Reviewer For 3rd Quarter
Reviewer For 3rd Quarter
Science
Matter – is anything that occupies space
- It can have different properties
- You can measure its balance by triple beam balance or weighing scale
- Made up of tiny discrete particles
- Particles of matter are very, very small
- Particles of matter have spaces between them
- Particles of matter are constantly moving
- Particles of matter attract each other
Mass – measure of the amount an object has
Volume – measure of the space occupied by an object
Nature of Matter – Solid, Liquid and Gas
Classification of matter
Pure substance – Elements and Compound
Mixture – Homogenous and Heterogenous
Leucippus and Democritus – “atoms and the void that surrounds them.” And
“atoms are physically, but not geometrically indivisible.”
Democritus
- All mater composed of atoms in void
- Atoms were indivisible & indestructible
- Properties of atom differ in shape, arrangement and sizes
- Shape of atom determined the substance properties
John Dalton
- Why the elements in a compound always join in the same way
- “All matter is made up of individual particles called atoms which cannot be
divided.”
Atom – an atom is the smallest particle
- Size of an atom is measured in angstroms
- One angstrom is equal to one to ten millionth of a millimeter
Molecule – is a neutral particle that consists two or more atoms which are
chemically bonded
Ion- is a positively or negatively charged particle
Scantling Tunneling Microscope (STM)- magnifies an image ten million times
Different properties of matter
1. hardness
2. color and texture
3. malleability
4. flexibility
5. conductivity
6. viscosity
Properties of Solids
- Solids have fixed shape and volume
- Cannot be compressed much
- Have high densities
- Do not fill their container completely
- Does not flow
- Close particles
Properties of Liquids
- Liquids have fixed volume but has no shape
- Cannot be compressed much
- Moderate to high densities
- Do not fill their container completely
- Generally, flow
- Close particles
Properties of Gases
- Gases have no fixed shape or volume
- Can be compressed easily
- Very low densities
- Fills their container completely
- Flows easily
- Particles are far apart
Pure substance – a substance that has constant composition and properties
4 ancient elements – Air, Earth, Fire and Water
Elements in the universe
- Hydrogen 75%
- Helium 20%
- Oxygen the 3rd abundant element
- All other elements are relatively more in the universe
Elements in the Earth
- Oxygen is the most abundant element with 46.6%
- Silicon 2nd most abundant element with 27.7%
- Aluminum 8.17%
- Iron 5.01%
- Account for approximately 98.5% of total mass
Elements – a pure substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary means
- Made of one kind material
- Simplest form of substance
Chemical Symbols
- Shorthand way of representing the elements
- One or two letters
- Taken from the name of element
Compounds – a pure substance that contains two or more different elements. The
elements are chemically bonded. Made of molecules.
Sodium – highly reactive metal
Chlorine – poisonous gas
Sodium Chlorine – table salt
Chemical formula
- Shorthand way of representing compounds
- These are the words
- Sometimes represent a molecule of an element
- Diatomic molecules
Mixtures – a pure substance that contains two or more pure substance that
cannot be chemically combined
FESOa – Ferrous Sulfate Compound
- Components can be separated by physical means
Homogenous Solution – a mixture that has uniform composition. One phase of
the components within the solution are not identifiable with the eye.
Solute – the dissolved particle. In smaller proportion
Solvent – Larger proportion. Substance which the solute is dissolved
Physical Change – alters the form of a substance
- It changes shape or size
- It dissolves
- It changes phases (freezing, boils, evaporates, condenses)
- Changes its property but not its chemical nature
Chemical Change – changes that undergoes when it becomes new and different
matter
- It burns
- Temperature changes without heating/cooling
- It bubbles (makes gas)
- It changes color
- It forms perciptate
Metals
- Typically hard, opaque. Shiny and has good electoral and hermal
conductivity
- Forms positive ions and has metallic bonds
- Can be hammered or pressed
- Fusible (fused or melted
- Ductile (drawn to thin wire)
- some elements appear moth metallic and non-metallic
Non-metals
- not able to conduct electricity or heat very well
- brittle, cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into sheets
- forms most matte in the earth
IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
- distribution of metals, non metals and metalloids
- both metal and non metal are called metalloids
The Table
Sodium
- easily cut off with a knife
- floats and burns on water
Magnesium
- catches fire easily
Aluminum
- low density makes it light weight
- does not corrode in air
Potassium
- easily cut off with a knife
- explodes with water
Calcium
- effort need to cut with knife
- reactive and present in many compounds
Iron
- hard substance to make wide variety of strong hard objects
- decompose into flakes or crust
Copper
- red-orange metal
- soft enough to pull easily into wires or press into sheets
- good conductor of heat
Zinc
- does not corrode in air
Non-metals
