AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION

REGULATION - 2023

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

MATLAB OBSERVATION

FIRST YEAR B.E/B.Tech Degree Courses

(Common to all branches) –Semester I

Course Name: MATRICES AND CALCULUS-LAB INTEGRATED

Course Code: 231MA101

1
 Matrices and Calculus - Lab Integrated

Page Remarks
Course No.
Sl.No. Name of Experiment
Outcome

SEMESTER - 1

1 Finding the coefficients of characteristic

CO1
polynomials.
Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a
CO1
2 given matrix.
3 Diagonalization of a real asymmetric matrix by
CO1
orthogonal transformation.
Reduction of Quadratic form to a canonical
4 CO1
form
5 Verification of Cayley-Hamilton theorem and its
CO1
applications
6 Solving First order partial differential equations CO3

To find the extreme values of a function of two

7 variables. CO3

Partial derivatives of a function at a given point,

Jacobian of several variables and expansion of a
8 CO3
function in power series using Taylor’s formula

Maxima minima of the given function by the

9 CO3
Lagrangian multiplier method.

2
1.FINDING THE COEFFICIENTS OF CHARACTERISTIC
POLYNOMIALS.

Aim: To find the coefficient of polynomial

MATLAB CODE:
clc

clear all

format compact

A = input("Enter the matrix A;")

Characteristic_Polynomial=poly(A);

disp("The coefficient of Characteristic_Polynomial are ")

disp(Characteristic_Polynomial)

3
Output

4
2. FINDING THE EIGEN VALUES AND EIGEN VECTORS OF A GIVEN
MATRIX.
Aim: To find the eigen values and eigen vectors of a matrix
MATLAB CODE
clc
clear all
format compact
A = input('Enter the matrix A')
Characteristic_Polynomial=poly(A);
Characterstic_Roots =poly(A);
Eigen_values_of_A=eig(A);
[X,D]=eig(A);
disp('The eigen values of A')
disp(eig(A))
disp('The eigen vectors for the corresponding eigenvalues')
disp(X)

5
Output

6
3 . DIAGONALIZATION OF A REAL SYMMETRIC MATRIX BY
ORTHOGONAL TRANFORMATION

Aim: Reduce the real symmetric matrix to diagonal matrix by using orthogonal
transformation.

MATLAB Code
clc
clear all
format compact
A=input('Enter the matrix A:');
disp('Coefficient of Characteristic Polynomial ')
p=poly(A);
disp('Eigen Values of A:')
E=round(eig(A));
[r,c]=size(A);
[X,D]=eig(A);
disp('The eigen vectors for the corresponding eigenvalues')
disp(round(X))
% Diagonalization of the real symmetric matrix A having distinct eigenvalues by
orthogonal transformation
for i=1:r x=X(:,i);
u(:,i)=x/norm(x);
end
disp('Normalised modal matrix')
N=u(:,1:r);
disp(N)
disp('D=transpose(N)*A*N');
D=(N)'*A*(N);
disp('D =')
disp(round(D));
D1=round(D);
disp('Thus A is reduced to the diagonal matrix D,whose diagonal elements are
eigen values of the matrix A.');

7
Output

8
4. REDUCTION OF QUADRATIC FORM TO A CANONICAL FORM AND
FINDING NATURE, INDEX, SIGNATURE AND RANK

Aim:To find nature, index, rank & signature of the given form

MATLAB code:

clc
clear
syms y1 y2 y3
format compact
a11=input('Enter coefficient of x^2:');
a12=input('Enter coefficient of xy/2:');
a13=input('Enter coefficient of xz/2:');
a21=input('Enter coefficient of yx/2:');
a22=input('Enter coefficient of y^2:');
a23=input('Enter coefficient of yz/2:');
a31=input('Enter coefficient of zx/2:');
a32=input('Enter coefficient of zy/2:');
a33=input('Enter coefficient of z^2:');
A=[a11 a12 a13;a21 a22 a23;a31 a32 a33]
%A=input('Enter the matrix A:')
Y=[real(y1); real(y2); real(y3)];
[r,c]=size(A);
[X,D]=eig(A);
disp('The eigen vectors for the corresponding eigenvalues')
disp(round(X))
% Diagonalization of the real symmetric matrix A having distinct eigenvalues by
orthogonal transformation
for i=1: r,
x=X(:,i);
u(:,i)=x/norm(x);

