Unit 7 Questions Only

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Unit 7 - Equilibrium
7.1 Introduction to Equilibrium

7.2 Direction of Reversible Reactions
7.3 Reaction Quotient and Equilibrium Constant
7.4 Calculating the Equilibrium Constant
7.5 Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant
7.6 Properties of the Equilibrium Constant
7.7 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations
7.8 Representations of Equilibrium
7.9 Introduction to Le Châtelier’s Principle
7.10 Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle
7.11 Introduction to Solubility Equilibria
7.12 Common-Ion Effect
7.13 pH and Solubility
7.14 Free Energy of Dissolution
ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 1 Equilibrium Questions
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7.1 MC Questions
1.
X (g) + Y(g) ⇋ XY (g)

In an experiment, X(g) and Y(g) were combined in a rigid container at constant temperature
and allowed to react as shown in the equation above. The table provides the data collected
during the experiment. Based on the data, which of the following claims is most likely
correct?
A The reaction was about to reach equilibrium 15 minutes after the reactants were
combined because the concentrations of X and XY were almost the same.
O
B The reaction reached equilibrium between 75 minutes and 155 minutes after the
reactants were combined because the concentrations of X and XY remained constant.
C The reaction did not reach equilibrium because only 86% of the initial concentration
of X was consumed.
D The reaction did not reach equilibrium because initially there was no XY inside the
container.

2. A sample of N2O4 (g) is placed
into an evacuated container
at 373 K and allowed to undergo
the reversible reaction:
N2O4 (g) ⇋ 2 NO2 (g)
The concentration of each species
is measured over time, and the data
are used to make the graph shown
opposite.
Which of the following identifies when equilibrium is first reached and provides a correct
explanation?
A At 14 seconds, because [N2O4 ]is twice [NO2] , which implies that the forward and
reverse reaction rates are equal.
B At 23 seconds, because [NO2] equals [N2O4 ] , which shows that equal
concentrations are present at equilibrium.
C At 40 seconds, because [NO2] is twice [N2O4 ] , which matches the stoichiometry of
the balanced chemical equation.

O
D At 60 seconds, because [NO2] and [N2O4 ]remain constant, indicating that the
forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
3. Which of the following statements is true for the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid in
a closed system?
A It remains constant when the temperature increases.
B It decreases to half its original value if the volume of the gas phase is doubled.
C It increases to twice its original value if the volume of the liquid phase is doubled.
D It decreases to half its original value if the surface area of the liquid is reduced by
one-half.
O
E It is independent of the volume of the vapor phase.

4. A cylinder with a moveable piston is filled
with a small amount (100 millimoles) of
liquid water at a pressure of 1.0atm and a
temperature of 80 °C .
All the air in the cylinder is excluded.
The cylinder is placed in a water bath held
at 80°C .
The piston is slowly moved out to expand
the volume of the cylinder to 20L as the
pressure inside the cylinder is monitored.
A plot of the pressure versus volume for the
system is shown in the figure opposite.
Which of the following statements most closely indicates, with justification, the region of
the curve where the equilibrium represented below occurs?
H2O(l) ⇋ H2O(g)
A Region A, because the initial pressure inside the cylinder is equal to the pressure
outside the cylinder, so there is no net force on the piston.

O
B Region B, because the pressure inside the cylinder is equal to the vapor pressure of
water at when both liquid and gas phases are present.
C Region C, because the water vapor is behaving according to the ideal gas law as
expansion occurs.
D Region D, because the pressure inside the cylinder has leveled off.
5. The figure opposite shows two closed containers.

Each contains the same volume of acetone in
equilibrium with its vapor at the same temperature.
The vapor pressure of the acetone is
A higher in container 1 because the surface area of the liquid is greater.

B higher in container 1 because the volume of vapor is greater
C lower in container 1 because the level of the liquid is lower
D the same in both containers because the volume of the liquid is the same
OE the same in both containers because the temperature is the same

6. H2 gas and N2 gas were placed in a rigid
vessel and allowed to reach equilibrium
in the presence of a catalyst according to
the following equation:
3 H2(g) + N2(g) ⇋ 2 NH3(g)
ΔHo = -92 kJ/molrxn
The diagram opposite shows how the
concentrations of H2 , N2 , and NH3 in
this system changed over time.

Which of the following was true for the system between time t1 and time t2?
A The concentration of N2 decreased.
B The temperature of the system decreased.
C The number of effective collisions between H2 and N2 was zero.
O
D The rates of the forward and reverse reactions were equal.
E The rate of formation of NH3 molecules was equal to the rate of disappearance
of H2 molecules.
7. PCl5(g) decomposes into PCl3(g) and Cl2(g) according PCl5(g) ⇋ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
to the equation shown.
A pure sample of PCl5(g) is placed in a rigid,
evacuated 1.00 L container. The initial pressure
of the PCl5(g) is 1.00 atm. The temperature is held
constant until the PCl5(g) reaches equilibrium with
its decomposition products.
The figures above show the initial and equilibrium
conditions of the system.
As the reaction progresses toward equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction
A increases until it becomes the same as the reverse reaction rate at equilibrium
B stays constant before and after equilibrium is reached
O
C decreases to become a constant nonzero rate at equilibrium
D decreases to become zero at equilibrium
of H2 molecules.

7.2 MC Questions
1.
X (g) + Y(g) ⇋ XY (g)

The particle diagram above illustrates the changes that take place when X(g) and Y(g) are
placed inside a rigid container at constant temperature.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a system at equilibrium that is best
represented by the particle diagram?
A The particle diagram shows that initially the reaction proceeds to the right to form
products, which is a characteristic of a system at equilibrium.
B The particle diagram shows that after 200s the rate of the reverse reaction is slower
than the rate of the forward reaction, which is a characteristic of a system
at equilibrium.

O
C
The particle diagram shows that after 200s there are no observable changes in the
amounts of reactants and products, which is a characteristic of a system
at equilibrium.
D The particle diagram shows that between 0s and 200s the rates of the forward and
reverse reactions are the same, which is a characteristic of a system at equilibrium.

2.
An equimolar mixture of X(g) and Y(g) is placed inside a rigid container at constant
temperature. The particle diagram above represents the changes that occur over time.
Based on the particle diagram, which of the following best predicts whether or not the
system has reached equilibrium by 300s?
A It is not possible to determine that the system has reached equilibrium by 300s
because the stoichiometry of the reaction is not known.
O

B It is not possible to determine that the system has reached equilibrium by 300s
because the amounts of X, Y, and XY have continued to change.
C The system has reached equilibrium by 300s because the rate of formation of XY
is constant.
D The system has reached equilibrium by 300s because the rates of consumption of
X and Y are equal.

3.
2 X (g) + Y2(g) ⇋ 2 XY (g)
A reversible reaction is represented by the equation above. The amounts of reactants and
products at time 1 are shown in the particle diagram on the left. The particle diagram on
the right shows the amounts of reactants and products at time 2.
Based on the diagrams, what can be inferred about the relative rates of the forward and
reverse reactions between time 1 and time 2 ?
A Nothing can be inferred because the total number of X and Y atoms is the same
in each diagram.
B Nothing can be inferred because the temperature of the system may have
been changed.
C The rate of the reverse reaction is greater than the rate of the forward reaction.
O
D The rate of the forward reaction is greater than the rate of the reverse reaction.

7.2 FRQ
1. PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇋ PCl5(g)
A 0.60mol sample of PCl3(g) and a 0.70mol sample of Cl2(g) are placed in a previously
evacuated 1.0L rigid container, and the reaction represented above takes place.
At equilibrium, the concentration of PCl5(g) in the container is 0.040M.
a) On the graph below, carefully draw three curves, one for each of the three gases.
The curves must show how the concentration of each of the three gases changes as
equilibrium is established. Label each curve with the formula of the gas.

The response meets all
of the following criteria:
The curve for PCl3 starts
at 0.60M and levels off at
0.56M
The curve for Cl2 starts
0.66M .
The curve for PCl5 starts
0.040M.
b) Explain how the slopes of the curves at equilibrium can be used to show that the
rates of the forward and reverse reactions are the same at equilibrium.
The response indicates that the curves are horizontal at equilibrium, so the concentrations
of the reactants and product are not changing, therefore the rate of the forward reaction
must be the same as the rate of the reverse reaction.
c) As the reaction occurs at constant temperature, does the pressure inside the
container increase, decrease, or remain the same? Explain.
The response meets both of the following criteria:
The response indicates that the pressure decreases.
The response indicates that there are more moles of reactant gases than
product gas.

Another mixture of PCl3(g), Cl2(g), and PCl5(g) is at equilibrium at a different temperature in
a different vessel. The system at equilibrium is represented by the following box on the left.
Then the volume of the vessel is decreased. The box in the middle represents the system
before equilibrium is reestablished at the same temperature.
d) In the box above on the right, draw an appropriate number of each type of molecule
to represent a possible new equilibrium.
The response meets both of the following criteria:

There are more than three PCl5molecules and fewer than three PCl3 and fewer
than three Cl2 molecules drawn in the box.
There is conservation of atoms (six P atoms and thirty Cl atoms).