- Is a chemical element that mostly lacks metallic attributer
- Highly volatile, have low elasticity and are good insulators of heat and
electricity
- High ionization energy and electronegativity values
- Gain or share electrons when it reacts with other elements or compounds
- Seventeen elements are classified as nonmetals
Three Sub Atomic particles
Electrons- outside
Protons- inside
Neutrons- inside
Electron
- Sub atomic particle with a negative element
- No known components or substructures
- Mass is 1/1836
- Symbol is e-
- Discovered by J.J Thomson in 1897
- Relative mass is 0.005
- Relative charge -1
- Charge is -1.6 x 10‾¹⁹
- Mass is 9.11 x 10‾³¹
Protons
- Symbol of P or P+ and a positive electric charge
- One or more 2 atoms are present
- Proton number=atomic number
- Hydrogen nucleus by Earnest Rutherford in 1920
- Shown by E. Goldstein in 1886
- Anode rays obtained from hydrogen has protons
- Produced when electron is removed from a hydrogen electron
- Positively charged particle
- Relative mass is 1
- Relative charge is +1
- Charge is +1.6 x 10‾¹⁹
- Mass is 1.97 x 10‾²⁷
Neutron
- Symbol is n
- Has no charge
- Neutral and has larger mass than proton
- Discovery of subatomic particle by James Chadwick in 1932
- Neutral particles found in nucleus of an atom
- Relative mass is 1
- Relative charge neutral
- Charge 0
- Mass is 1.97 x 10‾²⁷
Atomic number
- Number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
- Identical to the charge number of the nucleus
- Represented by symbol z
- Identifies a chemical element
- Equal to the number of electron
Mass number
- Mas number “A” which is the number of nucleons
- Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
- Number of electrons=number of protons
Istotopes
- Atoms of the same element that contains the same number of protons but
different neutrons
- Same chemical properties but different physical properties
Stable
- Does not go radioactive or nuclear decay
Unstable
- Undergoes radioactive or nuclear decay
- Also known as radioistotopes
Demotricus ancient philosopher who lived around 400 B.C. developed first atomic
model. Matter is made up very small particles. Atomos in greek means indivisible.
Present a vaccum. Model of discontinuity. Close to reality
Aristotle 100 years later opposed demotricus idea. Matter completely fills space.
No vaccum. Model of continuity. Infinitely divisible. four elements fire, earth,
water and air.
John Dalton English physicist who lived around 1766-1844. Model from scientific
experiments. Gases are not all identical. Chemist Joseph proust same product
same proportion and Antoine laurent de voiser
Equal to the mass of the product. Nothing is lost nothing is created everything is
transformed. Solid sphere 1803
J.J Thomson. British physicist lived 1856-1940. The electron. Modify dalton model.
Cathode ray tube leave a negative electrode called cathode and positive called
anode. Plum pudding 1904
Atom is not indivisible. Ball of positive matter. Atom is neutral
Earnest Rutherford new Zealand physicist lived 1871-1937. Atom is empty with a
dense nucleas as its center. Discovered the proton. Radioactivity. Alpha radiation.
1911 Nuclear
Niels Bohr Danish Physicist and a student of Rutherford. Electrons travel in orbit.
Electron shells. If energy is given to an electron it moves to a higher shell. Plentary
1913
Depending on the movement of an electron the color of the light emitted will be
different.
Atom represented as mostly empty space with dense nucleus
The simplified atomic model
- James Chadwick in 1932
- British physicist
- Modified the Rutherford-bohr model
- Why positive particles do not repel each other
- Discovery of neutron
- Called simplified to differentiate it from the complex models
Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
1817
German Chemist
Formed the triads
Development of periodic table
Jon Newlands
1863
Law of octaves
English Chemist
Henrey Mosley
English Physicist
1914
Follows the order of elements by atomic number
X ray
Periodic Law
Groups Families - are the vertical columns
Group 1-Alkali metals
Group 2-Alkaline Earth metals
Group 13-Boron Group
Group 14-Carbon Group
Group 15-Nitrogen group/Charcogen
Group 16-Oxygen group
Group 17-Halogens
Group 18-Noble Gases Groups
3-12-Early and Late Transition metals
Element Radius
Atomic radius of an element is measure the of its atom usually the distance of
nucleus boundary of surrounding electrons
Atomic radius
¹/² distance between nuciel of 2 like atoms
Move down it increases
Move left to right it decreases
Velence Electron
Number of electrons in the outermost energy level
Electron Affinity
Energy released when an atom aquires an electron
More energy released mor readily an atom becomes an anion
Electronegativity
Tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a compound
Move down it decreases
Move left to right increases
Metallic Character
Tendency of an element to be shiny, silver, malleable, ductile and to react from
positive ions
Move down increases
Move left to right decreases
Atomic Number Increases
lonization Energy Increases
Electron Affinity Increases
Electronegativity Increases
Electronegativity Decreases
Electron Affinity Decreases
lonization Energy Decreases
Atomic Number Increases
- The cloud is more dense where the probability of finding the electron is
high.