9
end
disp('Orthogonal matrix associated with A is the matrix')
P1=u(:,1: r);
disp(round(P1))
disp('D=transpose(P1)*A*P1');
D=(P1)'*A*(P1);
disp('D =')
disp(round(D));
D1=round(D);
disp('Thus A is reduced to the diagonal matrix D through P1 by orthogonal
transformation.');
disp('Canonical Form = transpose(Y)*D*Y ');
Canonical_form=Y'*D1*Y
%Nature of the quadratic form
B=eig(A)
n=length(B)
pos = 0;
neg = 0;
zro = 0;
for i = 1: n
if(B(i)>0)
pos=pos+1;
else if(B(i)<0)
neg=neg+1;
else
zr0=zro+1;
end
end
end
pos
neg

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zro
disp('Nature of the quadratic form')
if(pos==n)
disp('POSITIVE DEFINITE')
else if(neg==n)
disp('NEGATIVE DEFINITE')
else if(pos<n&&zro>=1)
disp('POSITIVE SEMI-DEFINITE')
else if(neg<n&&zro>=1)
disp('NEGATIVE SEMI-DEFINITE')
else
disp('indefinite') end
end
end
end
disp('Rank of the quadratic form=')
disp(pos+neg)
disp('Index of the quadratic form=')
disp(pos)
disp('Signature of the quadratic form=')
disp(abs(pos-neg))

11
Output

12
5. VERIFICATION OF CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Aim:
To Verify Cayley – Hamilton theorem and hence find its inverse and
powers.
MATLAB Code:
clear all
clc
format compact
A=input('Enter the matrix A:');
n=length(A);
c=poly(A) %Coefficients of the characteristic polynomial
CHT= polyvalm(c,A)
P=zeros(n,n); % Initialization purpose
for i=1:n+1
P=P+c(i)*A^(n+1-i); % Characteristic equation
end
Determinant=det(A)
if det(A)~= 0
inv_A=zeros(n,n);
pow_A=zeros(n,n);
for j=1:n
inv_A= inv_A - ((1/c(n+1))*(c(j)*A^(n-j)));
pow_A=pow_A-((1/c(1))*(c(j+1)*A^(n+1-j)));
end
inv_A
pow_A
else
for k=1:n
pow_A=pow_A-((1/c(1))*(c(k+1)+A^(n+1-k)));
end
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pow_A
disp( 'A is a singular matrix')
end

14
Output

15
6. SOLVING FIRST ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATION (Method of Multipliers)

Aim: To find the solution of the first order partial differential equation.

MATLAB Code:

clc
clear all
syms P Q R r
P=input("Enter the coefficient of p interms of x,y, z (P) ;")
Q=input("Enter the coefficient of q interms of x,y, z (Q);")
R=input("Enter the coefficient of r interms of x,y, z(R);")
r=simplify(P+Q+R);
r1=simplify(x*P+y*Q+z*R);
r2=simplify(P/x+Q/y+R/z);
r3= simplify(y*P+x*Q+R);
r4= simplify(x*P+y*Q+R);
r5= simplify(P+x*Q+y*R);
r6=simplify(P/(x^2)+Q/(y^2)+R/(z^2));
r7=simplify(2*P+3*Q+4*R);
r8=simplify(l*P+m*Q+n*R);
N=[num];
%num =0;num1=0;num2=0;num3=0;num4=0;num5=0;
if(r==0)
num=int(1, x) +int(1, y) +int(1, z);
N1=[num];
N=[N,N1];
end
if(r1==0)
num1=int(x, x) +int(y, y)+int(z, z);
N1=[num1];
N=[N,N1];
end
if(r2==0)
num2=simplify(exp(int(1/x, x) +int(1/y, y)+int(1/z, z)));
N1=[num2];
N=[N,N1];
end
if(r3==0)
num3=simplify(int(y, x) +int(x, y) +int(1, z))
16
N1=[num3];
N=[N,N1];
end
if(r4==0)
num4=simplify(int(x, x) +int(y, y) +int(1, z));
N1=[num4];
N=[N,N1];
end
if(r5==0)
num5=simplify(int(1, x) +int(y, y) +int(zop, z));
N=[num5];
N=[N,N1]
end
if(r6==0)
num6=simplify((int(1/(x^2), x)+int(1/(y^2),y)+int(1/(z^2),z)));
N=[num6];
N=[N,N1]
end
if(r7==0)
num7=simplify((int(2, x)+int(3,y)+int(4,z)));
N=[num7];
N=[N,N1]
end
if(r8==0)
num8=simplify((int(l, x)+int(m,y)+int(n,z)));
N=[num8];
N=[N,N1]
end
disp("Complete solution")
disp(N)
disp("=0")

