DIFFERENTIABILITY

Dr. Richard Owusu

Department of Mathematics
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Academia: https://knust.academia.edu/RichardOwusu
ResearchGate ID: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Owusu-Richard

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Lecture Outline

1 Introduction

2 Derivatives of elementary functions

3 Differentiation Rules

4 Implicit Differentiation

5 Higher-Order derivatives

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 Introduction

Outline of Presentation

1 Introduction

2 Derivatives of elementary functions

3 Differentiation Rules

4 Implicit Differentiation

5 Higher-Order derivatives

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 Introduction

Introduction
The notion of differentiability is concerned with describing the rate of change
of a quantity relative to another.

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 Introduction

Introduction
The notion of differentiability is concerned with describing the rate of change
of a quantity relative to another.
Suppose the relation is expressed as a function then the derivative describes
the rate of change of the dependent variable relative to the independent
variable.

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 Introduction

Introduction
The notion of differentiability is concerned with describing the rate of change
of a quantity relative to another.
Suppose the relation is expressed as a function then the derivative describes
the rate of change of the dependent variable relative to the independent
variable.
Pictorially, this is the slope/ tangent to the graph of the function at given points.

[email protected] (KNUST-Maths) Differentiability 4 / 45

 Introduction

Introduction
The notion of differentiability is concerned with describing the rate of change
of a quantity relative to another.
Suppose the relation is expressed as a function then the derivative describes
the rate of change of the dependent variable relative to the independent
variable.
Pictorially, this is the slope/ tangent to the graph of the function at given points.
4y y 2 − y 1
Recall that slope = =
4x x 2 − x 1

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 Introduction

Introduction
The notion of differentiability is concerned with describing the rate of change
of a quantity relative to another.
Suppose the relation is expressed as a function then the derivative describes
the rate of change of the dependent variable relative to the independent
variable.
Pictorially, this is the slope/ tangent to the graph of the function at given points.
4y y 2 − y 1
Recall that slope = =
4x x 2 − x 1
The slope of the line passing through the point (x 0 , f (x 0 )) and touching the
graph of f is
f (x) − f (x 0 )
Slope =
x − x0

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 Introduction

Introduction
Definition
Let f (x) be defined at x 0 ∈ (a, b). Then the derivative of f (x) at x 0 denoted by f 0 (x 0 )
is defined by
f (x) − f (x 0 )
f 0 (x 0 ) = lim
x→x 0 x − x0
provided the limit exist.

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 Introduction

Introduction
Definition
Let f (x) be defined at x 0 ∈ (a, b). Then the derivative of f (x) at x 0 denoted by f 0 (x 0 )
is defined by
f (x) − f (x 0 )
f 0 (x 0 ) = lim
x→x 0 x − x0
provided the limit exist.

Suppose x close to x 0 by some small value h , then x = x 0 + h and so we have

f (x 0 + h) − f (x 0 )
f 0 (x 0 ) = lim (1)
h→0 h

provided the limit exist.

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 Introduction

Introduction

Remarks
f (x) − f (x 0 )
1 f 0 (x 0 ) = lim is the derivative of f at x 0 .
x→x 0 x − x0

f (x) − f (x 0 )
2 f 0 (x 0− ) = lim− is the left-derivative of f at x 0 .
x→x 0 x − x0

f (x) − f (x 0 )
3 f 0 (x 0+ ) = lim+ is the right-derivative of f at x 0 .
x→x 0 x − x0

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 Introduction

Introduction

Definition
1 Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function.
2 f is said to be differentiable at x 0 when f 0 (x 0 ) exists.
3 A function f (x) is differentiable in an interval (a, b) if it is differentiable at every
point in (a, b).

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 Introduction

Introduction

Definition
1 Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function.
2 f is said to be differentiable at x 0 when f 0 (x 0 ) exists.
3 A function f (x) is differentiable in an interval (a, b) if it is differentiable at every
point in (a, b).

Notations
The following notations can be used for derivative of f (x)
d f (x)
1) f 0 (x), 2) , 3) D x f (x), 4) D f (x)
dx

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 Introduction

Example
Find the derivative of f (x) = x 2 + 3 at x = 2.

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 Introduction

Example
Find the derivative of f (x) = x 2 + 3 at x = 2.
f (2 + h) − f (2)
We need to determine f 0 (2) = lim .
h→0 h

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 Introduction

Example
Find the derivative of f (x) = x 2 + 3 at x = 2.
f (2 + h) − f (2)
We need to determine f 0 (2) = lim . We have
h→0 h

f (2 + h) − f (2)
f 0 (x 0 ) = lim (2)
h→0 h
2
h + 4h + 4 − 4
= lim (3)
h→0 h
= lim (h + 4) = 4 (4)
h→0

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 Introduction

Example
Show that f (x) = x 3 is differentiable at x = a .