Atomic orbitals
- (fuzzy cloud) = An atomic orbital is often thought of as a region of space in
which there is a high probability of finding an electron
Electrons
- can be considered as particles surrounding the nucleus in 13-dimentional
regions called orbitals. There are four orbital types, designated ass, p. d and
f.
P orbitals
- the dumbbell shaped.
- Z axis
S orbitals
- Spherical
- Small atom fewer electrons take up less space
- Large atom more electrons take up more space
Atomic Orbitals
- different atomic orbitals are detonated by letters. The s-orbitals are
spherical, and p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped -Four of the five d-orbitals
have the same shape but different orientation in space.
Note:
- Electrons in each orbit have definite energy, which increases as the
distance of the orbit from the nucleus increases.
- As long as the electron stays in its orbit; there is no absorption of emission
of energy.
When an electron of an element absorbs extra energy (from a flame or
electric arc), this electron moves to a higher energy level.
At this point the electron is at its excited state. Once excited, the atom is
Unstable. The same electron can return to Elower energy levels releasing
energy in the form of light with particular color and a definite energy or
wavelength.
When an electron returns to a lower energy level, energy is emitted in the
form of light.
Electron Configuration
- The distribution of electrons in specific energy levels/orbitals around the
nucleus.
Energy Levels =
MAPEH (MUSIC)
INDIA
- is the largest country in South Asia.
- Its music is as vast as its geographic location and as large as its
demographic population.
- reflects different aspects of Asian culture through its timbre, rhythm,
melody, texture, form and style.
- sources of spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and entertainment.
VOCAL MUSIC
- India's classical music tradition, includes Carnatic and Hindustani music
- .Music of India also includes several types of folk and popular music.
Sama Veda,
- a sacred text
- sung as Samagana and not chanted.
- is the third of the four Vedas of Hinduism but ranks next to Rig Veda
(Rigveda) in terms of its sanctity and liturgical importance.
Rig Veda
- sung in the Samagana traditional singing style.
- counted as first among the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism known
as Vedas.
- ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns.
- Some of its verses are still recited as Hindu prayers at religious functions
and other occasions.
Characteristics of Traditional Music from India:
1. Carnatic music
- refers to music from South India
- directed to a Hindu god, which is why it is called “temple music”
- unified where schools are based on the same ragas, same solo instruments
(veena, flute, violin) and the same rhythm instrument (mridangam and
ghatam)
2. Hindustani music
- further developed in the 13th and 14th centuries AD with Persian
influences and from existing religious and folk music
predominantly found in the northern and central regions
- influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical Vedic
religion/Vedic philosophy, native Indian sounds and enriched by the
Persian performance practices of the Mughal era
- Nasal singing is observed in their vocal music
- in North India, the most common style of singing is called khyal, a word
which means imagination
Classification of Musical Instruments from India:
1. Ghan
- described as a non-membranous percussive instrument but with solid
resonators.
- one of the oldest class of instrument in India.
- It may also be a melodic instrument or instruments to keep tal.
Examples Of Ghan Instruments
1. Ghatam
- large, narrow-mouthed earthenware water pot used as a percussion
instrument in India.
- Unlike other Indian percussion Instruments,
2. khartal or kartal
- is a percussion instrument of India.
- is an ancient Instrument mainly used in devotional/ folk songs.
- It has derived its name from Sanskrit words "kara' meaning hand and 'tala'
meaning clapping.
3. Manjira
- (also spelled manjira or manjeera). jalra, or gini is a pair of clash cymbals,
originating in the Indian subcontinent,
- make high- pitched percussion sounds.
- it consists of a pair of small hand cymbals.
4. Nout(a.k.a. Nuht)
- is a small pot used in Kashmir as a percussion instrument.
- It may be thought of as a north Indian ghatam.
1. 1-on-1 Interview
Collects data directly from the interviewee
Personal approach
Gathers highly personalized data
Data is difficult to process and time consuming
Informal
Unstructured
Conversational
Spontaneous
2. Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
3-10 people plus moderator
Common denominator for all the members
Direct Observation/Observational study
1. Naturalistic Observation
- observing people’s behavior which it typically occurs
a. disguised naturalistic observation
b. undisguised naturalistic observation
Document Analysis
Reviewing or evaluating documents both electronic and printed materials
Requires data to be examined and interpreted
Often used in combination with other qualitative research methods as a
means of triangulation
How to write an Introduction
What is an introduction/background of the study?
It is where you set up your topic and approach the reader
It has several key goals
Present your topic and get the reader interested
Provide background or summarize existing research
Steps in writing an introduction
Use deductive methos in writing
General to specific
1. Set the Background and Context
2. Present the research gap – is defined as the missing piece in a research or study
that has not been explored (Ed Padma, 2020)
3. Discuss the goal of the research
4. Present the rationale of the research – refers to the importance of your study.
Or the justify why you need to push through with the study
Hypotheses
Ho: There is no significant difference….
