beats
- Used in muwashahat where every syllables of the lyric must fall on beat
Instrumental music of Israel
- Bandurria and laud traces is its origin is middle eastern
- Goblet drum, darbuk, the tambourine and other instruments associated
with middle eastern music
Significan Instruments of Israel
1. Jewish Lyre
- Ancient Hebrew lyre
- Musical instrument of king David
2. Psalterion Harp – Psalter, ( from Greek psalterion: “harp”
- Musical instruments having plucked
- Horsehair
- Strings are open none being stopped to produce
Rosh Hashanah is the day of shofar
 The day of the sounding (Yom Teruah)
Other Significant Instruments in arab Countries
1. Goblet or drubuka
- Hourglass shaped drum
- Stretched tight with rope or leather things or even nails
2. Toft (Bendir)
- Bendir means big hand frame drum
- Kept vertical by inserting the thumb to the left hand in special holes
Other Significant Middle eastern intsruments
1. Oud
- Short neck lute type, pear shaped stringed instrument
- 11 strings grouped in 6 courses but some have 7 or 5 with 10 or 13 strings
respectively
2. Darbuka drums
- Modern variation of doumbek
- Smaller than doumbek (9-16 inches tall)
- Made of copper or aluminum
- Drum head easier to access
MAPEH (Arts)

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