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 Introduction

Example
Show that f (x) = x 3 is differentiable at x = a .
f (a + h) − f (a)
We need to determine f 0 (a) = lim . We have
h→0 h

f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0 (a) = lim
h→0 h

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 Introduction

Example
Show that f (x) = x 3 is differentiable at x = a .
f (a + h) − f (a)
We need to determine f 0 (a) = lim . We have
h→0 h

f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0 (a) = lim
h→0 h
(a + h)3 − a 3
= lim
h→0 h

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 Introduction

Example
Show that f (x) = x 3 is differentiable at x = a .
f (a + h) − f (a)
We need to determine f 0 (a) = lim . We have
h→0 h

f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0 (a) = lim
h→0 h
(a + h)3 − a 3
= lim
h→0 h
a + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h 3 − a 3
3
= lim
h→0 h

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 Introduction

Example
Show that f (x) = x 3 is differentiable at x = a .
f (a + h) − f (a)
We need to determine f 0 (a) = lim . We have
h→0 h

f (a + h) − f (a)
f 0 (a) = lim
h→0 h
(a + h)3 − a 3
= lim
h→0 h
a + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h 3 − a 3
3
= lim
h→0 h
= lim (3a + 3ah + h 2 ) = 3a 2
2 2
h→0

The derivative of a function f at (x 0 , f (x 0 )) is the slope of line through (x 0 , f (x 0 )).

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 Introduction

Example
p
Determine the interval within which f (x) = x − 1 is differentiable.

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 Introduction

Example
p
Determine the interval within which f (x) = x − 1 is differentiable.
f (a + h) − f (a)
We need to determine f 0 (x) = lim and examine the domain. We
h→0 h
have
p p
0 f (x + h) − f (x) x +h −1− x −1
f (x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h

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 Introduction

Example
p
Determine the interval within which f (x) = x − 1 is differentiable.
f (a + h) − f (a)
We need to determine f 0 (x) = lim and examine the domain. We
h→0 h
have
p p
0 f (x + h) − f (x) x +h −1− x −1
f (x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
p p p p
x +h −1− x −1 x +h −1+ x −1
= lim ×p p
h→0 h x +h −1+ x −1

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 Introduction

Example
p
Determine the interval within which f (x) = x − 1 is differentiable.
f (a + h) − f (a)
We need to determine f 0 (x) = lim and examine the domain. We
h→0 h
have
p p
0 f (x + h) − f (x) x +h −1− x −1
f (x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
p p p p
x +h −1− x −1 x +h −1+ x −1
= lim ×p p
h→0 h x +h −1+ x −1
x + h − 1 − (x − 1)
= lim ³p p ´
h→0
h x +h −1+ x −1

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 Introduction

Example
p
Determine the interval within which f (x) = x − 1 is differentiable.
f (a + h) − f (a)
We need to determine f 0 (x) = lim and examine the domain. We
h→0 h
have
p p
0 f (x + h) − f (x) x +h −1− x −1
f (x) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
p p p p
x +h −1− x −1 x +h −1+ x −1
= lim ×p p
h→0 h x +h −1+ x −1
x + h − 1 − (x − 1)
= lim ³p p ´
h→0
h x +h −1+ x −1
1 1
= p = p p
x −1+ x −1 2 x −1
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 Introduction

p
Thus f 0 (x) is defined if x > 1. Therefore the function f (x) = x − 1 is differentiable
in (1, ∞). This is smaller than the domain of f which is [1, ∞).

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 Introduction

If f is differentiable at a , then it is continuous at a .

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 Introduction

If f is differentiable at a , then it is continuous at a .

Thus a function is not differentiable at a point if
1 the graph has corner or a kink
2 the function is discontinuous there
3 there is a vertical tangent line to the function at that point

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Outline of Presentation

1 Introduction

2 Derivatives of elementary functions

3 Differentiation Rules

4 Implicit Differentiation

5 Higher-Order derivatives

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of constant functions

The derivatives of constants function f (x) = c are given by

d
f (x) = 0
dx

for c constant.

that is
f (x + h) − f (x) c − c
f 0 (x) = lim = =0 (5)
h→0 h h

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Power functions

Power functions are functions of the form

f (x) = x n (6)

where n ∈ R. Then we have

d d n
f (x) = x (7)
dx dx
= nx n−1 (8)

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Example
1 p
1) f (x) = x 4 , 2) f (x) = , 3) f (x) = 3
x
x5
d
1 f (x) = x 4 =⇒ f (x) = 4x 4−1 = 4x 3 .
dx