Ha: There is a significant difference…
Filipino
Anyo ng kontemporaryong panitikan
1. Pahayagan
A. Broadsheet – pinaka karaniwang pormat ng pahayagan
binibigyan diin ang mga malalim na sakop ng alita
B. Tabloid – isang uri ng pahayagan na mas makitid
ang kuwento/balita ay mas maikli
lapastangan ang estilo ng kanilang pagsulat ng balita
Mga Bahagi ng Pahayagan
Pangalan – pahayagan na magiging pagkakakilanlan dito at matatagpuan sa itaas
bahagi ng unang pahina
Pagmukhang Pahina – ulo ng balita o pinakatampok at pangunahing balita.
Pangulong Tudling o Editoryal – kuro-kuro ng editor o patnugot ng pahayagn ukol
sa mga napapanahong isyu
Lathalain – Mababasa rito ang iba’t ibang artikulo ng iba’t ibang manunulat
Pitak – kinapapalooban ng mga opinion at pagmamasid ay isang palagian o
regular na manunulat ng pahayagan
Balitang Pambansa – naganap, nagaganap at magaganap sa loob ng bansa
Balitang pandaigdig - naganap, nagaganap at magaganap sa labas ng bansa
Balitang Kalakalan – ukol sa Negosyo, pananalapi o iba pang kaugnayan ng
ekonomiya ng bansa
Libangan – artista, pelikula, tanghalan at iba pang sangay ng sining
Balitang Pampalakasan – tungkol sa paligsahan at iba pang larangan ng isports
Anunsyong Klasipikado – ukol sa paghahanap ng trabaho, mga uri ng serbisyo,
paupahang bahay at iba pa.
Obitwaryo – pangalan ng mga yumao o patay na at iba pang impormasyon
tungkol sa kanila
2. Komiks – isang grapikong midyum kung saan ang salita at larawan ay ginagamit
upang ihatid ang isang salaysay o kuwento
Mga Bahagi ng Komiks
1. Kuwadro – tagpo ng kuwento (frame)
2. Kahon ng salaysay – maikling salaysay tungkol sa tagpo
3. Lobo ng usapan – usapan ng tauhan
4. Larawang guhit ng mg tauhan
5. Pamagat ng Kuwento
3. Magasin
Liwayway – maikling kuwento at sunod-sunod na mga nobela
FHM (For Him) – mapag usapan ng mga kalakihan
bahay, pag-ibig, kagandahan at iba.
Cosmopolitan – magasin pangkababaihan
pinakamainit na isyu sa kalusugan, kagandahan, kultura at aliwan.
Good HouseKeeping – para sa abalng ina
gawin ang mga responsibilidad at magin mabuting may bahay
Yes Magazine – balitang showbiz
Metro Magazine – tungkol sa fashion, mga pangyayari, shopping at isyu hinggil sa
kagandahan
Candy Magazine – kagustuhan at suliranin ng kabataan.
Gawa ng mga batang manunulat na mas nakaka intindi sa sitwasyon ng mga
mambabasa
Men’s Health – tungkol sa isyu ng mga kalakihan sa kanilang kalusugan
Pag eehersisyo, pagbawas timbang, mga pagsusuri sa mental at pisikal ba
kalusugan
T3 Magazine – tungkol sa gadget
Pinakahuling pagbabago sa teknolohiya
Entrepreneur Magazine – tungkol sa may Negosyo o nais magtayo ng Negosyo
Antas ng Wika
Di-pormal
- karaniwan, palasak, pang araw-araw, ginagamit sa pakikipag usap at
pakikipagtalastasan
Salitang Balbal
- Slang
- Sariling codes, pinakamababang antas ng wika
- Singaw ng panahon
- Ginagamit sa lansangan
Mga proseso sa pagbou ng salitang balbal
Katutubo o Lalawiganin
- Bayot
- Gurang
Kahulugan sa salitang tagalog
- Alat-pulis
- Hiyas-virginity
Pagbabaligtad/Melatesis
- Astig-tigas
- Nosi ba lasi-sino ba sila
Paggamit ng Bilang
- 143-Iloveyou
- 424- miss na kita
Wikang Banyaga
- Indian-hindi sumipot
- Salvage-pinatay
Pagpapaikli/Reduksyon
- Munti-muntinlupa
- Kano-amercano
Pagpapalit Pantig
- Bakla-jokla
- Mabaho-majoho
Paggamit ng akronim
- JGH-just got home
- OOTD-outfit of the day
Paghahalo ng wika
- Maka recover raka
- Ang haba ng hair mo
Pandaragdag
- Puti-isPUTIng
- Malay-MALAYsia
Kumbinasyon
- Dead-dedo
- Cry-crayola
Lalawiganin
- Gamitin sa particular na pook o lalawigan
- Salitain ng mga katutubo
- Isang palatandaan ng lalawiganing tatak ay ang punto o accent
- Hindi pamilyar gamitin sa ibang lugar
Kolokyal
- Pang araw araw na salita