2.
Equimolar amounts of Cl2(g) and CO(g)
are injected into an evacuated, rigid
container, where they react according
to the equation below.
Cl2(g) + CO(g) ⇋ COCl2(g)
ΔH°rxn = −109 kJ/molrxn
The partial pressures of the gases in the

container are monitored at constant
temperature and recorded in the table
opposite.
a) At time t8 , is the rate of the forward reaction greater than, less than, or equal to the
rate of the reverse reaction? Justify your choice.
The response provides the correct answer and a valid justification equivalent to the
following.
Equal to. The partial pressure of the product (or reactants) remains the same
from time t8 to t9 , indicating that the reaction has reached equilibrium.
b) At equilibrium, the container holds the most molecules of which gas,
Cl2(g) or COCl2(g) ? Explain your answer.
The response provides both the correct answer and a valid justification equivalent to
the following.
COCl2 . At equilibrium ( t7 , t8 , t9 ) the partial pressure of COCl2 is greatest and
thus the number of molecules of COCl2 is greatest.
c) A student hypothesizes that if the temperature of the container is decreased after
time t9 , the mole fraction of Cl2 in the container will increase.
Do you agree or disagree with the student’s hypothesis? Justify your answer.
The response provides both a correct answer and a valid justification equivalent to one of
the following.
Disagree. The distribution of species will shift towards products when the
temperature is decreased in an exothermic reaction. Therefore, the
mole fraction of will decrease, not increase.
OR
Agree. Decreasing the temperature of the constant-volume system would
decrease the pressure in the container. The distribution of species will
shift towards the side with the greater number of moles. Therefore, the
mole fraction of will increase.
7.3 FRQ
1. CaCO3(s) ⇋ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
When heated strongly, solid calcium carbonate decomposes to produce solid calcium oxide
and carbon dioxide gas, as represented by the equation above.
A 2.0mol sample of CaCO3(s) is placed in a rigid 100.L reaction vessel from which all the air
has been evacuated. The vessel is heated to 898°C at which time the pressure of CO2(g)
in the vessel is constant at 1.00atm, while some CaCO3(s) remains in the vessel.
a) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) present in the vessel at equilibrium.
PV = nRT so n = PV/RT
= (1.00 atm)(100.00 L) / (0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1)(898 + 273 K)
= 1.04 mol
b) Write the expression for Kp, the equilibrium constant for the reaction, and
determine its value at 898°C.
KP = PCO PCO = 1 atm so KP = 1

2 2
c) The experiment was repeated, but this time starting with a 4.0mol sample of
CaCO3(s).
On the following graph, draw a curve showing how the pressure of CO2(g) would
change over time as the vessel is heated to 898°C and equilibrium is established.
The response shows a graph that starts at the origin, rises to right, and levels off
(slope = 0) at 1.00 atm.

2. C(s) + CO2(g) ⇋ 2CO(g)
Solid carbon and carbon dioxide gas at 1,160 K were

placed in a rigid 2.00 L container, and the reaction
represented above occurred.
As the reaction proceeded, the total pressure in the

container was monitored. When equilibrium was
reached, there was still some C(s) remaining in the
container.
Results are recorded in the table opposite.
a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp , for the reaction.
KP = (PCO )2 / PCO
2
b) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) initially placed in the container.

(Assume that the volume of the solid carbon is negligible.)
PV = nRT so n = PV/RT = (5.00 atm)(2.00 L) / (0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1)(1160 K)
= 0.105 atm
c) For the reaction mixture at equilibrium at 1,160 K, the partial pressure of the
CO2(g) is 1.63 atm. Calculate
i) the partial pressure of CO(g) , and

ii) the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp .
i) PCO + PCO = Ptotal so PCO = Ptotal - PCO = 8.37 - 1.68 = 6.74 atm
2 2
ii) KP = (PCO )2 / PCO = (6.74)2 / 1.63 = 27.9

2

Q2 contd.
d) If a suitable solid catalyst were placed in the reaction vessel, would the final total
pressure of the gases at equilibrium be greater than, less than, or equal to the final
total pressure of the gases at equilibrium without the catalyst?
Justify your answer. (Assume that the volume of the solid catalyst is negligible.)
The total pressure of the gases at equilibrium with a catalyst present would be equal
to the total pressure of the gases without a catalyst.
Although a catalyst would cause the system to reach the same equilibrium state
more quickly, it would not affect the extent of the reaction, which is determined by
the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp.
\
In another experiment involving the same reaction, a rigid 2.00 L container initially
contains 10.0 g of C(s), plus CO(g) and CO2(g), each at a partial pressure of 2.00 atm at
1,160 K.
e) Predict whether the partial pressure of CO2(g) will increase, decrease, or remain the
same as this system approaches equilibrium.
Justify your prediction with a calculation.
Q = (PCO )2 / PCO = (2.00)2 / (2.00) = 2.00

2
2.00 < 27.9 so Q < KP meaning, products → reactants
so PCO will decrease

2

3. The compound BrCl can decompose into Br2 and Cl2, as represented by the balanced
chemical equation below.
2BrCl(g) ⇋ Br2(g) + Cl2(g) ΔH° = 1.6 kJ / molrxn
A 0.100 mole sample of pure BrCl(g) is placed in a previously evacuated, rigid 2.00L
container at 298K. Eventually the system reaches equilibrium according to the equation
above.
a) Calculate the pressure in the container before equilibrium is established.

P = nRT / V = (0.100 mol) (0.08206 L atm mol-1 K-1) (298 K) / (2.00 L)
= 1.22 atm
b) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Keq, for the decomposition
of BrCl.
Kc = [Cl2][Br2] / [BrCl]2 or Kc = PBr PCl / (PBrCl)2
2 2
c) After the system has reached equilibrium, 42 percent of the original BrCl sample has
decomposed.
Determine the value of Keq for the decomposition reaction of BrCl at 298K.
PBrCl decomposed = 0.42 x 1.22 = 0.51 atm
PBrCl remaining = 1.22 - 0.51 atm = 0.71 atm
PBr = PCl = ½ x 0.51 atm = 0.26 atm
2 2
Kc = PBr PCl / (PBrCl)2 = (0.26)(0.26) / (0.71)2 = 0.13

2 2
d) Calculate the bond energy of the Br−Cl

bond, in kJ/mol, using ΔH° for the reaction
(1.6 kJ /molrxn) and the information in the
table opposite.

∆Hrea = 1.6 kJ = ∑ ∆HBB + ∑ ∆HBF
1.6 = (2 x Br—Cl) + ((-193) + (-243))
1.6 + 436 = 2 x Br—Cl
Br—Cl bond energy = 437.6 / 2 = 219 kJ mol-1

7.4 MC Questions
1.
The diagram above represents the equilibrium between the two isomers of C2H2Cl2 , and
the table provides the data collected in an experiment to determine its equilibrium
constant, Kc , at 490K.
In a second experiment done at the same temperature, [Z]eq ≈ 1.0 M. Which of the
following is the approximate equilibrium concentration of Y in the second experiment,
and why?
A [Y]eq ≈ 1.4 M because [Y]eq − [Z]eq should be the same for the same reaction.

O
B [Y]eq ≈ 1.5 M because the ratio [Z]eq / [Y]eq should remain constant when the
reaction is done at the same temperature.
C [Y]eq ≈ 1.6 M because the ratio [Y]initial / [Y]eq should remain constant when the
reaction is done at the same temperature.
D [Y]eq ≈ 2.0 M because ([Y]initial− [Y]eq) = ([Z]initial− [Z]eq) should be the same for the
same reaction.
2. 2 X (g) + Y(g) ⇋ 3 Z (g)

The reaction mixture represented above is at equilibrium at 298 K, and the molar
concentrations are [X] = 2.0 M, [Y] = 0.5 M, and [Z] = 4.0 M. What is the value of the
equilibrium constant for the reaction at 298 K ?
A 0.50 B 2.0 C 4.0 D 16 E O 32
3. COCl2 (g) ⇋ CO (g) + Cl2 (g)

COCl2(g) decomposes according to the equation above. When pure COCl2(g) is injected into
a rigid, previously evacuated flask at 690 K, the pressure in the flask is initially 1.0 atm.
After the reaction reaches equilibrium at 690 K, the total pressure in the flask is 1.2 atm.
What is the value of KP for the reaction at 690 K?
A 0.040
ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023
OB 0.050 C
page 18
0.80 D 1.0
Equilibrium Questions
4. 2 A (g) + B (g) ⇋ 2 C (g)
A(g) and B(g) react to form C(g), according to the balanced equation above. In an experiment,
a previously evacuated rigid vessel is charged with A(g) , B(g) , and C(g) , each with a
concentration of 0.0100M.
The following table shows the concentrations of the gases at equilibrium at a particular
temperature.
If the experiment is repeated at a higher temperature at which Kc is larger, which of the

following best describes the effect of the temperature change on the concentrations
of the gases at equilibrium?
A [A]eq , [B]eq , and [C]eq will all increase because Kc increased.
B [A]eq , [B]eq will remain constant, but [C]eq will increase because Kc increased.
O

C There will be a decrease in [A]eq that will be two times the decrease in [B]eq
because A and B react in a 2-to-1 ratio.
D There will be an increase in [A]eq that will be two times the increase in [B]eq
because A and B react in a 2-to-1 ratio.
5.
The decomposition of HI(g) at 298K is represented by the equilibrium equation above.