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Example
1 p
1) f (x) = x 4 , 2) f (x) = , 3) f (x) = 3
x
x5
d
1 f (x) = x 4 =⇒ f (x) = 4x 4−1 = 4x 3 .
dx

d 5
2 f (x) = x −5 =⇒ f (x) = −5x −5−1 = − 6 .
dx x

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Example
1 p
1) f (x) = x 4 , 2) f (x) = , 3) f (x) = 3
x
x5
d
1 f (x) = x 4 =⇒ f (x) = 4x 4−1 = 4x 3 .
dx

d 5
2 f (x) = x −5 =⇒ f (x) = −5x −5−1 = − 6 .
dx x

d 1 1 1
3 f (x) = x 1/3 =⇒ f (x) = x (1/3)−1 = x −2/3 = p
3
.
dx 3 3 3 x2

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Trigonometric functions

Below are the derivatives of some trigonometric functions
d
1 sin x = cos x
dx
d
2 cos x = − sin x
dx
d
3 tan x = sec2 x
dx

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Trigonometric functions

Below are the derivatives of some trigonometric functions
d
1 sin x = cos x
dx
d
2 cos x = − sin x
dx
d
3 tan x = sec2 x
dx
d
4 csc x = − csc x cot x
dx
d
5 sec x = sec x tan x
dx
d
6 cot x = − csc2 x
dx
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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d 1
1 (sin−1 x) = p
dx 1 − x2
d 1
2 (cos−1 x) = − p
dx 1 − x2
d 1
3 (tan−1 x) =
dx 1 + x2

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d 1
1 (sin−1 x) = p
dx 1 − x2
d 1
2 (cos−1 x) = − p
dx 1 − x2
d 1
3 (tan−1 x) =
dx 1 + x2
d 1
4 (sec−1 x) = p
dx |x| 1 − x 2
d 1
5 (csc−1 x) = − p
dx |x| 1 − x 2
d 1
6 (cot−1 x) = −
dx 1 + x2
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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Exponential functions

1 The derivative of functions of the form a x is given by
d x
a = a x ln a (9)
dx

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Exponential functions

1 The derivative of functions of the form a x is given by
d x
a = a x ln a (9)
dx

2
d x d
e = (x) × e x = e x (10)
dx dx

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Exponential functions

1 The derivative of functions of the form a x is given by
d x
a = a x ln a (9)
dx

2
d x d
e = (x) × e x = e x (10)
dx dx

3
d
d dx
(x) 1
ln x = = (11)
dx x x

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

d
1 (sinh x) = cosh x
dx
d
2 (cosh x) = sinh x
dx
d
3 (tanh x) = sech2 x
dx

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

d
1 (sinh x) = cosh x
dx
d
2 (cosh x) = sinh x
dx
d
3 (tanh x) = sech2 x
dx
d
4 (sechx) = −sechx tanh x
dx
d
5 (csch x) = −cschx coth x
dx
d
6 (coth x) = −csch2 x
dx

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

d 1
1 (sinh−1 x) = p
dx 1 + x2
d 1
2 (cosh−1 x) = p ; x >1
dx x2 − 1
d 1
3 (tanh−1 x) = ; |x| < 1
dx 1 − x2

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 Derivatives of elementary functions

Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

d 1
1 (sinh−1 x) = p
dx 1 + x2
d 1
2 (cosh−1 x) = p ; x >1
dx x2 − 1
d 1
3 (tanh−1 x) = ; |x| < 1
dx 1 − x2
d 1
4 (sech−1 x) = − p ; 0<x <1
dx x 1 − x2
d 1
5 (csch−1 x) = − p , x 6= 0
dx |x| 1 − x 2
d 1
6 (coth−1 x) = ; |x| > 1
dx 1 − x2
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 Differentiation Rules

Outline of Presentation

1 Introduction

2 Derivatives of elementary functions

3 Differentiation Rules

4 Implicit Differentiation

5 Higher-Order derivatives

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of sums of functions

For functions f and g , and constants α, β
d d d
(α f ± βg ) = α f ±β g (12)
dx dx dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of sums of functions

For functions f and g , and constants α, β
d d d
(α f ± βg ) = α f ±β g (12)
dx dx dx

Example
Find the first derivative of f (x) = x 4 + 6 sin x + 4 − ln x

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of sums of functions

For functions f and g , and constants α, β
d d d
(α f ± βg ) = α f ±β g (12)
dx dx dx

Example
Find the first derivative of f (x) = x 4 + 6 sin x + 4 − ln x

We have that
d 4 d d d
f 0 (x) = x +6 sin x + 4− ln x
dx dx dx dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of sums of functions

For functions f and g , and constants α, β
d d d
(α f ± βg ) = α f ±β g (12)
dx dx dx

Example
Find the first derivative of f (x) = x 4 + 6 sin x + 4 − ln x

We have that
d 4 d d d
f 0 (x) = x +6 sin x + 4− ln x
dx dx dx dx
1 1
= 4x 3 + 6 cos x + 0 − = 4x 3 + 6 cos x −
x x
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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of products of functions

The derivative of product of functions f and g is given by
d d d
fg=f g +g f (13)
dx dx dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of products of functions