- May kagaspangan ngunit maaring repinado batay sa nagsasalita
Pormal
- Standard at kinikilala ng makarami
Pambansa
- Ginagamit ng manunulat ng aklat
- Pambalarila para sa paaralan at pamahalaan
- Ginagamit sap ok o centro ng sibilasyon at kalakalan
- Pag describe nga isang tao
Panretorika
- Ginagamit nga malikhain na manunulat
- Gumagamit ng talinghaga, idyoma, tayutay at iba pang tono, tema at
punto
- Pinakamayamg antas ng wika
- Mabulak ang dila
- Di-maliparang uwak
Ang Pagkaiba ng “Ng” at “Nang”
Ng
- Sumasagot sa tanong na ano at nino
Nang
- Paikliin ang salitang “na” at “ng”
Mga gamit ng “ng”
Una, ginagamit kasunod ng pang uring pamilang
Pangalawa, ginagamit sa mga pangngalan
Pangatlo, ginagamit upang magsasaad ng magmamay-ari
Pang apat, ginagamit kapag sinusundan na salita ay pang uri
At sa wakas, ginagamit bilang pananda ng pandiwa sa pangungusap
Nang
Una, maaring gamitin sa gitnang pandiwang inuulit
Pangalawa, ginagamit ang “nang” pampalit sa ‘na’ at ‘ng’, ‘na’ at ‘ang’, ‘na’
at ‘na’ sa pangungusap
At sa wakas, ginagamit para magsaad ng dahilan o kilos ng galaw
2. Layunin
- Gustong sabhin ng nasa likod nga dokumentaryo
- Irekord ang panlipunang kaganapan na itinuturing nila namahalagang
maipaalam sa lipunan
3. Anyo
- Nahugis habang nasa proses
- Diskusyon ay orihinal
- Tunog at tanawin ay pinpili akma sa karapat dapat dito
- Iskrip at aksyon ay mula sa umiiral na mga pangyayari
4. Estilo at/o Teknik
- Tanawin ng bawat pagkuha ng kamera at sa panahon ng page edit nito
- Non actors o mga taong walang anomang karakter ang mahalagang
sangkap
5. Uri ng karanasan
- Astetiko at epekto
- Hind mag pokus sa artista kundi sa paksa nito
- Alamin ng manunoud ang kanilang layunin
Ika 17 na siglo
Binubou ng mga:
a. mangangalakal
b. banker (nagmamayari ng bangko)
c, mga ship owner (nagmamayari ng barko)
d. mga pangunahing mamumuhunan
e. mga negosyante
Sa Ika 17 at 18 na siglo
1. Konstitusyonalidad – isang kondisyon kung saaan ang grupo at tao ay kumikilos
batay sa konstitusyon
a. Likas na Karapatan – universal na Karapatan
b. Banal na karapatn – hindi nagpapasailalim sa kapangyarihan ng hari dahil sa
Diyos sila nanalig
Negosyante
Henry Sy- Chinese-filipino entrepreneur and founder of SM group
Tony Tan Caktiong – Founder of Jollibee 1978
Edgar “Injap” Sia II: Mangi nasal founder 2003
Impluwensya ng bourgeoisie
A. pamahalaan
B. Paggawa at Pagpatupad ng patakaran
C. Hultura
Jean Jacques Rosseau
Voltaire
Denise Diderot
National Monarchy – pamaraan sa Europe noong 13 na siglo kung saan may hari
Ano ang ginagampanan ng Hari upang lumakas and Europe ?
Ng paglakas ng bourgeoisie at paggamit ng merkantilismo ang nagging daan
upang bumalik ang kapangyarihan ng hari
Rebolusyong Industriyal
- Taong 1700 at 1800 ang malaking pagbago sa agricultural and industriya sa
Europe at united states
- Nagging Malaki at mabilis ang produksyon
- Nagging daan upang magkaroon ng malaing kita at mapaunlad ang kanilang
pamumuhay
George Washington Carver 1864-1943
- Itinaguyod ang siyentipikong pamaraan ng agricultural
- Tinuruan ang mga magsasaka ng crop rotation
Thomas Newcomen 1664-1729
- Naimbento ng isang steam engine na pinaandar ng artificial pump (1700)
James Watt 1736-18-18
- Pinagbuti naman ni james ang steam engine ni newcomen (1763)
Robert Fulton 1765-1815
- Isang amerkaning imbentor nakabou ng isang steam boat (clement)
Alessandro Volta !745-1827
- Italyanong propessor na nakaimbento ng baterya na kayang tumustus ng
sapat na elektrisidad
Andre Ampere 1775-1836
- Isang pranses na nagpanukala ng prinsipyo at nagsasaad epekto ng
magneto sa electric current
Alexander Grahambell 1847-1922
- Isang propesor sa boston na nakatuklas ng telepono (1876)