17
Output

18
7. MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF A FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES

Aim: To find the extreme values of a function of two variables.

MATLAB Code:

clc
clear all
syms x y real
f=input('Enter the function f(x,y):');
fx=diff(f,x);
fy=diff(f,y);
[ax ay]=solve(fx,fy);
fxx= diff(fx,x);
fxy=diff(fx,y);
fyy=diff(fy,y);
D=fxx*fyy - fxy^2;
Figure
ezsurf(f,[min(double(ax))-.5,max(double(ax))+.5, min(double(ay))-
.5,max(double(ay))+.5]);
colormap winter
shading interp
for i = 1:1:size(ax)
T1=subs(subs(D,x,ax(i)),y,ay(i));
T2=subs(subs(fxx,x,ax(i)),y,ay(i));
T3=subs(subs(f,x,ax(i)),y,ay(i));
if (double(T1) == 0)
sprintf('The point (%d,%d) needs further investigation',
double(ax(i)),double(ay(i)))
elseif (double(T1) < 0)
sprintf('The point (%d,%d) is a saddle point',
double(ax(i)),double(ay(i)))
st = 'y.';
else
if (double(T2) < 0)
sprintf('The maximum value of the function is %d at the point
(%d,%d)',double(T3),double(ax(i)), double(ay(i)))
st = 'r+';
else
sprintf('The minimum value of the function is %d at the point (%d,%d)',
double(T3), double(ax(i)),double(ay(i)))
st = 'k*';
end
end
hold on
19
plot3(double(ax(i)),double(ay(i)),double(T3),st,'markersize',20);
end

20
Output

21
8. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES OF A FUNCTION AT A GIVEN POINT,
JACOBIAN OF SEVERAL VARIABLES AND EXPANSION OF A
FUNCTION IN POWER SERIES USING TAYLOR’S FORMULA

Aim: To find the partial derivatives of a function at a given point, Jacobian of

several variables and Expansion of a function in power series using Taylor’s
formula.

MATLAB Code:

clc
clear all
format compact
syms x y real
f=input('Enter the first function f=');
fx=diff(f,x)
fy=diff(f,y)
fxx=diff(fx,x)
fyy=diff(fy,y)
fxy=diff(fx,y)
f_at_point= subs(f,[x,y],[1,1])
fxx_at_point = subs(fxx,[x,y],[1,1])
fxy_at_point= subs(fxy,[x,y],[1,1])
fy_at_point= subs(fy,[x,y],[1,1])
fyy_at_point= subs(fyy,[x,y],[1,1])
g=input('Enter the second function g=')
J=jacobian([f,g],[x,y])
detJ= simplify(det(J))
disp('Maclaurin series of first function f')
t0=taylor(f,[x,y],[0,0],'order',3)
pretty(t0)
disp('Taylor series of second function f')
t=taylor(f,[x,y],[1,1],'order',3)
pretty(t)

22
Output

23
9. MAXIMA & MINIMA OF GIVEN FUNCTION BY LAGRANGE'S
MULTIPLIER METHOD

Aim: To find the extreme values of a function of two variables with constraints.

MATLAB Code:

clc
clear all
format compact
syms x y lamda
f=input("Enter the function f(x,y)=")
g=input("Enter the Constraint g(x,y)=")
L=f + lamda*g
Lx = diff(L,x)
Ly = diff(L,y)
Llamda = diff(L,lamda) [ax,ay, Llamda]=solve(Lx,Ly,Llamda)
for i=1:length(ax)
d=subs(subs(f,x,ax),y,ay)
sort(d)
end
f_Min=d(1)
f_Max=d(end)

24
Output

25