The derivative of product of functions f and g is given by
d d d
fg=f g +g f (13)
dx dx dx

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = sin x cos x

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of products of functions

The derivative of product of functions f and g is given by
d d d
fg=f g +g f (13)
dx dx dx

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = sin x cos x
We notice that h(x) is the product of the functions f (x) = sin x and g (x) = cos x .
Hence applying the product rule we have
d d d
h(x) = f g +g f
dx dx dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of products of functions

The derivative of product of functions f and g is given by
d d d
fg=f g +g f (13)
dx dx dx

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = sin x cos x
We notice that h(x) is the product of the functions f (x) = sin x and g (x) = cos x .
Hence applying the product rule we have
d d d
h(x) = f g +g f
dx dx dx
= sin x(− sin x) + cos x(cos x)

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of products of functions

The derivative of product of functions f and g is given by
d d d
fg=f g +g f (13)
dx dx dx

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = sin x cos x
We notice that h(x) is the product of the functions f (x) = sin x and g (x) = cos x .
Hence applying the product rule we have
d d d
h(x) = f g +g f
dx dx dx
= sin x(− sin x) + cos x(cos x)
= − sin2 x + cos2 x
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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e x csc x

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e x csc x

d d d
h(x) = f g +g f
dx dx dx
= e x (− csc x cot x) + csc x(e x )
= −e x csc x cot x + e x csc x

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e x csc x

d d d
h(x) = f g +g f
dx dx dx
= e x (− csc x cot x) + csc x(e x )
= −e x csc x cot x + e x csc x

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = (e x + x 2 )(3x + tan x)

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e x csc x

d d d
h(x) = f g +g f
dx dx dx
= e x (− csc x cot x) + csc x(e x )
= −e x csc x cot x + e x csc x

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = (e x + x 2 )(3x + tan x)

d d d
h(x) = f g +g f
dx dx dx
= (e x + x 2 )(3x ln 3 + sec2 x) + (3x + tan x)(2x + e x )
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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of Rational functions

The derivative of rational functions is given by
d d
µ ¶ g f −f g
d f
= dx 2 dx (14)
dx g g

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of Rational functions

The derivative of rational functions is given by
d d
µ ¶ g f −f g
d f
= dx 2 dx (14)
dx g g

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = tan x

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of Rational functions

The derivative of rational functions is given by
d d
µ ¶ g f −f g
d f
= dx 2 dx (14)
dx g g

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = tan x
sin x
Recall that h(x) = . Hence applying the quotient rule we have
cos x

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of Rational functions

The derivative of rational functions is given by
d d
µ ¶ g f −f g
d f
= dx 2 dx (14)
dx g g

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = tan x
sin x
Recall that h(x) = . Hence applying the quotient rule we have
cos x
d d
g f −f g
d d x d x
h(x) =
dx g2
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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of Rational functions

The derivative of rational functions is given by
d d
µ ¶ g f −f g
d f
= dx 2 dx (14)
dx g g

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = tan x
sin x
Recall that h(x) = . Hence applying the quotient rule we have
cos x
d d
g f −f g
d d x d x cos x(cos x) − sin x(− sin x)
h(x) = 2
=
dx g cos2 x
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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of Rational functions

The derivative of rational functions is given by
d d
µ ¶ g f −f g
d f
= dx 2 dx (14)
dx g g

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = tan x
sin x
Recall that h(x) = . Hence applying the quotient rule we have
cos x
d d
g f −f g
d cos x(cos x) − sin x(− sin x) 1 2
µ ¶
h(x) = d x d x = = = sec2
dx g2 cos2 x cos x
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 Differentiation Rules

Example
x3 + x + 2
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) =
x2 + 4

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
x3 + x + 2
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) =
x2 + 4

Notice that h(x) is the quotient of the functions f (x) = x 3 + x + 2 and g (x) = x 2 + 4.
Hence applying the quotient rule we have
d d
g f −f g
d dx dx
h(x) =
dx g2
(x 2 + 4)(3x 2 + 1) − (x 3 + x + 2)(2x)
=
(x 2 + 4)2

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of composite functions

1 Given two function f (x) and u(x), then their composite function defined by

h(x) = f [u(x)] (15)

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of composite functions

1 Given two function f (x) and u(x), then their composite function defined by

h(x) = f [u(x)] (15)

2 has the derivative

d d f du
h(x) = · (16)
dx du dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of composite functions

1 Given two function f (x) and u(x), then their composite function defined by

h(x) = f [u(x)] (15)

2 has the derivative

d d f du
h(x) = · (16)
dx du dx
3 This is also known as the chain rule.

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of composite functions

1 Given two function f (x) and u(x), then their composite function defined by

h(x) = f [u(x)] (15)

2 has the derivative

d d f du
h(x) = · (16)
dx du dx
3 This is also known as the chain rule.