Concession
- Nagaganap sa pagitan ng mahina at makapangyarihang bansa
- Ang mahinang bansa ay nagbubigay ng especial na karapatang pang
negosyo sa makapangyarihang bansa
- Gaya ng karapatan sa paggamit ng kanilang daongan o likas na yaman
Sphere of Influence
- Isang bansa na hindi ganap na nasakop ng mga dayuhan
- Ngnunit may kontrol at eksklusibong karapatan sa ilang bahagi ng kanilang
lupain ang mga dayuhan
English
Bias
- Refers to the author’s his/her own opinion
- A particular issue without examining and presenting enough evidence
- Influenced by personal beliefs, culture, attitudes, preferences and past
experiences
- In favor or against one thing
- Unfair
- Favoritism
- Lack of neutral viewpoint
To recognize bias one must consider the following
1. Look for loaded words.
- Words filled with emotion
- Positive or negative can reveal an author’s opinion
2. Watch out for stereotypes
- When the author labels the entire group
3. Notice vague languages or generalization
- The author is not using specific language of words
4. Look for one-sided argument
- The author presents only one side of the argument
Propagnda
- The spreading of information with the purpose of influencing feelings or
actions
- True or false, just or not
Types of propaganda
1. Name Calling
- Trash talking another product or person
- Rejecting and condemning without thoroughly examining the product
2. Glittering Generalities
- Words of phrases
3. Transfer
- A person imagines himself as part of the picture
- Symbol that carries respect, authority, sanction and prestige
4. Testimonial
- A political endorsement
- Respected or hated celebrity is used to advertise
- Used to convince us without thoroughly examining the product
5. Plain Folks
- An idea is good because they are the same ideas of the vast majority like
yourself
6. Card Stacking
- Uses only positive qualities and ignores the negative
- Use selected information
- Not complete story
7. Bandwagon
- Uses the target’s desire to be included
- To not miss out n what everyone else is doing
Issue
- Important topic that people on the society discuses or argues about
Common Issues on Society
1. Social Issue
- Prevent society from functioning at most desired level
- A problem that influences many individuals in the society
An Issue becomes asocial issue under these circumstances
1. The issue involves people on the society
2. The public, as a whole recognizes the situation as a problem
3. The situation can be alleviated through joint actions of the citizen
Other examples:
Racial Discrimination
Poverty, unemployment, loneliness
2. Moral Issue
- Different beliefs and not a matter of preference
How can something be a moral Issue:
Guilt
Shame
Disgust
Anger
3. Economic Issue
- Scarcity or indequency
- Limited resources are able to meet wants and needs
Examples:
Overpopulation
Pandemic
Inflation
1. Heritage
- Something handed down from the past
2. Diverse
- Dissimilar or unlike
- Many and different
- Wide variety of things
3. Literature
- Body of written works
- Reflects background of certain culture
Three Primary Forms of Literature
Poetry
- Most intense form of writing
- Expresses emotion and thought
- Relies on figurative language, rhythm and imaginary to relay the readers
Primary Sub genres of poetry
Songs and Ballads
Lyrics
Epic
Dramatic
Narrative
Prose
- Most common form of writing
- Resembles everyday speech
- Straight forward, utilizes figurative language, dialogue, characters and
imaginary
Fiction Sub genres
Novel
Short Story
Myth and legends
Non-fiction sub genres
Essay
Autobiography
Diaries and Journals
Drama
- Performed in front of an audience
- Has dialogues and impersonate actors
- Divided into scenes
- Relies on props or imaginative dialogue
Primary Sub genre of drama
Tragedy
Comedy
History
Cohesion
- How well parts of your text fit together
- Get your point clear
Paragraph Cohesion
- Sentences arranged logically
- Clear transitions
- Connects ideas from different parts of text
Types of Cohesive Devices
A. Conjunctions
- Group of words used to connect words or phrases in a sentence
- “and”, “but”, ‘or”, “on the other hand”, “on the one hand”
Types of Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
- Most common type
- Grammatically equal
- Not at the beginning or the end
- For, nor, and, yet, so
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
- Used to link clauses together
- Introduce a dependent clause
- Relationship between dependent and independent clause
- While, as soon as, although, no matter, whether, unless
3. Corelative Conjunctions
- Conjunctions used to join equal sentence elements together
- Either….or, both….and, neither…nor
B. Pronouns
- Are used to replace nouns
- Avoid using too much pronouns
C. Prepositions
- Relationship between other words in a sentence
- Directions
- Time
- Location
- Special relationship
- Abstract type of relationship
D. Adverbs
- Used to show order, contrast and such
- Adverbial conjunctions
Adding something
- Also, besides, finally, furthermore, In addition
Comparing Something
- Also, as well, alike, similarly
Contrasting
- At the same time, despite that, even though, however
Emphasizing
- Certainly, definitely, indeed, in fact
Giving Example
- For instance, to illustrate, in other words, namely, specifically
Showing Equality
- As….as, both…and, either….or, neither….nor
Summarizing Concluding
- In conclusion, finally, in short, to put it simply
Parallel Structure
- Construction of the same elements that are the same function
Parallelism
- Phrases in a sentence have similar or the same grammatical structure
- Balance and clarity
Rules to consider in Parallel structure
1. Parallel structure to be used when elements are joined by coordinating
conjunctions
2. Parallel structures should be used when writing elements in the format of a list
3. Parallel Structure should be used when comparing or contrasting elements (A is
better than B or X is less than Y)
MAPEH (MUSIC)
INDIA
- is the largest country in South Asia.