When 100.torr of HI(g) is added to a previously evacuated, rigid container and allowed to
reach equilibrium, the partial pressure of I2(g) is approximately 3.7torr.
If the initial pressure of HI(g) is increased to 200.torr and the process is repeated at the same
temperature, which of the following correctly predicts the equilibrium partial pressure of
I2(g), and why?
A PI ≈ 14 torr, because it is directly proportional to the square of the initial
2
pressure of HI.
B PI ≈ 0.073 torr, because it is inversely proportional to the square of the initial
2
pressure of HI.
O
C PI ≈ 7.4 torr,
2
because it is directly proportional to the initial pressure of HI.
D PI ≈ 1.9 torr, because it is inversely proportional to the initial pressure of HI.
2
6. PCl5 (g) ⇋ PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)
PCl5(g) decomposes into PCl3(g) and Cl2(g) according

to the equation above. A pure sample of PCl5(g) is
placed in a rigid, evacuated 1.00 L container.
The initial pressure of the PCl5(g) is 1.00 atm.
The temperature is held constant until the PCl5(g)
reaches equilibrium with its decomposition products.
The figures above show the initial and equilibrium conditions of the system.
Which of the following statements about KP, the equilibrium constant for the reaction, is
correct?
A KP > 1
O
B KP < 1
C KP = 1
D It cannot be determined whether KP > 1, KP < 1, or KP = 1 without additional

information.
7. X (g) + Y(g) ⇋ 2 Z (g)

When 4.00 mol each of X(g) and Y(g) are placed in a 1.00 L vessel and allowed to react at
constant temperature according to the equation above, 6.00 mol of Z(g) is produced.
What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc ?
A 3 B 6 C 8 D 16 E O 36

7.5 MC Questions
1.
The table above shows data for two reactions carried out in two separate evacuated 1.0-liter
rigid containers at constant temperature of 298K. To each container 0.50mol of the
appropriate reactants was added, and the reaction was allowed to reach equilibrium.
Based on this information, which of the following correctly compares the relative
concentrations of BrCl and NO present inside their respective containers at equilibrium?
A [BrCl]eq = [NO]eq because equimolecular mixtures of the reactants were allowed to
reach equilibrium at the same constant temperature.
B [BrCl]eq > [NO]eq because Br2 and Cl2 are larger molecules that can collide more
frequently to form products.

O
C [BrCl]eq > [NO]eq because the much larger Keq for reaction 1 means that a much
higher concentration of products will be present at equilibrium for reaction 1
compared with reaction 2.
D [BrCl]eq < [NO]eq because the much larger Keq for reaction 1 means that hardly
any products will be present at equilibrium compared with reaction 2.
2. At night, an equilibrium reaction between two different nitrogen compounds generates

N2O5 in the atmosphere, as represented below.
NO3(g) + NO2(g) ⇋ N2O5(g) K = 2.6 × 10−11
A mixture of NO3 and a ten-fold excess of NO2 are placed inside a rigid container at
constant temperature and allowed to reach equilibrium. Which of the following provides a
correct comparison of the equilibrium concentrations of these chemical species, and why?
A [N2O5] << [NO3] , because a small K value indicates that the consumption of the
reactants is favored at equilibrium.
B [NO2] << [N2O5] , because a small K value indicates that the consumption of the
reactants is favored at equilibrium.
C [NO2] << [NO3] , because a small K value indicates that the formation of products
is not favored at equilibrium.

O
D [N2O5] << [NO2] , because a small K value indicates that the formation of products
is not favored at equilibrium.
3. HCl (g) + H2O (l) ⇋ Cl— (aq) + H3O+ (aq)
In 1.0 M HCl(aq), HCl is nearly 100 percent dissociated, as represented by the equation
above.
Which of the following best helps to explain why, in 0.01MHCN(aq), less than 1 percent of
HCN is dissociated?
A The CN− ion is not very soluble in water, and a solid precipitate would form if more
of the HCN dissociated.
B Compared to the HCl(aq) solution, the concentration of the HCN(aq) solution is
much too dilute to achieve 100 percent dissociation.

O
C The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of HCN(aq) is much smaller than that
for the dissociation of HCl(aq).
D HCN(aq) reacts with water to form a basic solution, and the high concentration of
OH−(aq) interferes with the dissociation process.
4. Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) ⇋ Fe(SCN)2+(aq)
For the reaction represented above, the value of the equilibrium constant, Keq, is 240 at
25°C. From this information, correct deductions about the reaction at 25°C include which
of the following?
I The reaction is quite rapid.
II The product is favored over the reactants at equilibrium.
III The reaction is endothermic.
A I only
O
B II only
C III only
D II and III only
D I, II and III

5.
X(g) + 2 Q(g) ⇋ R(g) + Z(g) Kc = 1.3 × 105 at 50 °C
A 1.0 mol sample of X(g) and a 1.0 mol sample of Q(g) are introduced into an evacuated,
rigid 10.0 L container and allowed to reach equilibrium at 50°C according to the equation
above. At equilibrium, which of the following is true about the concentrations of the gases?
A [R] = ½ [Q]
B [Q] = ½ [X]
O
C [R] = [Z] > [Q]
D [X] = [Q] = [R] = [Z]
6. CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇋ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) Kc = 1.5 × 103
A 2.0 mol sample of CO(g) and a 2.0 mol sample of H2O(g) are introduced into a previously
evacuated 100. L rigid container, and the temperature is held constant as the
reaction represented above reaches equilibrium. Which of the following is true at
equilibrium?
A [H2O] > [CO] and [CO2] > [H2] B [H2O] > [H2]
O
C [CO2] > [CO] D [CO] = [H2O] = [CO2] = [H2]
7. 3 O2 (g) ⇋ 2 O3 (g) Kc = 1.8 × 10−56 at 570 K
For the system represented above, [O2] and [O3] initially are 0.150 mol/L and 2.5 mol/L
respectively. Which of the following best predicts what will occur as the system approaches
equilibrium at 570 K?
A The amount of O3(g) will increase, because Q < Kc.
B The amount of O3(g) will decrease, because Q < Kc.
C The amount of O3(g) will increase, because Q > Kc.
O
D The amount of O3(g) will decrease, because Q > Kc.

7.5 FRQ
1. Ba2+(aq) + EDTA4- (aq) ⇋ Ba(EDTA)2- (aq) K = 7.7 × 107
The polyatomic ion C10H12N2O84- is commonly abbreviated as EDTA4-. The ion can form
complexes with metal ions in aqueous solutions. A complex of EDTA4- with Ba2+ ion
forms according to the equation above.
A 50.0 mL volume of a solution that has an EDTA4- (aq) concentration of 0.30 M is mixed
with 50.0 mL of 0.20 M Ba(NO3)2 to produce 100.0 mL of solution.
a) Considering the value of K for the reaction, determine the concentration of
Ba(EDTA)2- (aq) in the 100.0 mL of solution. Justify your answer.
1 point is earned for indicating that the equilibrium concentration of Ba(EDTA)2- (aq)

is the same as the original concentration of Ba2+ when the solutions are mixed.
Based on the K value, the reaction goes essentially to completion.
Ba2+(aq) is the limiting reactant.
The concentration of Ba2+ when the solutions are first mixed but before any
reaction takes place is 0.20 M/2 = 0.10 M.
1 point is earned for the concentration with appropriate calculations.
Thus the equilibrium concentration of Ba(EDTA)2- (aq) is 0.10 M.
b) The solution is diluted with distilled water to a total volume of 1.00 L. After
equilibrium has been reestablished, is the number of moles Ba2+(aq) of present in the
solution greater than, less than, or equal to the number of moles of Ba2+(aq) present
in the original solution before it was diluted? Justify your answer.
1 point is earned for stating that the number of moles of Ba2+(aq) will increase.
1 point is earned for a valid justification.
The number of moles of Ba2+(aq) increases because the percent dissociation of
Ba(EDTA)2-(aq) increases as the solution is diluted.
OR
A mathematical justification such as the following:
The dilution from 100.0 mL to 1.00 L reduces the concentrations of all species
to one tenth of their original values.
Immediately after the dilution, the reaction quotient, Q, can be determined as
shown below:
Q = ⅟₁₀[Ba(EDTA) ] / ⅟₁₀[Ba ] ⅟₁₀[EDTA ] = 10K
2- 2+ 4-
Because Q > K, the net reaction will produce more reactants to move toward
equilibrium, so the number of moles of Ba2+(aq) will be greater than the
number in the original solution.
2. HCl(g), can react with methanol vapor, CH3OH(g), to produce CH3Cl(g), as represented by
the following equation.
CH3OH(g) + HCl (g) ⇋ CH3Cl (g) + H2O (g) K = 4.3 × 103 at 400K
CH3OH(g), and HCl(g), are combined in a 10.0 liter sealed reaction vessel and allowed to
reach equilibrium at 400 K. The initial partial pressure of CH3OH(g) in the vessel is
0.250 atm and that of HCl(g) is 0.600 atm.
a) Does the total pressure in the vessel increase, decrease, or remain the same as
equilibrium is approached?
Justify your answer in terms of the reaction stoichiometry.
1 point is earned for the correct answer and a valid justification.
The pressure will remain the same. The reaction stoichiometry shows that two
moles of gaseous reactants produce two moles of gaseous products. Because
the number of moles of gas does not change, the pressure does not change.
b) Considering the value of Kp, calculate the final partial pressure of HCl(g) after the
system inside the vessel reaches equilibrium at 400 K.
1 point is earned for the correct answer.
The value of Kp is large, so the reaction will proceed to the right until the
limiting reactant is essentially used up. Thus practically all of the CH3OH(g)
will react and the final pressure of HCl(g) is 0.600 - 0.250 = 0.350 atm.
OR
CH3OH(g) HCl(g) CH3Cl(g) H2O(g)
I 0.250 atm 0.600 atm 0 0
C -x -x +x +x
E 0.250 -x ≃ 0 0.600 -x ≃ 0.350 +x ≃ 0.250 +x ≃ 0.250

The final pressure of HCl(g) is 0.350 atm at equilibrium.

c) The student claims that the final partial pressure of CH3OH(g) at equilibrium is very
small but not exactly zero. Do you agree or disagree with the student’s claim?
Justify your answer.
1 point is earned for the correct choice and a valid justification.
Agree. The large value of Kp means that the partial pressure of the limiting reactant at
equilibrium will be extremely small, but some CH3OH molecules must exist for the
system to be in dynamic equilibrium.
OR
KP = 4.7 x 103 = (0.250)(0.250) / (PCH OH)(0.350) so PCH OH = 3.8 x 10-5 atm
3 3
The partial pressure of CH3OH(g) is very small but is not zero.
7.6 MC Questions
1.