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 Differentiation Rules

Differentiation of composite functions

1 Given two function f (x) and u(x), then their composite function defined by

h(x) = f [u(x)] (15)

2 has the derivative

d d f du
h(x) = · (16)
dx du dx
3 This is also known as the chain rule.

Note
h(x) is not the product of functions. The functions f and u are not multiplying but
rather u is "placed" in f as an argument.

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e cos x

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e cos x
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (x) = e x and u(x) = cos x
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e cos x
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (x) = e x and u(x) = cos x
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).
df du
2 Thus = e u and = − sin x .
du dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e cos x
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (x) = e x and u(x) = cos x
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).
df du
2 Thus = e u and = − sin x .
du dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du
h(x) = ·
dx du dx
= e u · (− sin x)

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e cos x
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (x) = e x and u(x) = cos x
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).
df du
2 Thus = e u and = − sin x .
du dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du
h(x) = ·
dx du dx
= e u · (− sin x)

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = e cos x
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (x) = e x and u(x) = cos x
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).
df du
2 Thus = e u and = − sin x .
du dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du
h(x) = ·
dx du dx
= e u · (− sin x)
= −e cos x sin x

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
p
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = x 2 + 5

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
p
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = x 2 + 5
p
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (u) = u and u(x) = x 2 + 5
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
p
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = x 2 + 5
p
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (u) = u and u(x) = x 2 + 5
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).
df 1 du
2 Thus = p and = 2x .
du 2 u dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
p
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = x 2 + 5
p
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (u) = u and u(x) = x 2 + 5
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).
df 1 du
2 Thus = p and = 2x .
du 2 u dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du
h(x) = ·
dx du dx
1
= p · (2x)
2 u

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
p
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = x 2 + 5
p
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (u) = u and u(x) = x 2 + 5
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).
df 1 du
2 Thus = p and = 2x .
du 2 u dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du
h(x) = ·
dx du dx
1
= p · (2x)
2 u

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
p
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = x 2 + 5
p
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite of the functions f (u) = u and u(x) = x 2 + 5
that is f (u) implies replacing the x (argument) in f (x) by u(x).
df 1 du
2 Thus = p and = 2x .
du 2 u dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du
h(x) = ·
dx du dx
1 x
= p · (2x) = p
2 u x2 + 5

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = cos2 (x 3 + 4)

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = cos2 (x 3 + 4)
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite function f (u(z(x))) where f (u) = u 2 , u(z) =
cos z and z(x) = x 3 + 4.

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = cos2 (x 3 + 4)
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite function f (u(z(x))) where f (u) = u 2 , u(z) =
cos z and z(x) = x 3 + 4.
df du dz
2 Thus = 2u and = − sin z and = 3x .
du dz dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = cos2 (x 3 + 4)
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite function f (u(z(x))) where f (u) = u 2 , u(z) =
cos z and z(x) = x 3 + 4.
df du dz
2 Thus = 2u and = − sin z and = 3x .
du dz dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du dz
h(x) = · ·
dx du dz dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = cos2 (x 3 + 4)
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite function f (u(z(x))) where f (u) = u 2 , u(z) =
cos z and z(x) = x 3 + 4.
df du dz
2 Thus = 2u and = − sin z and = 3x .
du dz dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du dz
h(x) = · ·
dx du dz dx

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = cos2 (x 3 + 4)
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite function f (u(z(x))) where f (u) = u 2 , u(z) =
cos z and z(x) = x 3 + 4.
df du dz
2 Thus = 2u and = − sin z and = 3x .
du dz dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du dz
h(x) = · ·
dx du dz dx
= (2u) · (− sin z) · (3x)

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = cos2 (x 3 + 4)
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite function f (u(z(x))) where f (u) = u 2 , u(z) =
cos z and z(x) = x 3 + 4.
df du dz
2 Thus = 2u and = − sin z and = 3x .
du dz dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du dz
h(x) = · ·
dx du dz dx
= (2u) · (− sin z) · (3x)
= (2 cos x 3 + 4 )(− sin x 3 + 4 (3x)
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢

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 Differentiation Rules

Example
Find h 0 (x) if h(x) = cos2 (x 3 + 4)
1 Notice that h(x) is the composite function f (u(z(x))) where f (u) = u 2 , u(z) =
cos z and z(x) = x 3 + 4.
df du dz
2 Thus = 2u and = − sin z and = 3x .
du dz dx
3 Hence applying the composite rule we have
d d f du dz
h(x) = · ·
dx du dz dx
= (2u) · (− sin z) · (3x)
= (2 cos x 3 + 4 )(− sin x 3 + 4 (3x)
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢

= −6x cos x 3 + 4 sin x 3 + 4

¡ ¢ ¡ ¢

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 Differentiation Rules

Derivatives of inverse functions

Suppose y = f −1 (x) then x = f (y). Thus

dy 1 1
= = 0 (17)
d x d x/d y f (y)