- Its music is as vast as its geographic location and as large as its
demographic population.
- reflects different aspects of Asian culture through its timbre, rhythm,
melody, texture, form and style.
- sources of spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and entertainment.
VOCAL MUSIC
- India's classical music tradition, includes Carnatic and Hindustani music
- .Music of India also includes several types of folk and popular music.
Sama Veda,
- a sacred text
- sung as Samagana and not chanted.
- is the third of the four Vedas of Hinduism but ranks next to Rig Veda
(Rigveda) in terms of its sanctity and liturgical importance.
Rig Veda
- sung in the Samagana traditional singing style.
- counted as first among the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism known
as Vedas.
- ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns.
- Some of its verses are still recited as Hindu prayers at religious functions
and other occasions.
Characteristics of Traditional Music from India:
1. Carnatic music
- refers to music from South India
- directed to a Hindu god, which is why it is called “temple music”
- unified where schools are based on the same ragas, same solo instruments
(veena, flute, violin) and the same rhythm instrument (mridangam and
ghatam)
2. Hindustani music
- further developed in the 13th and 14th centuries AD with Persian
influences and from existing religious and folk music
predominantly found in the northern and central regions
- influenced by ancient Hindu musical traditions, historical Vedic
religion/Vedic philosophy, native Indian sounds and enriched by the
Persian performance practices of the Mughal era
- Nasal singing is observed in their vocal music
- in North India, the most common style of singing is called khyal, a word
which means imagination
Classification of Musical Instruments from India:
1. Ghan
- described as a non-membranous percussive instrument but with solid
resonators.
- one of the oldest class of instrument in India.
- It may also be a melodic instrument or instruments to keep tal.
Examples Of Ghan Instruments
1. Ghatam
- large, narrow-mouthed earthenware water pot used as a percussion
instrument in India.
- Unlike other Indian percussion Instruments,
2. khartal or kartal
- is a percussion instrument of India.
- is an ancient Instrument mainly used in devotional/ folk songs.
- It has derived its name from Sanskrit words "kara' meaning hand and 'tala'
meaning clapping.
3. Manjira
- (also spelled manjira or manjeera). jalra, or gini is a pair of clash cymbals,
originating in the Indian subcontinent,
- make high- pitched percussion sounds.
- it consists of a pair of small hand cymbals.
4. Nout(a.k.a. Nuht)
- is a small pot used in Kashmir as a percussion instrument.
- It may be thought of as a north Indian ghatam.
1. Shank
- It is the shell of a large predatory sea snall, Turbinella pyrum,found in the
Indian Ocean
2. Bansuri
- is a side blown flute originating from the Indian subcontinent.
- aerophone produced from bamboo, used in Hindustani classical music.
- Other names: Baanhi, Baashi, Bansi, Basari, Classification: woodwind
instrument
3. Shehnal
- double-reed conical oboe of North India.
- is made of wood, except for a flaring metal bell attached to the bottom of
the instrument, and measures about 12-20 inches (30-50 cm) in length,
with six to eight keyless finger holes along its body.
4. shruti box (sruti box or surpeti)
- is an instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent, that traditionally
works on a system of bellows.
4.Tat
- referred to as vina during the old civilization.
- This class of instruments are plucked (stringed instruments)
Examples of Tat Instruments
1.Sitar (English: /stta:/ or /sx'to:/: far, Punjabi: fra, sitara pronounced [sx'tar])
- is a plucked stringed instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent,
used in Hindustani classical music.
2. Gutovadyam
- also known as veena (IAST: vīņā) comprises a family of chordophone
instruments from the Indian subcontinent.
3. Ektar or gopi yantra
- is a very simple folk instrument mainly played by Baul singers in Bengal.
- single string is plucked openly with one finger or a plectrum.
- pitch can be lowered considerably by pressing both halves of the forked
bamboo neck together, thus reducing the tension of the string.
4. Gopichand like the ektara
- is a one-string instrument used in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.
- the gopichand and ektara is a regular string instrument of wandering bards
and minstrels from India and is plucked with one finger.
5. Rabab.
- rose to the zenith of fame in the sixteenth century and remained there as
the most popular string Instrument along with the rudra veena till the
eighteenth century
5. Vitat
- described as bowed stringed instruments.
- One of the oldest classifications of instruments and yet did not occupy a
place in classical Indian music until the last few centuries.