The chemical equations and equilibrium expressions for two reactions at the same
temperature are given above. Based on the information, which of the following expressions
can be used to calculate the value of K3 for reaction 3 at the same temperature?
A K3 = (−K1) + (−K2) B K3 = (−K1) − (−K2)
C K3 = K1 × K2 D
2.
Based on the equilibrium constants given above, which of the following gives the correct
expression for the equilibrium constant for reaction 3?
O
A B
C D


3.
The table above lists some equilibrium systems and their equilibrium constants.
Which of the following identifies the correct mathematical relationship that uses the
information to calculate K5 ?
O
A B

C D

4. FeF2(s) ⇋ Fe2+(aq) + 2 F-(aq) K1 = 2 × 10-6

F-(aq) + H+(aq) ⇋ HF(aq) K2 = 1 × 103
FeF2(s) + 2 H+(aq) ⇋ Fe2+(aq) + 2 HF(aq) K3 = ?
On the basis of the information above, the dissolution of FeF2(s) in acidic solution is
A thermodynamically favoured, because K2 > 1
O
B thermodynamically favoured, because K3 > 1
C not thermodynamically favoured, because K1 < 1
D not thermodynamically favoured, because K3 < 1
5. H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇋ 2 HBr(g)
At a certain temperature, the value of the equilibrium constant, K, for the reaction
represented above is 2.0 x 105. What is the value of K for the reverse reaction at the same
temperature?
A -2.0 x 10-5 O
B 5.0 x 10 -6
C 2.0 x 10-5 D 5.0 x 10-5 E 5.0 x 10-4
6. N2O5(g) ⇋ 2 NO2(g) + ½ O2(g)
The equilibrium constant for the gas phase reaction above is 95 at 25°C. What is the value
of the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at 25°C?
4 NO2(g) + O2(g) ⇋ 2 N2O5(g)
A (95)2 B 95 C (95)½ D 1/95 O

E 1/(95)2
7. 2 S(s) + 2 O2(g) ⇋ 2 SO2(g) K1 = 2 x 10105

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇋ 2 SO3(g) K2 = 7 x 1024
Given the value of the equilibrium constants K1 and K2 for the reactions represented above,
what is the value of the equilibrium constant, K3, for the following reaction?
2 S(s) + 3 O2(g) ⇋ 2 SO3(g) K3 = ?
O
A 1 x 10130 B 3 x 1080 C 1 x 1065 D 2 x 1040 E 7 x 1024

7.7 MC Questions
1.
A 0.10 mol sample of each of the four species in the reaction represented above is injected
into a rigid, previously evacuated 1.0 L container. Which of the following species will have
the highest concentration when the system reaches equilibrium?
O
A H2S(g) B CH4(g) C CS2(g) D H2(g)
2. 2 XY(g) ⇋ X2(g) + Y2(g) KP = 230

A certain gas, XY(g), decomposes as represented by the equation
above. A sample of each of the three gases is put in a previously
evacuated container. The initial partial pressures of the gases are
shown in the table opposite.
The temperature of the reaction mixture is held constant.
In which direction will the reaction proceed?
A The reaction will form more products.

O
B The reaction will form more reactant.
C The mixture is at equilibrium, so there will be no change.
D It cannot be determined unless the volume of the container is known.
3. 4 HCl(g) + O2(g) ⇋ 2 Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Equal numbers of moles of HCl and O2 in a closed system are allowed to reach equilibrium
as represented by the equation above. Which of the following must be true at equilibrium?
I. [HCI] must be less than [Cl2]. II. [O2] must be greater than [HCl].
III. [Cl2] must equal [H2O].
A I only B II only C I & III only
O
D II & III only E
I, II & III only
page 29 Equilibrium Questions
4. CO(g) + 2 H2(g) ⇋ CH3OH(g) ΔH < 0
The synthesis of CH3OH(g) from CO(g) and H2(g) is represented by the equation above. The
value of Kc for the reaction at 483 K is 14.5.
A 1.0 mol sample of CO(g) and a 1.0 mol sample of H2(g) are pumped into a rigid, previously
evacuated 2.0 L reaction vessel at 483 K. Which of the following is true at equilibrium?
A [H2] = 2[CO] B O [H2] < [CO]
C [CO] = [CH3OH] < [H2] D [CO] = [CH3OH] = [H2]
5. H2(g) + I2(g) ⇋ 2 HI(g)

At 450 °C, 2.0 moles each of H2(g), I2(g), and HI(g) are combined in a 1.0 L rigid container.
The value of Kc at 450 °C is 50. Which of the following will occur as the system moves
toward equilibrium?
A More H2(g) and I2(g) will form.

O
B More HI(g) will form.
C The total pressure will decrease.
D No net reaction will occur, because the number of molecules is the same on both
sides of the equation.
6. PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ⇋ PCl5(g) Kc = 6.5
At a certain point in time, a 1.00 L rigid reaction vessel contains 1.5 mol of PCl3(g), 1.0 mol
of Cl2(g), and 2.5 mol of PCl5(g). Which of the following describes how the measured
pressure in the reaction vessel will change and why it will change that way as
the reaction system approaches equilibrium at constant temperature?
A The pressure will increase because Q < Kc.
B The pressure will increase because Q > Kc.
O
C The pressure will decrease because Q < Kc.
D The pressure will decrease because Q > Kc.

7.7 FRQ
1. The compound butane, C4H10 , occurs in two isomeric forms, n-butane and isobutane
(2-methyl propane). Both compounds exist as gases at 25°C and 1.0 atm.
a) Draw the structural formula of each of the isomers (include all atoms).
Clearly label each structure.
H H H H H CH3 H
| | | | | | |
H—C—C—C—C—H H—C—C—C—H
| | | | | | |
H H H H H H H
n-butane 2-methylpropane
b) On the basis of molecular structure, identify the isomer that has the higher boiling
point. Justify your answer.
The isomer n-butane has the higher boiling point. London (dispersion) forces are
greater among molecules of n-butane than they are among molecules of
isobutane because molecules of n-butane, with its linear structure, can approach one
another more closely and can form a greater number of induced temporary dipoles
than molecules of isobutane, with its more compact structure, can form.
The two isomers exist in equilibrium as represented by the equation below.

n-butane(g) ⇋ isobutane(g) Kc = 2.5 at 25°C
Suppose that a 0.010 mol sample of pure n-butane is placed in an evacuated 1.0 L rigid
container at 25°C.
c) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc , for the reaction.
Kc = [isobutane] / [n-butane]
d) Calculate the initial pressure in the container when the n-butane is first introduced
(before the reaction starts).
PV = nRT so P = nRT / V
P = (0.010 mol)(0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1)(273 + 25 K) / (1.0 L) = 0.24 atm
e) The n-butane reacts until equilibrium has been established at 25°C .

i) Calculate the total pressure in the container at equilibrium.
The total pressure in the container remains the same, 0.24 atm. As the reaction
proceeds, the number of molecules in the container remains constant; one molecule
of isobutane is produced for each molecule of n-butane consumed.
Q7 e) contd
ii) Calculate the molar concentration of each species at equilibrium.
1 point is earned for the correct setup. 1 point is earned for both correct
numerical answers.
n-butane(g) isobutane(g)
I 0.010 M 0M
C -x +x
E 0.010 - x x
K = [isobutane] / [n-butane] = 2.5 x / (0.010 -x ) = 2.5

so x = 0.025 - 2.5 x 3.5 x = 0.025 x = 0.025 / 3.5 = 0.007
isobutane = x = 0.007 M n-butane = 0.010 - x = 0.003 M
iii) If the volume of the system is reduced to half of its original volume, what will
be the new concentration of n-butane after equilibrium has been reestablished
at 25°C ? Justify your answer.
1 point is earned for the correct answer with justification.
Halving the volume of the container at equilibrium doubles the pressure of
both isobutane and n-butane, which has no effect on the equilibrium because
the stoichiometry of the reaction is one mole of product produced for each
mole of reactant consumed.
Since the number of moles of each isomer is unchanged but the volume is
reduced by half, concentrations of both isomers are doubled and the
concentration of n-butane will be 2 x 0.003 M = 0.006 M.
Suppose that in another experiment a 0.010 mol sample of pure isobutane is placed in an
evacuated 1.0 L rigid container and allowed to come to equilibrium at 25°C .
f) Calculate the molar concentration of each species after equilibrium has been
established.
1 point is earned for correct numerical answers or a correct statement regarding

their equivalence to values obtained in part e) ii).
The concentrations of isobutane and n-butane would be the same as they were
calculated in part e) ii), 0.007 M and 0.003 M, respectively.

8. C(s) + CO2(g) ⇄ 2 CO(g)
Solid carbon and carbon dioxide gas at 1,160 K were
placed in a rigid 2.00 L container, and the reaction
represented above occurred.
As the reaction proceeded, the total pressure in the
container was monitored. When equilibrium was
reached, there was still some C(s) remaining in the
container.
Results are recorded in the table opposite.
a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp , for the reaction.
KP = (PCO)2 / (PCO )
2
b) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) initially placed in the container.