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 Differentiation Rules

Derivatives of inverse functions

Suppose y = f −1 (x) then x = f (y). Thus

dy 1 1
= = 0 (17)
d x d x/d y f (y)

Example
Find the derivatives of
1 y = ln x
2 y = sin−1 x
3 y = cos−1 x

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 Differentiation Rules
1

y = ln x =⇒ x = e y (18)

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 Differentiation Rules
1

y = ln x =⇒ x = e y (18)

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 Differentiation Rules
1

y = ln x =⇒ x = e y (18)
dx
Thus = ey (19)
dy

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 Differentiation Rules
1

y = ln x =⇒ x = e y (18)
dx
Thus = ey (19)
dy
dy 1 1
and so = y = (20)
dx e x

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 Differentiation Rules
1

y = ln x =⇒ x = e y (18)
dx
Thus = ey (19)
dy
dy 1 1
and so = y = (20)
dx e x
2

y = sin−1 x =⇒ x = sin y (21)

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 Differentiation Rules
1

y = ln x =⇒ x = e y (18)
dx
Thus = ey (19)
dy
dy 1 1
and so = y = (20)
dx e x
2

y = sin−1 x =⇒ x = sin y (21)

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 Differentiation Rules
1

y = ln x =⇒ x = e y (18)
dx
Thus = ey (19)
dy
dy 1 1
and so = y = (20)
dx e x
2

y = sin−1 x =⇒ x = sin y (21)

dx
Thus = cos y (22)
dy

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 Differentiation Rules
1

y = ln x =⇒ x = e y (18)
dx
Thus = ey (19)
dy
dy 1 1
and so = y = (20)
dx e x
2

y = sin−1 x =⇒ x = sin y (21)

dx
Thus = cos y (22)
dy
dy 1 1 1
so = =q =p (23)
d x cos y 1 − x2
1 − sin2 y

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 Differentiation Rules
1

y = ln x =⇒ x = e y (18)
dx
Thus = ey (19)
dy
dy 1 1
and so = y = (20)
dx e x
2

y = sin−1 x =⇒ x = sin y (21)

dx
Thus = cos y (22)
dy
dy 1 1 1
so = =q =p (23)
d x cos y 1 − x2
1 − sin2 y

d (cos−1 x) 1
3 = −p
dx 1 − x2
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 Implicit Differentiation

Outline of Presentation

1 Introduction

2 Derivatives of elementary functions

3 Differentiation Rules

4 Implicit Differentiation

5 Higher-Order derivatives

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 Implicit Differentiation

Implicit Differentiation
Definition (Implicit function)
These are functions containing which cannot be easily expressed in the form of
y = f (x).

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 Implicit Differentiation

Implicit Differentiation
Definition (Implicit function)
These are functions containing which cannot be easily expressed in the form of
y = f (x).

Example
1
The function y = x 2 is implicitly defined by the equation x 2 − 2y = 0 and the
2
derivative with respect to x is
d £ 2 ¤ d
x − 2y = (0) (24)
dx dx

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 Implicit Differentiation

Implicit Differentiation
Definition (Implicit function)
These are functions containing which cannot be easily expressed in the form of
y = f (x).

Example
1
The function y = x 2 is implicitly defined by the equation x 2 − 2y = 0 and the
2
derivative with respect to x is
d £ 2 ¤ d
x − 2y = (0) (24)
dx dx
2x − 2y 0 = 0 (25)

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 Implicit Differentiation

Implicit Differentiation
Definition (Implicit function)
These are functions containing which cannot be easily expressed in the form of
y = f (x).

Example
1
The function y = x 2 is implicitly defined by the equation x 2 − 2y = 0 and the
2
derivative with respect to x is
d £ 2 ¤ d
x − 2y = (0) (24)
dx dx
2x − 2y 0 = 0 (25)
0
y =x (26)
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 Implicit Differentiation

Example
The equation y = 2x+3
x is implicitly defined as x y −2x = 3 and its differentiation gives

d £ ¤ d
x y − 2x = (3) (27)
dx dx

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 Implicit Differentiation

Example
The equation y = 2x+3
x is implicitly defined as x y −2x = 3 and its differentiation gives

d £ ¤ d
x y − 2x = (3) (27)
dx dx
(y + x y 0 ) − 2 = 0 (28)

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 Implicit Differentiation

Example
The equation y = 2x+3
x is implicitly defined as x y −2x = 3 and its differentiation gives

d £ ¤ d
x y − 2x = (3) (27)
dx dx
(y + x y 0 ) − 2 = 0 (28)
2− y
y0 = (29)
x

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 Implicit Differentiation

Example
The equation y = 2x+3
x is implicitly defined as x y −2x = 3 and its differentiation gives

d £ ¤ d
x y − 2x = (3) (27)
dx dx
(y + x y 0 ) − 2 = 0 (28)
2− y
y0 = (29)
x
2x + 3
2−
y0 = x (30)
x

