By – Amresh Tiwari (SGEI)

Simple and interactive

Features of Python Language
Platform independent

Case sensitive

Object oriented

Interpreted language

Uses variable without declaration

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)
 Smallest individual element
/unit of a program is called as
Token.
Tokens

Everything you see inside a

program is a token.
 1. keywords(Reserve words)

2. Identifiers (Names that the programmer

Types Of defines) eg.- Variable

Token 3. Literals(Constants)

4. Operators(Special Symbols that operate on data

and produce results)

5. Delimiters (Grouping, punctuation, and

assignment/binding symbols)
 Literal or Constant
Variable

Operator

Note - A program is defined as a

systematic collection of a token.
Delimeter

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

In programming, a variable is a value that can
change, depending on conditions or on information
passed to the program.

• Variables are the names you give to

computer memory locations

• which are used to store values in a

computer program.

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 Data type identifies the type of data
values a variable can hold and the
operations that can be performed on
that data.
Variables can hold values of different
data types.

Python Data
Python is a dynamically typed language
Types hence we need not define the type of
the variable while declaring it.

The interpreter implicitly binds the value

with its type.

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)
By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)
 Numbers
Python provides
various standard
data types that String

define the storage

method on each of List
them.

The data types Tuple

defined in Python
are- Dictionary

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 int (signed integers like 10, 2, -29, etc.)

Python long (long integers used for a higher

supports 4 range of values like 908090800L, -
0x1929292L, etc.)
types of
numeric data. float (float is used to store floating point
numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc.)

complex (complex numbers like 2.14j,

2.0 + 2.3j, etc.)
 Boolean data type
• Boolean data type (bool) is a subtype of integer.
• It is a unique data type, consisting of two constants, True and
False.
• Boolean True value is non-zero, non-null and non-empty.
Boolean False is the value zero.
• Eg. >>> var1 = True
>>> type(var1)
<class 'bool'>
By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)
 Sequence
• A Python sequence is an ordered collection of items, where
each item is indexed by an integer.
• The three types of sequence data types available in Python are
Strings, Lists and Tuples.
• Note:

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 The string can be defined as the
sequence of characters represented
in the quotation marks.

String
In python, we can use single,
double, or triple quotes to define a
string.

str1 = ”Good Morning” #string str1

Eg.
str2 = ' how are you’ #string str2

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 List is a sequence of items
separated by commas and the
items are enclosed in square
brackets [ ].

List Example #To create a list

>>> list1 = [5, 3.4, "New Delhi", "20C", 45]
#print the elements of the list list1
>>> print(list1)
[5, 3.4, 'New Delhi', '20C', 45]

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 Tuple is a sequence of items
separated by commas and items are
enclosed in parenthesis ( ).

This is unlike list, where values are

Tuple enclosed in brackets [ ]. Once

created, we cannot change the
tuple.

#create a tuple tuple1

>>> tuple1 = (10, 20, "Apple", 3.4, 'a')
Eg. #print the elements of the tuple tuple1
>>> print(tuple1)
(10, 20, "Apple", 3.4, 'a')

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 Set
• Set is an unordered collection of items separated by commas and the items are enclosed in
curly brackets { }.
• A set is similar to list, except that it cannot have duplicate entries.
• Once created, elements of a set cannot be changed.
• Example: #create a set
>>> set1 = {10,20,3.14,"New Delhi"}
>>> print(type(set1))
<class 'set'>
>>> print(set1)
{10, 20, 3.14, "New Delhi"}
#duplicate elements are not included in set
>>> set2 = {1,2,1,3}
>>> print(set2)
{1, 2, 3}

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 None
• None is a special data type with a single value.
• It is used to signify the absence of value in a situation.
• None supports no special operations, and it is neither same as False
nor 0 (zero).
• Example
>>> myVar = None
>>> print(type(myVar))
<class 'NoneType'>
>>> print(myVar)
None

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 Mapping
• Mapping is an unordered data type in Python.
• Currently, there is only one standard mapping data type in
Python called dictionary.