(Assume that the volume of the solid carbon is negligible.)
PV = nRT so n = PV / VRT
n = (5.00 atm)(2.00 L) / (0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1) (1160 K) = 0.105 mol
c) For the reaction mixture at equilibrium at 1,160 K, the partial pressure of the
CO2(g) is 1.63 atm. Calculate
i) the partial pressure of CO(g) , and
Ptotal = PCO + PCO so PCO = Ptotal - PCO = 8.37 - 1.63 = 6.74 atm
2 2
ii) the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp .
KP = (PCO)2 / (PCO ) so KP = (6.74)2 / (1.63 ) = 27.9

2
d) If a suitable solid catalyst were placed in the reaction vessel, would the final total
pressure of the gases at equilibrium be greater than, less than, or equal to the final
total pressure of the gases at equilibrium without the catalyst?
Justify your answer. (Assume that the volume of the solid catalyst is negligible.)
The total pressure of the gases at equilibrium with a catalyst present would be equal
to the total pressure of the gases without a catalyst.
Although a catalyst would cause the system to reach the same equilibrium state
more quickly, it would not affect the extent of the reaction, which is determined by
the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp.
Q8 contd.
In another experiment involving the same reaction, a rigid 2.00 L container initially
contains 10.0 g of C(s), plus CO(g) and CO2(g), each at a partial pressure of 2.00 atm at
1,160 K.
e) Predict whether the partial pressure of CO2(g) will increase, decrease, or remain the
same as this system approaches equilibrium.
Justify your prediction with a calculation.
1 point is earned for a correct calculation involving Q or ICE calculation.
1 point is earned for a correct conclusion based on the calculation.
Q = (PCO)2 / (PCO ) = (2.00)2 / (2.00) = 2.00 (but KP = 27.9)
2

Q < KP so reactants → products as reaction approaches equilibrium

so PCO will decrease
2
9. CaSO4 . 2 H2O(s) ⇄ CaSO4(s) + 2 H2O(g)

The hydrate CaSO4 . 2 H2O(s) can be heated to form the anhydrous salt, CaSO4(s), as shown
by the reaction represented above.
a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction.
KP = (PH O )2
2
b) Given that the equilibrium constant, Kp , is 6.4 x 10–4 at 298 K, determine the partial
pressure, in atm, of water vapor in the cylinder at equilibrium at 298 K.
KP = 6.4 x 10-4 = (PH O )2 so PH O = √(6.4 x 10-4) = 0.025 atm

2 2
c) If the volume of the system is reduced to one-half of its original volume and the
system is allowed to reestablish equilibrium at 298 K, what will be the pressure,
in atm, of the water vapor at the new volume? Justify your answer.
The PH O at equilibrium at the new volume will be 0.025 atm. Equilibrium vapor
2
pressure is dependent on Kp, which in turn is a function of temperature, not volume.
Because the temperature is still 298 K, the vapor pressure of H2O remains 0.025 atm
in the new volume.

7.8 MC Question
1. PCl5(g) ⇋
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

PCl5(g) decomposes into PCl3(g) and Cl2(g) according to the equation above. A pure sample
of PCl5(g) is placed in a rigid, evacuated 1.00 L container.
The initial pressure of the PCl5(g) is 1.00 atm.
The temperature is held constant until the PCl5(g)
reaches equilibrium with its decomposition
products. The figures opposite show the initial
and equilibrium conditions of the system.
Additional Cl2(g) is injected into the system at
equilibrium. Which of the following graphs best shows the rate of the reverse reaction as a
function of time? (Assume that the time for injection and mixing of the additional Cl2(g) is
negligible.)
A B O
C D


7.9 MC Questions
1. Fe3+(aq) + SCN−(aq) ⇋ FeSCN2+(aq)
Colorless Colorless Red
When colorless solutions containing Fe3+(aq) ions and SCN−(aq) ions are combined, a
deep-red complex ion, FeSCN2+(aq) quickly forms, as shown in the net ionic equation
above.
Which of the following explains the observation that adding a few additional crystals of
KSCN(s) results in the red color of the solution becoming deeper?
A The added KSCN(s) dissolves, disturbing the charge balance in the solution, causing
Fe(SCN)3 to precipitate as a red solid.
B The added KSCN(s) dissolves, causing the solution to become saturated in SCN−
ions, which appear red at high concentrations.

O
C The added KSCN(s) dissolves, causing the reaction system to respond by producing
more product to partially consume SCN−(aq) and reduce its concentration.
D The added KSCN(s) dissolves, causing the reaction system to respond by forming
more Fe3+ ions, which have a deep orange color at high concentrations.

Reaction 1: NO3(g) + NO2(g) ⇋ N2O5(g) K = 2.6 × 10−11
During the day, solar radiation is absorbed by NO3(g) , resulting in its decomposition.
Which of the following best explains whether the equilibrium concentration of N2O5(g)
in the atmosphere in the daytime is different from that in the nighttime, and why?
A [N2O5] will be higher during the day, because the decomposition of NO3(g) results
in an increase in the rate of production of N2O5(g) .
B [N2O5] will be higher during the day, because NO2(g) will be in excess, leading to an
increase in the rate of production of N2O5(g) .

O
C [N2O5] will be higher at night, because the decomposition of NO3(g) in the daytime
will result in an increase in the rate of consumption of N2O5(g) to reform NO3(g)
D [N2O5] will be about the same at nighttime and daytime, because the amount of
NO2(g) will not be changed and the equilibrium will not be affected.
Reaction 1: NO3(g) + NO2(g) ⇋ N2O5(g) K = 2.6 × 10−11

In the atmosphere, small water droplets are suspended in the air, forming an aerosol.
N2O5(g) can form HNO3(aq) under these conditions, as shown in reaction 2, represented
below.
Reaction 2: N O + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq)
2 5(g)
Which of the following predicts the effect that the formation of HNO3(aq) will have on the
equilibrium shown in reaction 1, and why?
O
A The equilibrium of reaction 1 will shift toward the formation of more product,
because N O is removed when it reacts to form HNO .
2 5(g) 3(aq)
B The equilibrium of reaction 1 will shift toward the formation of more product,
because H2O(l) acts as a catalyst for reaction 1.
C The equilibrium of reaction 1 will shift toward the formation of more reactants,
because the product N2O5(g) is removed when it reacts to form HNO3(aq) .
D
The equilibrium of reaction 1 is not affected, because neither H2O(l) nor HNO3(aq)

are gases.
4. 2 BaO2(s) ⇋ 2 BaO(s) + O2(g) ΔH°= 162 kJ/molrxn
A sealed rigid vessel contains BaO2(s) in equilibrium with BaO(s) and O2(g) as represented
by the equation above. Which of the following changes will increase the amount of
BaO2(s) in the vessel?
A Removing a small amount of O2(g) B Removing a small amount of BaO(s)
C Adding He gas to the vessel O
D Lowering the temperature
5. CaCO3(s) ⇋ CaO(s) + CO2(g) ΔH° = 178 kJ/molrxn
The reaction system represented above is at equilibrium. Which of the following will
decrease the amount of CaO(s) in the system?
A Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel at constant temperature
O
B Lowering the temperature of the system
C Removing some CO2(g) at constant temperature
D Removing some CaCO3(s) at constant temperature
6. N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇋ 2 NH3(g) ΔH < 0
NH3(g) was synthesized at 200°C in the presence of a powdered Os(s) catalyst, leading to
the equilibrium system represented above.
Which of the following changes would result in more NH3(g) in the mixture after
equilibrium is reestablished?
A Replacing the powdered Os(s) with a solid cube of Os(s) of the same total mass
B Increasing the temperature of the system to 250 °C at constant pressure)
C Removing some H2(g)
O
D Adding some N2(g)
7. CO(g) + 2 H2(g) ⇋ CH3OH(g) ΔH<0
The synthesis of CH3OH(g) from CO(g) and H2(g) is represented by the equation above. The
value of Kc for the reaction at 483 K is 14.5.
Which of the following explains the effect on the equilibrium constant, Kc, when the
temperature of the reaction system is increased to 650 K?
A Kc will increase because the activation energy of the forward reaction increases more
than that of the reverse reaction.
B Kc will increase because there are more reactant molecules than product molecules.
O
C Kc will decrease because the reaction is exothermic.
D Kc is constant and will not change.
8. For which of the equilibrium systems represented below will the amount of product(s) at
equilibrium increase if the volume of the reaction vessel is decreased at a constant
temperature?
A SrCO3(s) ⇋ SrO(s) + CO2(g)
B C(s) + CO2(g) ⇋ 2 CO(g)
C CO(g) + H2O(g) ⇋ H2(g) + CO2(g)
D PCl5(g) ⇋ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
O
E 2 NO2(g)
⇋ N2O4(g)
page 38 Equilibrium Questions
9. HgO(s) + H2O(l) ⇋ HgI42-(aq) + 2 OH-(aq)
Consider the equilibrium above. Which of the following changes will increase the
concentration of HgI42– ?
A Increasing the concentration of OH–
OB Adding 6 M HNO3
C Increasing the mass of HgO present
D Increasing the temperature
E Adding a catalyst
10. 2 NO(g) + O2(g) ⇋ 2 NO2(g) ΔH < 0

Which of the following changes alone would cause a decrease in the value of Keq for the
reaction represented above?
A Decreasing the temperature
OB Increasing the temperature)

C Decreasing the volume of the reaction vessel
D Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel
E Adding a catalyst
11. 2 SO3(g) ⇋ 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)
After the equilibrium represented above is established, some pure O2(g) is injected into the
reaction vessel at constant temperature. After equilibrium is reestablished, which of
the following has a lower value compared to its value at the original equilibrium?
A Keq for the reaction

B The total pressure in the reaction vessel)
C The amount of SO3(g) in the reaction vessel
D The amount of O2(g) in the reaction vessel
OE The amount of SO2(g) in the reaction vessel

12. H2(g) + I2(g) ⇋ 2 HI(g) ΔH > 0
Which of the following changes to the equilibrium system represented above will increase
the quantity of HI(g) in the equilibrium mixture?
I. Adding H2(g) II. Increasing the temperature III. Decreasing the pressure
A I only B III only O
C I and II only D I and III only E I , II and III
13. H2 gas and N2 gas were placed in a rigid vessel

and allowed to reach equilibrium in the presence
of a catalyst according to the following equation.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ⇋ 2 NH3(g)

ΔH = -92 kJ / molrxn
More NH3 gas is added to the system at time t2
while the temperature is held constant.
Which of the following will most likely occur?
A The value of the equilibrium constant will increase