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 Implicit Differentiation

Example
The equation y = 2x+3
x is implicitly defined as x y −2x = 3 and its differentiation gives

d £ ¤ d
x y − 2x = (3) (27)
dx dx
(y + x y 0 ) − 2 = 0 (28)
2− y
y0 = (29)
x
2x + 3
2−
y0 = x (30)
x
0 3
y =− 2 (31)
x

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 Implicit Differentiation

Example
The equation x y + e y = 1 implicitly defines the function y. There is no explicit
formula to define y. But the derivative with respect to x can be still obtained as
follows
d £ d
xy +ey =
¤
(1) (32)
dx dx

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 Implicit Differentiation

Example
The equation x y + e y = 1 implicitly defines the function y. There is no explicit
formula to define y. But the derivative with respect to x can be still obtained as
follows
d £ d
xy +ey =
¤
(1) (32)
dx dx
(y + x y 0 ) + y 0 e y = 0 (33)

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 Implicit Differentiation

Example
The equation x y + e y = 1 implicitly defines the function y. There is no explicit
formula to define y. But the derivative with respect to x can be still obtained as
follows
d £ d
xy +ey =
¤
(1) (32)
dx dx
(y + x y 0 ) + y 0 e y = 0 (33)
y 0
(x + e )y = −y (34)

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 Implicit Differentiation

Example
The equation x y + e y = 1 implicitly defines the function y. There is no explicit
formula to define y. But the derivative with respect to x can be still obtained as
follows
d £ d
xy +ey =
¤
(1) (32)
dx dx
(y + x y 0 ) + y 0 e y = 0 (33)
y 0
(x + e )y = −y (34)
dy y
=− (35)
dx x +ey
y
=− (36)
x +1−xy

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Outline of Presentation

1 Introduction

2 Derivatives of elementary functions

3 Differentiation Rules

4 Implicit Differentiation

5 Higher-Order derivatives

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Higher-Order derivatives
Notice that the derivatives of functions are also functions. Hence we can find the derivatives of the
derivatives of functions. These are precisely the higher derivatives of the given function.

Second order derivatives can be denoted by any of the following

00 d 2 f (x)
1) f (x), 2) , 3) D 2x f (x), 4) D 2 f (x)
d x2

Third order derivatives can be denoted by any of the following

000 d 3 f (x)
1) f (x), 2) , 3) D 3x f (x), 4) D 3 f (x)
d x3

n t h order derivatives can be denoted by any of the following

d n f (x)
1) f n (x), 2) , 3) D nx f (x), 4) D n f (x)
d xn
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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example

y = t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t (37)

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example

y = t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t (37)
dy
= 3t 2 − 12t + 9 (38)
dx

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example

y = t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t (37)
dy
= 3t 2 − 12t + 9 (38)
dx
d2y
= 3t − 12 (39)
d x2

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example

y = t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t (37)
dy
= 3t 2 − 12t + 9 (38)
dx
d2y
= 3t − 12 (39)
d x2
d3y
=3 (40)
d x3

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example

y = t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t (37)
dy
= 3t 2 − 12t + 9 (38)
dx
d2y
= 3t − 12 (39)
d x2
d3y
=3 (40)
d x3
dn y
= 0; n≥4 (41)
d xn

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example

y = sin x (42)
dy
= cos x (43)
dx
d2y
= − sin x (44)
d x2
d3y
= − cos x (45)
d x3
d4y
= sin x (46)
d x4
d5y
= cos x (47)
d x5
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 Higher-Order derivatives

You notice that the higher derivatives does

Example not vanish follows some pattern, that is
1 f n (x) = sin x n = 4k for some k
y = sin x (42)
dy 2 f n (x) = cos x n = 4k + 1 for some k
= cos x (43)
dx
d2y
3 f n (x) = − sin x n = 4k + 2 for some k
= − sin x (44)
d x2
d3y
4 f n (x) = − cos x n = 4k + 3 for some k
= − cos x (45)
d x3
d4y
= sin x (46)
d x4
d5y
= cos x (47)
d x5
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 Higher-Order derivatives

Suppose y(x) is a product of the functions f and g that is y = f g . Then

D y = gD f + f Dg (48)

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Suppose y(x) is a product of the functions f and g that is y = f g . Then

D y = gD f + f Dg (48)
2
D y = D((g D f + f D g ))

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Suppose y(x) is a product of the functions f and g that is y = f g . Then

D y = gD f + f Dg (48)
2 2 2
D y = D((g D f + f D g )) = g D f + 2D f D g + f D g (49)

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Suppose y(x) is a product of the functions f and g that is y = f g . Then