Examples of Vitat Instruments
1. Banam
- is a class of folk fiddles found among the Santal people of North East
2. Esraj
- is an Indian stringed instrument found in two forms throughout the Indian
subcontinent.
- being only about 300 years old.
- It is found in North India, primarily Punjab, where it is used in Sikh music
3. Chikara
- is a simple spike fiddle played, similarly to the sarangi or sarinda, by sliding
fingernails on the strings rather than pressing them to touch the
fingerboard. It has 3 strings, two horse hair and one steel, in 3 courses and
is tuned C, F, G
4. Sarangi
- is a bowed stringed instrument with a skin-covered resonator.
- sarangl is made by hand, usually from a single block of wood.
- The four playing strings on this instrument are made of goat gut, and the
seventeen sympathetic strings are made of steel.
TALA
Rhythm plays an important role in Indian music. It is fundamental to the creation
of any musical system
Tala
- literally meaning 'clap: variously transliterated as "tal", "taal" or "taala" is a
regular, repeating rhythmic phrase, particularly as rendered on a percussive
instrument with an ebb and flow of various intonations represented as a
"theka"
- is the common Indian system of rhythm
Theka
- a sequence of drum-syllables or "bol" in Indian classical music, both
Hindustani classical music and Camatic music use complex rules to create
elaborate patterns of rhythm
Tabla
- most common instrument for keeping rhythm in Hindustani music
Mridangam
- most common instrument for keeping rhythm in Camatic music
- also transliterated as "mridang"
Pakistan
- Pakistan is known for its unique vocals.
- Though Pakistan is part of South Asia, its western part is considered as
extended Central Asia.
Vocal Music of Pakistan
1. Ghazal
- Expression of love, separation, and loneliness
- The pain of loss of a lover and the beauty in spite of the pain
- Structural requirements are more strict
- Can be sung for both men and women
2. Qawwali
- Devotional music of the chisti order
- Vibrant music stretches back in 700 years
- Performed at sufi shrines
Instrumental music of Pakistan
Punjabi music
- Strengthens the importance of music in Pakistan
- Region in south asia
Significant Instruments of Pakistan
1. Tabla
- Membranophone percussion instrument
- Used in traditional, classical, popular and folk music
- Hollowed wood or clay or brass
- Daya drum laced with hoops
- Thongs and wooden dowels on the side
2. Dholak
- Folk instrument
- Playing techniques o table
- High pitched depending on the size
- Related to the larger dhol and smaller dholki
3. Rubab
- National musical instruments of Afghanistan
- Rebab ‘played with a bow’
- However, it is plucked
4. Harmonium
- “melodeon”, “reed organ” or “pump organ
- Keyboard instrument that is a lot like an organ
- Makes sound by blowing air through reeds
Music of West Asia Israel
- Is modal
- Harmony not emphasized
Commonly used during
- Communal worship
- Mystic rituals
- Life passage events
- Entertainment
Vocal Music of Israel and Arabia
a. Israeli Music
- Sing with guttural and throaty enunciation
Two divisions of jewish music
1. Devotional
- Almost entirely vocal
- Featured during sabbath and other holy days
- The art of hazan been evident in the culture
- Shofar is a special call to prayer and repentence
2. Secular
- Instruments and voice are used
- Played during life passage events
- Context lies outside religious domain
- Very rhythmic and have popular and romantic texts
B. Arabis Music
- Technique of improvisation
1. Wazn
- Means measure
- Goblet drum, frame drum, and kettle drum
2. Iqa
- Rhythmic pattern in arabian music
- 100 iqa
- Rarely used in performance
- Greates varitiesranges from 48 beats
- Used in muwashahat where every syllables of the lyric must fall on beat
Instrumental music of Israel
- Bandurria and laud traces is its origin is middle eastern
- Goblet drum, darbuk, the tambourine and other instruments associated
with middle eastern music
Significan Instruments of Israel
1. Jewish Lyre
- Ancient Hebrew lyre
- Musical instrument of king David
2. Psalterion Harp – Psalter, ( from Greek psalterion: “harp”
- Musical instruments having plucked
- Horsehair
- Strings are open none being stopped to produce
Rosh Hashanah is the day of shofar
The day of the sounding (Yom Teruah)
Other Significant Instruments in arab Countries
1. Goblet or drubuka
- Hourglass shaped drum
- Stretched tight with rope or leather things or even nails
2. Toft (Bendir)
- Bendir means big hand frame drum
- Kept vertical by inserting the thumb to the left hand in special holes
Other Significant Middle eastern intsruments
1. Oud
- Short neck lute type, pear shaped stringed instrument
- 11 strings grouped in 6 courses but some have 7 or 5 with 10 or 13 strings
respectively
2. Darbuka drums
- Modern variation of doumbek
- Smaller than doumbek (9-16 inches tall)
- Made of copper or aluminum
- Drum head easier to access
MAPEH (Arts)