B The value of the equilibrium constant will decrease.)
C The total pressure in the container will decrease.)
O
D The amount of N2 will increase.
E The amount of H2 will decrease.
7.9 FRQ
1.
One method of producing ethanol is by the reaction of ethene and water, as represented
below.
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇄ C2H5OH(g) ΔH° = −45 kJ/molrxn
A chemist wants to run the reaction and maximize the amount of C2H5OH(g) produced.
Identify two ways the chemist could change the reaction conditions (other than adding or
removing any chemical species) to favor the formation of more product.
Justify your answer. The response meets both of the following criteria.
The response indicates that the chemist could decrease the volume of the reaction container, and that this
would work because there are fewer moles of gaseous product than moles of gaseous reactants; therefore,
an increase in pressure due to a decrease in volume would favor the formation of product.
The response indicates that the chemist could lower the temperature, and that this would work because
a lower temperature favors an exothermic reaction, leading to the conversion of reactants into product.
2.
Under some conditions, SO3(g) decomposes to produce SO2(g) and O2(g), as represented by
the equation below.
2SO3(g) ⇄ 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ΔH° = 180 kJ/molrxn
A chemist fills a rigid vessel with SO3(g)

at a certain temperature until the pressure
of SO3(g) in the container is 0.83 atm.
The SO3(g) decomposes as the partial
pressures of SO3(g), SO2(g) and O2(g) in
the container are monitored over time,
as shown in the graph opposite.
A change is made to the system at
time t1.
a) Draw an X on the time axis to show
when the system first reached equilibrium.
The graph shows an X on the time axis approximately halfway between 0 and t1 .
b) Describe the change that was made to the system at time t1
The response indicates that additional SO2(g) was injected into the reaction vessel.
c) After the change was made at time t1, the partial pressure of SO3(g) increased while
the partial pressure of O2(g) decreased. Explain this observation.
The response indicates one of the following.
The increase in the partial pressure of SO2 perturbed the equilibrium, which
responded by consuming O2 and producing more SO3 as new equilibrium
concentrations were established.
At equilibrium (before t1 ), the reaction quotient Q is equal to K . Additional SO2

increases PSO , increasing the value of Q such that Q > K . The reaction proceeds in
2
reverse to reestablish equilibrium, consuming O2 and producing more SO3 .
d) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kp , for the reaction.
KP = (PSO )2 (PO ) / (PSO )2
2 2 3
e) Determine the value of KP for the reaction.

The response includes a calculation similar to one of the following based on
appropriate values from the graph.
KP = (0.33 )2 (0.17 ) / (0.50 )2 = 0.074 or KP = (0.41 )2 (0.14 ) / (0.57 )2 = 0.072

7.10 MC Questions
1.
The equilibrium reaction between Cl2(aq) and H2O(l) at 25°C is represented by the chemical
equation shown above. If a solution at equilibrium at 25°C is diluted with distilled water
to twice its original volume, which of the following gives the value for Qc and predicts the
response by the system immediately after dilution?
A Qc = 4Kc , and the rate of the reverse reaction will be greater than the rate of the
forward reaction.
B Qc = 4Kc , and the rate of the forward reaction will be greater than the rate of the
reverse reaction.
C Qc=Kc/4 , and the rate of the reverse reaction will be greater than the rate of the
forward reaction.
O
D Q =K /4 , and the rate of the forward reaction will be greater than the rate of the
c
reverse reaction.
c
2. 2NO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇋ 2NOCl(g)

Kc=2000
A mixture of NO(g) and Cl2(g) is placed in
a previously evacuated container and
allowed to reach equilibrium according to
the chemical equation shown above.
When the system reaches equilibrium, the reactants and products have the concentrations
listed in the table above.
Which of the following is true if the volume of the container is decreased by one half?
A Q=100 , and the reaction will proceed toward reactants.

B Q=100 , and the reaction will proceed toward products.)
C Q=1000 , and the reaction will proceed toward reactants.
O
D Q=1000 , and the reaction will proceed toward products.

3.
The system represented by the equation above is allowed to establish equilibrium. The
initial pressures of the substances are given in the table. Which of the following explains
what the system will do as it approaches equilibrium?
A , and equilibrium will be approached by producing NOBr

because the forward reaction is faster than the reverse
reaction.
B , and equilibrium will be approached by producing NOBr
because the forward reaction is faster than the reverse
reaction.
C , and equilibrium will be approached by consuming NOBr
because the reverse reaction is faster than the forward
reaction.
O
D

, and equilibrium will be approached by consuming NOBr
because the reverse reaction is faster than the forward
reaction.

7.10 FRQ
1. CaCO3(s) ⇄ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
When heated, calcium carbonate decomposes
according to the equation above.
In a study of the decomposition of calcium
carbonate, a student added a 50.0 g sample of
powdered CaCO3(s) to a 1.00 L rigid container.
The student sealed the container, pumped out
all the gases, then heated the container in an
oven at 1100 K.
As the container was heated, the total pressure of the CO2(g) in the container was measured over
time. The data are plotted in the graph above.
The student repeated the experiment, but this time the student used a 100.0 g sample of
powdered CaCO3(s). In this experiment, the final pressure in the container was 1.04 atm, which
was the same final pressure as in the first experiment.
a) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) present in the container after 20 minutes of
heating.
PV = nRT so n = PV / VRT
n = (1.04 atm)(1.00 L) / (0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1) (1100 K) = 0.0115 mol
b) The student claimed that the final pressure in the container in each experiment
became constant because all of the CaCO3(s) had decomposed. Based on the data in
the experiments, do you agree with this claim? Explain.
1 point is earned for disagreement with the claim and for a correct justification
using stoichiometry or a discussion of the creation of an equilibrium condition.
Do not agree with claim
Explanation I: In experiment 1, the moles of CaCO3 = 50.0 g/100.09 g/mol =
0.500 mol CaCO3. If the reaction had gone to completion,
0.500 mol of CO2 would have been produced.
From part a) only 0.0115 mol was produced. Hence, the student's
claim was false.
Explanation II:
The two different experiments (one with 50.0 g of CaCO3 and
one with 100.0 g of CaCO3 reached the same constant, final
pressure of 1.04 atm. Since increasing the amount of reactant did
not produce more product, there is no way that all of the CaCO3

reacted. Instead, an equilibrium condition has been achieved and
there must be some solid CaCO3 in the container.
Q1. contd
c) After 20 minutes some CO2(g) was injected into the container, initially raising the
pressure to 1.5 atm. Would the final pressure inside the container be less than,
greater than, or equal to 1.04 atm? Explain your reasoning.
The final pressure would be equal to 1.04 atm. Equilibrium was reached in both
experiments; the equilibrium pressure at this temperature is 1.04 atm.
As the reaction shifts toward the reactant, the amount of CO2(g) in the
container will decrease until the pressure returns to 1.04 atm.
d) Are there sufficient data obtained in the experiments to determine the value of the
equilibrium constant, KP ,for the decomposition of CaCO3(s) at 1100 K?
1 point is earned for correct explanation that is consistent with the student's answer
to part b).
Yes. For the equilibrium reaction represented by the chemical equation in this
problem, at a given temperature the equilibrium pressure of CO2 determines the
equilibrium constant.
Since the measured pressure of CO2 is also the equilibrium pressure of CO2,
KP = PCO = 1.04 atm
2

7.11 MC Questions
1.
The equilibrium constants for the dissolution ( Ksp ) of various substances in aqueous
solution at 25°C are listed in the table above. Which of the following provides a correct
comparison of the molar solubilities ( S) of some of these substances based on their Ksp ?
A The molar solubilities for CuCN and NiCO3 are calculated using S = √Ksp and
NiCO3 has a lower molar solubility than CuCN.

O
B The molar solubilities for CuCN and NiCO3 are calculated using S = √Ksp and
CuCN has a lower molar solubility than NiCO3.
C The molar solubilities for Sn(OH)2 and MgF2 are calculated using S = √(Ksp/4) and
MgF2 has a lower molar solubility than Sn(OH)2.
D The molar solubilities for Sn(OH)2 and MgF2 are calculated using S = √(Ksp/4) and
Sn(OH)2 has a lower molar solubility than MgF2.
2. Ag2CO3(s) ⇋ 2Ag+(aq) + CO32−(aq)
The chemical equation above represents the equilibrium that exists in a saturated solution
of Ag2CO3 . If S represents the molar solubility of Ag2CO3 , which of the following
mathematical expressions shows how to calculate S based on Ksp ?
A S = √Ksp B S = √(Ksp/2) C S = ∛(Ksp/2) O

D S = ∛(Ksp/4)
3. Ba(IO3)2(s) ⇋ Ba2+(aq) + 2 IO3−(aq) Ksp = 4 × 10−9

According to the information about the dissolution of Ba(IO3)2(s) shown above, the correct
value of S, the molar solubility of Ba(IO3)2(s), can be calculated using with of the following
mathematical relationships?
A ½S = 4 × 10−9 M B 2S = 4 × 10−9 M
C S2 = 4 × 10−9 M D 4 S3 = 4 × 10−9 M
4. What is the molar solubility in water of Ag2CrO4 ? (The Ksp for Ag2CrO4 is 8 x 10-12)
A 8 x 10-12 M B 2 x 10-12 M
C √(4 x 10-12 M) D ∛(4 x 10-12 M) OE ∛(2 x 10-12 M)
5. Based on the Ksp values in the table opposite,

a saturated solution of which of the following
compounds has the highest [CI-]?
O
A PbCl 2
B CuCl
C AgCl D Hg2Cl2
6. Reaction 1: CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) → C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(s)

Reaction 2: NaOCl(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) → Cl2(g) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Reaction 3: C2H2(g) + Cl2(g) → C2H2Cl2(g)
Ca(OH)2(s) precipitates when a 1.0 g sample of CaC2(s) is added to 1.0 L of distilled water at
room temperature. If a 0.064 g sample of CaC2(s) (molar mass 64 g/mol) is used instead and
all of it reacts, which of the following will occur and why?
(The value of Ksp for Ca(OH)2 is 8.0 x 10-8.)
A Ca(OH)2 will precipitate because Q > Ksp .