D y = gD f + f Dg (48)
2 2 2
D y = D((g D f + f D g )) = g D f + 2D f D g + f D g (49)
D 3 y = D(g D 2 f + 2D f D g + f D 2 g )

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Suppose y(x) is a product of the functions f and g that is y = f g . Then

D y = gD f + f Dg (48)
2 2 2
D y = D((g D f + f D g )) = g D f + 2D f D g + f D g (49)
3 2 2 3 2 2 3
D y = D(g D f + 2D f D g + f D g ) = g D f + 3D f D g + 3D f D g + f D g (50)

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Suppose y(x) is a product of the functions f and g that is y = f g . Then

D y = gD f + f Dg (48)
2 2 2
D y = D((g D f + f D g )) = g D f + 2D f D g + f D g (49)
3 2 2 3 2 2 3
D y = D(g D f + 2D f D g + f D g ) = g D f + 3D f D g + 3D f D g + f D g (50)
.. .
. = .. Ã !
n
Dn y = g Dn f + D g D n−1 f + · · · + f D n g (51)
1

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Suppose y(x) is a product of the functions f and g that is y = f g . Then

D y = gD f + f Dg (48)
2 2 2
D y = D((g D f + f D g )) = g D f + 2D f D g + f D g (49)
3 2 2 3 2 2 3
D y = D(g D f + 2D f D g + f D g ) = g D f + 3D f D g + 3D f D g + f D g (50)
.. .
. = .. Ã !
n
Dn y = g Dn f + D g D n−1 f + · · · + f D n g (51)
1

Theorem (Leibnitz theorem)

Let y = f g where f and g are functions of x , then the n th derivative of y is given
by à !
n n
Dn y = D r g D n−r f
X
r =0 r

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example
Find the third derivative of y = x 2 e x

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example
Find the third derivative of y = x 2 e x

1 Let g (x) = x 2 =⇒ g 0 (x) = 2x, g 00 (x) = 2, g 000 (x) = 0

2 If f (x) = e x =⇒ f 0 (x) = f 00 (x) = f 000 (x) = e x

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example
Find the third derivative of y = x 2 e x

1 Let g (x) = x 2 =⇒ g 0 (x) = 2x, g 00 (x) = 2, g 000 (x) = 0

2 If f (x) = e x =⇒ f 0 (x) = f 00 (x) = f 000 (x) = e x
à !
3 3
D3y = D r g D 3−r f
X
(52)
r =0 r

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example
Find the third derivative of y = x 2 e x

1 Let g (x) = x 2 =⇒ g 0 (x) = 2x, g 00 (x) = 2, g 000 (x) = 0

2 If f (x) = e x =⇒ f 0 (x) = f 00 (x) = f 000 (x) = e x
à !
3 3
D3y = D r g D 3−r f
X
(52)
r =0 r
à ! à ! à ! à !
3 0 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3
= D gD f + D gD f + D gD f + D g D0 f (53)
0 1 2 3

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example
Find the third derivative of y = x 2 e x

1 Let g (x) = x 2 =⇒ g 0 (x) = 2x, g 00 (x) = 2, g 000 (x) = 0

2 If f (x) = e x =⇒ f 0 (x) = f 00 (x) = f 000 (x) = e x
à !
3 3
D3y = D r g D 3−r f
X
(52)
r =0 r
à ! à ! à ! à !
3 0 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3
= D gD f + D gD f + D gD f + D g D0 f (53)
0 1 2 3
= x 2 e x + 3(2x)(e x ) + 3(2)(e x ) + 0(e x ) (54)

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Example
Find the third derivative of y = x 2 e x

1 Let g (x) = x 2 =⇒ g 0 (x) = 2x, g 00 (x) = 2, g 000 (x) = 0

2 If f (x) = e x =⇒ f 0 (x) = f 00 (x) = f 000 (x) = e x
à !
3 3
D3y = D r g D 3−r f
X
(52)
r =0 r
à ! à ! à ! à !
3 0 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3
= D gD f + D gD f + D gD f + D g D0 f (53)
0 1 2 3
= x 2 e x + 3(2x)(e x ) + 3(2)(e x ) + 0(e x ) (54)
= e x (x 2 + 6x + 6) (55)

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 Higher-Order derivatives

Exercise
x2 + x − 2 ex
1 Find the first derivatives of 1) f (x) = 2) f (x) =
µ ¶ x3 + 6 1 + x3
1
3) f (x) = 2 (tan x)
x +1
2 Find the implicit derivative of the function y or θ with respect to x or r :

1) y 2 − x 2 = sin x y 2) x 3 + y 3 − 9x y = 0 3) x 2 y + y 2 x = 6
¡ ¢

6) cos r + cot θ = r.
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
4) x + tan x y = 0 5) x cos 2x + 3y = y sin x

3 Find the general formula for the n th derivatives of the following.

1 y = ln x
2 y = e ax
3 y = sin x

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 END OF LECTURE
THANK YOU

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