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 Dictionary
• Dictionary in Python holds data items in key-value pairs.
• Items in a dictionary are enclosed in curly brackets { }.
• Dictionaries permit faster access to data.
• Every key is separated from its value using a colon (:) sign. The
key : value pairs of a dictionary can be accessed using the key.
• The keys are usually strings and their values can be any data
type.
• In order to access any value in the dictionary, we have to
specify its key in square brackets [ ].

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 Dictionary…
Example
#create a dictionary
>>> dict1 = {'Fruit':'Apple', 'Climate':'Cold', 'Price(kg)':120}
>>> print(dict1)
{'Fruit': 'Apple', 'Climate': 'Cold', 'Price(kg)': 120}
>>> print(dict1['Price(kg)'])
120

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 Mutable and Immutable Data Types
• Variables whose values can be changed after they are created
and assigned are called mutable.
• Variables whose values cannot be changed after they are
created and assigned are called immutable.
• When an attempt is made to update the value of an immutable
variable, the old variable is destroyed and a new variable is
created by the same name in memory.

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

Mutable and Immutable Data Types

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 • Python enables us to check the type of the
variable used in the program.
• Python provides us the type() function
which returns the type of the variable
passed.

type() • Eg. A=10

function b=“Jai Hind"

c = 10.5
print(type(a));
print(type(b));
print(type(c));
 Assignment…
• Which data type will be used to represent the following data
values and why?
a) Number of months in a year
b) Resident of Delhi or not
c) Mobile number
d) Pocket money
e) Volume of a sphere
f) Perimeter of a square
g) Name of the student
h) Address of the student
By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)
 Assignment…
• Give the output of the following when num1 = 4, num2 = 3, num3 = 2
a) num1 += num2 + num3
print (num1)
b) num1 = num1 ** (num2 + num3)
print (num1)
c) num1 **= num2 + num3
d) num1 = '5' + '5'
print(num1)
e) num1 = 24 // 4 // 2
print(num1)

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 DEBUGGING
• A programmer can make mistakes while writing a program, and
hence, the program may not execute or may generate wrong
output.
• The process of identifying and removing such mistakes, also known
as bugs or errors, from a program is called debugging.
• Errors occurring in programs can be categorized as:
i) Syntax errors
ii) Logical errors
iii) Runtime errors

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 i) Syntax errors
• Like other programming languages, Python has its own rules
that determine its syntax.
• The interpreter interprets the statements only if it is
syntactically (as per the rules of Python) correct.
• For example, parentheses must be in pairs, so the expression
(10 + 12) is syntactically correct, whereas (7 + 11 is not due to
absence of right parenthesis.

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)

 ii) Logical errors
• A logical error is a bug in the program that causes it to behave
incorrectly.
• A logical error produces an undesired output but without abrupt
termination of the execution of the program.
• Logical errors are also called semantic errors as they occur when
the meaning of the program (its semantics) is not correct.
• For example, if we wish to find the average of two numbers 10 and
12 and we write the code as 10 + 12/2, it would run successfully
and produce the result 16. Surely, 16 is not the average of 10 and
12.
By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)
 iii) Runtime errors
• A runtime error causes abnormal termination of program while
it is executing.
• Runtime error is when the statement is correct syntactically,
but the interpreter cannot execute it.
• Runtime errors do not appear until after the program starts
running or executing.
• For example, we have a statement having division operation in
the program. By mistake, if the denominator entered is zero
then it will give a runtime error like “division by zero”.
By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)
 Exercise
• Categorise the following as syntax error, logical error or
runtime error:
a) 25 / 0
b) num1 = 25; num2 = 0; num1/num2
c) print(“Hello”

By-Amresh Tiwari, Sunbeam Suncity (School & Hostel)