B Ca(OH)2 will precipitate because Q < Ksp .
C Ca(OH)2 will not precipitate because Q > Ksp .
O
D Ca(OH)2 will not precipitate because Q < Ksp .
7. The value of Ksp for PbCl2 is 1.6 ×10-5. What is the lowest concentration of Cl—(aq) that
would be needed to begin precipitation of PbCl2(s) in 0.010 M Pb(NO3)2 ?
A 1.6 × 10-7 M B 4.0 × 10-4 M C 1.6 × 10-3 M D 2.6 × 10-3 M O

E 4.0 × 10 -2
M
8. In a saturated solution of Zn(OH)2 at 25°C, the value of [OH—] is 2.0 x 10-6 M. What is the
value of the solubility-product constant, Ksp, for Zn(OH)2 at 25°C ?
O
A 4.0 x 10
-18
B 8.0 x 10-18 C 1.6 x 10-17
page 47
D 4.0 x 10-12 E 2.0 x 10-6
Equilibrium Questions
9.
A 1.0 L solution AgNO3(aq) of and Pb(NO3)2(aq) has a Ag+ concentration of 0.020 M and
a Pb2+ concentration of 0.0010 M. A 0.0010 mol sample of K2SO4(s) is added to the solution.
Based on the information in the table above, which of the following will occur? (Assume
that the volume change of the solution is negligible.)?
A No precipitate will form. B Only Ag2SO4(s) will precipitate.
O
C Only PbSO 4(s)
will precipitate. D Both Ag2SO4(s) and PbSO4(s) will precipitate.
10. Ag+(aq) + Cl—(aq) ⇄ AgCl(s)
A student mixes dilute AgNO3(aq) with excess NaCl(aq) to form AgCl(s), as represented by the
net ionic equation above. Which of the diagrams below best represents the ions that are
present in significant concentrations in the solution? (Ksp for AgCl is 1.8 x 10−10.)
A B
C O D

7.11 FRQ
1. Several reactions are carried out using AgBr, a cream-colored silver salt for which the value
of the solubility-product constant, Ksp , is 5.0 x 10−13 at 298 K.
a) Write the expression for the solubility-product constant, Ksp , of AgBr.
1 point is earned for the correct expression (ion charges must be present;
parentheses instead of square brackets not accepted).
Ksp = [Ag+][Br−]
b) Calculate the value of [Ag+] in 50.0 mL of a saturated solution of AgBr at 298 K.
1 point is earned for the correct value with support work (units not necessary).
Let x = equilibrium concentration of Ag+ (and of Br−).
Then Ksp = 5.0 x 10−13 = x2 so x = 7.1 x 10−7 M
c) A 50.0 mL sample of distilled water is added to the solution described in part b),
which is in a beaker with some solid AgBr at the bottom. The solution is stirred and
equilibrium is reestablished. Some solid AgBr remains in the beaker.
Is the value of [Ag+] greater than, less than, or equal to the value you calculated in
part b) ? Justify your answer.
The value of [Ag+] after addition of distilled water is equal to the value in part
b). The concentration of ions in solution in equilibrium with a solid does not
depend on the volume of the solution.
d) Calculate the minimum volume of distilled water, in liters, necessary to completely
dissolve a 5.0 g sample of AgBr(s) at 298 K. (The molar mass of AgBr is 188 g mol-1.)
1 point is earned for the calculation of moles of dissolved AgBr.
n = m /M n = 5.0 /188 = 0.0266 mol of AgBr
1 point is earned for the correct answer for the volume of water.
(from b) Molarity of saturated solution = 7.1 x 10−7 M)
M = n / L so L=n/M = 0.0266 / 7.1 x 10−7 = 3.7 x 104 L

2. Answer the following questions about the solubility of Ca(OH)2 (Ksp = 1.3 x 10-6 ).
a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the
dissolution of Ca(OH)2(s) in pure water.
1 point is earned for the correct equation.

Ca(OH)2 ⇄ Ca2+ + 2 OH-
b) In the box opposite, complete a particle

representation diagram that includes four water
molecules with proper orientation around the
Ca2+ ion.
Represent water molecules as
1 point is earned for a correct diagram that shows at least three of the four water
molecules oriented correctly - the diagram should show the oxygen side of the water
molecules oriented closer to the Ca2+ ion.

7.12 MC Questions
1. CdF2(s) ⇋ Cd2+(aq) + 2 F−(aq)
A saturated aqueous solution of CdF2 is prepared. The equilibrium in the solution is
represented above. In the solution, [Cd2+]eq = 0.0585M and [F−]eq= 0.117M.
Some 0.90M NaF is added to the saturated solution. Which of the following identifies the
molar solubility of CdF2 in pure water and explains the effect that the addition of NaF
has on this solubility?

A O The molar solubility of CdF2 in pure water is 0.0585 M, and adding NaF
decreases this solubility because the equilibrium shifts to favor the
precipitation of some CdF2.
B The molar solubility of CdF2 in pure water is 0.0585M, and adding NaF
has no effect on the solubility because only changes in temperature can
increase or decrease the molar solubility of an ionic solid.

C The molar solubility of CdF2 in pure water is 0.117M, and adding NaF
decreases this solubility because the equilibrium shifts to favor the
precipitation of some CdF2.
D The molar solubility of CdF2 in pure water is 0.176M, and adding NaF
increases this solubility because the Na+ ions displace the Cd2+ ions, causing
the equilibrium to shift to favor the products.
2. CuBr(s) ⇋ Cu+(aq) + Br—(aq)

Shown above is the chemical equation for the dissolution of the slightly soluble salt CuBr(s).
Its Ksp value in pure water was experimentally determined.
CuBr was found to be much less soluble in a 0.001M NaBr solution than in pure water.
Which of the following correctly explains the decrease in solubility of CuBr in
0.001 M NaBr ?
A The concentration of water is much less in the NaBr solution than in pure
water, reducing the rate of dissolution of the salt.
B The presence of Na+ ions in the solution inhibits the dissolution of salts.

C The presence of additional Br− already in the solution decreases the value of
the Ksp for CuBr, causing the solubility to decrease.
D

O The presence of additional Br− ions already in the solution means equilibrium
will be reached when much less CuBr has dissolved.
3. AgCl(s) ⇋ Ag+(aq) + Cl—(aq) Ksp = 1.8 × 10-10
Shown above is information about the dissolution of AgCl(s) in water at 298K. In a
chemistry lab a student wants to determine the value of S, the molar solubility of AgCl, by
measuring [Ag+] in a saturated solution prepared by mixing excess AgCl and distilled
water.
How would the results of the experiment be altered if the student mixed excess AgCl
with tap water (in which [Cl−]=0.010M) instead of distilled water and the student did not
account for the Cl− in the tap water?
A The value obtained for Ksp would be too small because Cl−(aq) ions would be
attracted to the Ag+ ions in the AgCl crystals, thus preventing water molecules
from reaching the crystals.
B

O
The value obtained for Ksp would be too small because less AgCl(s)would
dissolve because of the common ion effect due to the Cl−(aq) already in the
water.

C The value obtained for Ksp would be too large because more AgCl(s)would
dissolve because of the attractions between Ag+ ions in the AgCl crystals and
the Cl−(aq) ions in the water.
D The results of the experiment would not be altered because 0.010M is such a
small concentration of Cl−(aq) ions and thus has no effect on the dissolution of
AgCl(s).
7.12 FRQ
1. Answer the following questions about the solubility of AgCl(s). The value of Ksp for AgCl(s)
is 1.8 × 10−10.
a) Calculate the value of [Ag+] in a saturated solution of AgCl in distilled water.
Let x = equilibrium concentration of Ag+ (and of Cl−).
Then Ksp = 1.8 x 10−10 = x2 so x = 1.3 x 10−5 M
b) The concentration of Cl−(aq) in seawater is 0.54 M.
i) Calculate the molar solubility of AgCl(s) in seawater.
1.8 x 10-10 = [Ag+] x (0.54) so [Ag+] = 3.3 x 10-10 M
ii) Explain why AgCl(s) is less soluble in seawater than in distilled water.
An increased [Cl- ] will decrease the solubility of AgCl(s) since the Ksp is a product
of the [Ag+] and [Cl-]. (This is an example of the common ion effect.)
For the next question, parts a) to d) were done in 7.11.
2. Several reactions are carried out using AgBr, a cream-colored silver salt for which the value
of the solubility-product constant, Ksp , is 5.0 x 10−13 at 298 K.
e) A student mixes 10.0 mL of 1.5 x 10−4 M AgNO3 with 2.0 mL of 5.0 x 10−4 M NaBr
and stirs the resulting mixture. What will the student observe? Justify your answer
with calculations.
1 point is earned for calculation of concentration of ions.
[Ag+] = 10 / 12 x 1.5 x 10-4 = 1.3 x 10-4 M
[Br —] = 2 / 12 x 5.0 x 10-4 = 8.3 x 10-5 M
1 point is earned for calculation of Q and conclusion based on comparison

between Q and Ksp.
Q = [Ag+][Br−] = (1.3 x 10-4 M)(8.3 x 10-5 M) = 1.1 x 10-8
1 point is earned for indicating the precipitation of AgBr.
Q > K since 1.1 x 10-8 > 5.0 x 10-13, so a precipitate will form since direction
will be from right to left.
f) The color of another salt of silver, AgI(s), is yellow. A student adds a solution of NaI
to a test tube containing a small amount of solid, cream-colored AgBr.
After stirring the contents of the test tube, the student observes that the solid in the
test tube changes color from cream to yellow.
i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurred in the test tube.
1 point is earned for the correct equation.
AgBr(s) + I−(aq) → AgI(s) + Br−(aq)

OR AgBr(s) + NaI(aq) → AgI(s) + NaBr(aq)
ii) Which salt has the greater value of Ksp : AgBr or AgI ? Justify your answer.
1 point is earned for the correct choice with justification.
AgBr has the greater value of Ksp. The precipitate will consist of the less
soluble salt when both I−(aq) and Br−(aq) are present. Because the color of the
precipitate in the test tube turns yellow, it must be AgI(s) that precipitates;
therefore Ksp for AgBr must be greater than Ksp for AgI.
OR Keq for the displacement reaction is Ksp AgBr / Ksp AgI .
Because yellow AgI forms, Keq > 1; therefore Ksp of AgBr > Ksp of AgI.
7.13 MC Questions
1.
MgCO3(s) ⇋ Mg2+(aq) + CO32−(aq)
A saturated solution of MgCO3 at

equilibrium is represented by the
equation above.
Four different saturated solutions were prepared and kept at the same temperature. A given
amount of HCl was added to each solution and data were collected to calculate the molar
solubility of MgCO3 as shown in the table above.
Which of the following can be concluded from the data?
A The molar solubility of MgCO3 decreases with increasing acidity (lower pH )

B
O The molar solubility of MgCO3 increases with increasing acidity (lower pH )
C The pH or acidity of the solution has a negligible effect on the molar solubility
of MgCO3
D From the data it is not possible to determine the effect of changes in acidity
on the molar solubility of MgCO3
2. CaF2(s) ⇋ Ca2+(aq) + 2F−(aq) Ksp = 3.9 × 10−11

HF(aq) ⇋ H+(aq) + F−(aq) Kc = 6.8 × 10−4
The dissolution of calcium fluoride is represented by the equilibrium system above at 25°C.
The F− ion is produced when the weak acid HF dissociates. If solid calcium fluoride is
added to equal volumes of the following solutions at 25°C , in which solution will the most
calcium fluoride dissolve?
A Pure distilled water OB 1M HNO 3(aq)

C 1M NaOH(aq) D Saturated CaF2(aq)
3. Mg(OH)2(s) ⇋ Mg2+(aq) + 2 OH- (aq)

The exothermic dissolution of Mg(OH)2(s) in water is represented by the equation above.
The Ksp of Mg(OH)2 is 1.8 x 10-11. Which of the following changes will increase the
solubility of Mg(OH)2 in an aqueous solution?

O
A Decreasing the pH B Increasing the pH
C Adding NH3 to the solution D Adding Mg(NO3)2 to the solution
4. A student investigates the effects of pH on the
solubility of AgOH(s), which dissolves in water
according to the equation
AgOH(s) ⇋ Ag+(aq) + OH−(aq)

The value for Ksp for AgOH is 2.0 × 10−8 at 298K.
The student places the same mass of AgOH(s) into
50.0mL of different solutions with specific pH
values and measures the concentration of Ag+
ions in each solution after equilibrium is reached.
Based on the data in the table, what can be concluded about the solubility of AgOH?
A The solubility of AgOH is unaffected by pH because Ksp is a constant value at

298K.
B The solubility of AgOH is unaffected by pH because it is the same value for
pH 7.00 and pH 8.00.

C AgOH is more soluble at higher pH because lower concentrations of OH−(aq)

shift the solubility equilibrium toward Ag+(aq) and OH−(aq).
D

O AgOH is less soluble at higher pH because higher concentrations of OH−(aq)
shift the solubility equilibrium toward solid AgOH.

7.14 MC Questions
1.
Two students prepared aqueous solutions

of LiCl and measured the properties, as
shown in the table above.
Both students observed that the solid LiCl

readily dissolved in H2O . The students
drew particle diagrams to explain the
changes in the enthalpy and entropy of
dissolution for LiCl based on their
results and observations.
Based on this information, the better

particle diagram was drawn by which
student, and why is that diagram more
accurate?

A O
The better particle diagram was drawn by Student 1 because when
LiCl dissolves in water, it dissociates into Li+ and Cl− ions causing an
increase in entropy.
B The better particle diagram was drawn by Student 1 because when
LiCl dissolves in water, it dissociates into Li+ and Cl− ions indicating
that the dissolution of LiCl is exothermic.

C The better particle diagram was drawn by Student 2 because it shows that
LiCl does not dissociate, resulting in a decrease in entropy for the
dissolution of LiCl .
D The better particle diagram was drawn by Student 2 because it shows that
LiCl does not dissociate, resulting in an endothermic process for the
dissolution of LiCl .

2.
The table above lists the equilibrium constants

and changes in thermodynamic properties for
the dissolution of FeCO3 and MnCO3 at 25°C.
The two particle diagrams opposite represent
saturated solutions of each compound at
equilibrium.
Which of the following explains which of the
properties listed in the table is best represented
by the particle diagram?
A The particle diagrams best represent that ΔH° < 0 because the ions from both
compounds are solvated by water molecules.
B The particle diagrams best represent that ΔH° < 0 because both compounds
produce about the same amount of CO32− ions from the dissolution.

C The particle diagrams best represent that ΔS° > 0 because both compounds
produce a very small amount of ions from the dissolution.
D O
The particle diagrams best represent that the molar solubility is greater for
FeCO3 compared to MnCO3.
3. High solubility of an ionic solid in water is favored by which of the following conditions?
I The existence of strong ionic attractions in the crystal lattice
II The formation of strong ion-dipole attractions
III An increase in entropy upon dissolving
A I only B I and II only C I and III only

O
D II and III only E I, II and III

4. At 298K , NH4NO3 readily dissolves in
water, suggesting that the change in
free energy (ΔG) favors the dissolution
process.
However, when NH4NO3 dissolves in
water, the temperature of the water
decreases.
The particulate diagram above attempts
to provide a microscopic view of the dissolution
of NH4NO3(s) considering both the change in enthalpy (ΔH) and the change in entropy
(ΔS).
Which of the following explains what the particle diagram is able to illustrate and why?
A The particle diagram is able to illustrate that the ΔH for the dissolution of
NH4NO3 is exothermic because overcoming the attractive forces between the
ions requires the absorption of energy.
B The particle diagram is able to illustrate that the ΔH or the dissolution of
NH4NO3 is endothermic because forming new interactions between the ions
and the water molecules releases energy.
C The particle diagram is able to illustrate that entropy increases when

NH4NO3(s) dissolves in water because the ions disperse in solution.
D The particle diagram is able to illustrate that entropy decreases when
NH4NO3(s) dissolves in water because many hydrogen bonds can form
between the water molecules and the ions.

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7.1 Introduction to Equilibrium

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 2 Equilibrium Questions

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 3 Equilibrium Questions

X (g) + Y(g) ⇋ XY (g)

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 4 Equilibrium Questions

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 5 Equilibrium Questions

5. The figure opposite shows two closed containers.

A higher in container 1 because the surface area of the liquid is greater.

OE the same in both containers because the temperature is the same

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 6 Equilibrium Questions

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 7 Equilibrium Questions

X (g) + Y(g) ⇋ XY (g)

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 8 Equilibrium Questions

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 9 Equilibrium Questions

2 X (g) + Y2(g) ⇋ 2 XY (g)

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 10 Equilibrium Questions

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 11 Equilibrium Questions

The response meets both of the following criteria:

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 12 Equilibrium Questions

The partial pressures of the gases in the

a) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) present in the vessel at equilibrium.

KP = PCO PCO = 1 atm so KP = 1

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 14 Equilibrium Questions

Solid carbon and carbon dioxide gas at 1,160 K were

As the reaction proceeded, the total pressure in the

Results are recorded in the table opposite.

b) Calculate the number of moles of CO2(g) initially placed in the container.

i) the partial pressure of CO(g) , and

ii) KP = (PCO )2 / PCO = (6.74)2 / 1.63 = 27.9

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 15 Equilibrium Questions

Q = (PCO )2 / PCO = (2.00)2 / (2.00) = 2.00

2.00 < 27.9 so Q < KP meaning, products → reactants

so PCO will decrease

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 16 Equilibrium Questions

2BrCl(g) ⇋ Br2(g) + Cl2(g) ΔH° = 1.6 kJ / molrxn

a) Calculate the pressure in the container before equilibrium is established.

Kc = PBr PCl / (PBrCl)2 = (0.26)(0.26) / (0.71)2 = 0.13

d) Calculate the bond energy of the Br−Cl

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 17 Equilibrium Questions

2. 2 X (g) + Y(g) ⇋ 3 Z (g)

3. COCl2 (g) ⇋ CO (g) + Cl2 (g)

If the experiment is repeated at a higher temperature at which Kc is larger, which of the

The decomposition of HI(g) at 298K is represented by the equilibrium equation above.

PCl5(g) decomposes into PCl3(g) and Cl2(g) according

D It cannot be determined whether KP > 1, KP < 1, or KP = 1 without additional

7. X (g) + Y(g) ⇋ 2 Z (g)

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 20 Equilibrium Questions

2. At night, an equilibrium reaction between two different nitrogen compounds generates

4. Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) ⇋ Fe(SCN)2+(aq)

D II and III only

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 22 Equilibrium Questions

D [X] = [Q] = [R] = [Z]

6. CO (g) + H2O (g) ⇋ CO2 (g) + H2 (g) Kc = 1.5 × 103

7. 3 O2 (g) ⇋ 2 O3 (g) Kc = 1.8 × 10−56 at 570 K

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 23 Equilibrium Questions

The final pressure of HCl(g) is 0.350 atm at equilibrium.

ISPS Chemistry Mar 2023 page 26 Equilibrium Questions

4. FeF2(s) ⇋ Fe2+(aq) + 2 F-(aq) K1 = 2 × 10-6

5. H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇋ 2 HBr(g)