Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73

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Physica E
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/physe

Analysis of graphene based optically transparent patch antenna

for terahertz communications
Anand Sreekantan Thampy n, Mayur Sudesh Darak, Sriram Kumar Dhamodharan
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India

H I G H L I G H T S G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T

 Application of graphene as a trans- By shorting the microstrip line and ground plane of the antenna with a MWCNT, the return loss of the
parent conducting material for the antenna is improved. It is observed that the return loss of 48.75dB is obtained for a MWCNT loaded
patch antenna with and without antenna as compared to 39.37dB obtained for that without a MWCNT loaded antenna. Return loss
MWCNT short is analyzed in the improvement of 9.38dB is achieved for antenna loaded with MWCNT. Thus by optimizing the position of
5.66–6.43 THz band. the MWCNT short return loss of the antenna is significantly improved for the same impedance
 The MWCNT loaded graphene based bandwidth. Both the graphene based transparent antennas achieved the 10dB impedance bandwidth
antenna yields a return loss improve- of 12.83%. The graphene based transparent antennas have broad bandwidth (12.83%), high directivity
ment of 9.38dB as compared to that (7.56dB) and high gain ( Z2dB).
without the MWCNT loaded antenna.
 Both the transparent antennas achi-
eved broad bandwidth (12.83%), high
directivity (7.56dB), and high gain
(Z2dB).

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: With and without multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) loaded graphene based optically transparent patch
Received 8 May 2014 antennas are designed to resonate at 6 THz. Their radiation characteristics are analyzed in 5.66–6.43 THz band.
Received in revised form The optically transparent graphene is deployed as the patch and ground plane of the antennas, which are
17 August 2014
separated by a 2.5 μm thick flexible polyimide substrate. By shorting the microstrip line and ground plane of
Accepted 30 September 2014
Available online 7 October 2014
the antenna with a MWCNT via, the return loss of the antenna is improved. The peak gain of 3.3dB at 6.2 THz
and a gain greater than 3dB in 5.66–6.43 THz band is obtained for antenna loaded without MWCNT. Both the
Keywords: antennas achieved a 10dB impedance bandwidth of 12.83%. Gain, directivity and radiation efficiency of the
Graphene proposed antennas are compared with conventional transparent patch antennas and graphene based non-
Transparent antenna
transparent antennas. The antenna structures are simulated by using finite element method based electro-
Graphene antenna
magnetic simulator-Ansys HFSS.
Patch antenna
MWCNT loaded antenna & 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Terahertz

n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A.S. Thampy).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2014.09.023
1386-9477/& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
68 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73

1. Introduction 100°K change in the temperature from 250 to 350°K, resonant

frequency of the antenna undergoes a shift of 0.15 THz. Graphene
In recent years, transparent conducting material (TCM) has exhibits nonlinear elastic properties viz. third-order elastic stiff-
been a critical component in many photoelectronic devices such as ness and third-order elastic constant of 2 TPa and 690 N/m,
liquid crystal displays (LCD) [1], solar cells [2], organic light respectively and a breaking strength of 42 N/m corresponding
emitting diodes (OLED) [3] and antennas [4–6]. Traditionally, this to Young′s modulus of 1 TPa [32,33]. The graphene deposited on
role has been well served by ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) material. But polyimide substrate is reported to have very good thermal stability
ITO is becoming very expensive due to the limited supply of in the range 4.4–400°K and its resistance is stable up to a
element indium. In the race to overcome the ITO limitations, bending radius of 1 mm, suggesting excellent mechanical flexibil-
monolayer and multi-layered transparent carbon based conduc- ity [34].
tors such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as In this work, with and without MWCNT loaded graphene based
the viable alternatives which satisfy the future requirements of microstrip patch antennas are designed on a 2.5 μm thick optically
TCM for optoelectronic applications [7]. Recent advances in gra- transparent polyimide substrate. The antenna characteristics are
phene film synthesis and its characterization indicate that it is studied by shorting the microstrip line and ground plane with
suitable for photoelectronic applications including its use as a transparent MWCNT. The entire structure is optically transparent
flexible transparent conductor [8,9]. The electrical properties of in the visible spectrum region and designed to resonate at 6 THz.
graphene are analyzed theoretically and experimentally in [10– Organization of the paper is as follows. Section 2 discusses the
13]. The challenge in using TCM as the antenna patch is retaining design of graphene based optically transparent microstrip patch
the optical transmittance of the material while optimizing its antenna with and without shorting MWCNT. Section 3 investigates
electrical conductivity [14]. In [15], optical transmittance greater 10dB impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics of
than 90% was observed in graphene films with a thickness of tens with and without MWCNT loaded antennas and the results
of nanometres in the 400–1800 nm wavelength range. Integration are compared with conventional transparent antennas and gra-
of optically transparent antennas with solar cell can reduce the phene based non-transparent antennas. Conclusions are made in
overall system size, weight, cost and visual disturbances [16]. In Section 4.
space applications like satellites, size and weight of the on-board
payload are the two critical parameters. By designing optically
transparent antennas on solar cell panel displays such that the
2. Graphene based transparent patch antenna
display itself can act as antennas, the overall size and weight of the
satellite system can be reduced [17].
The graphene based optically transparent microstrip patch
Increasing the carrier frequency of the communication system
antennas with and without shorting MWCNT are designed to
results in numerous advantages such as broad bandwidth for high
resonate at 6 THz. Their dimensions are same and are of the order
data rate transmission, improved spatial directivity and resolution,
of micrometres as listed in Table 1. As shown in Fig. 1, the
reduced transmission power and system size. Most of the afore-
antennas have transparent conducting patch and a ground
mentioned advantages are achieved by operating the communica-
plane separated by 2.5 μm thick optically transparent polyimide
tion system in the terahertz spectrum [18,19]. It is of particular
substrate. The rectangular shaped transparent graphene sheet
interest to service providers and system designers, because it
(patch thickness t‹‹λ0, where λ0 is the free space wavelength) is
offers broad bandwidth and free spectrum. The microstrip patch
antenna is widely used in military and commercial wireless used as the radiating patch. Thickness of the dielectric substrate
communication systems because of its low profile, planar and material (h) should be very much less than a free space wave-
robust structure [20]. Owing to these properties, it is best suited length (h‹‹λ0, usually 0.003λ0 rh r0.05λ0) [35]. A transparent
for system miniaturization for terahertz frequency applications MWCNT of 10 nm diameter is used to short the microstrip line
[21,22]. Conventional TCM patch antennas have limitations in and the ground plane of the antenna. Its cross sectional view is
terms of 10dB impedance bandwidth (o 5%), gain (o2dB) and shown in Fig. 2.
poor radiation efficiency [23]. The slight deformation in the patch At the edges of the patch, electric field undergoes the fringing.
made from conventional TCMs like indium tin oxide (ITO), This fringed electric field is a primary source of electromagnetic
titanium-doped indium oxide (TIO), etc. can cause its impedance radiation [36,37]. Higher dielectric constant substrates for the
to alter. This results in an impedance mismatch [24]. But the antenna would result in poor radiation efficiency, narrow band-
impedance of graphene undergoes negligible change under defor- width and greater losses [38]. Hence, the substrate having a low
mation [25]. The return loss of the antenna can be reduced by dielectric constant is desirable for getting better radiation char-
shorting microstrip line and the ground plane with the conducting acteristics in the desired direction [39]. The microstrip transmis-
via [21]. The transparent multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) sion line, which connects the patch with the coaxial line, is
is widely used for designing the interconnects in integrated employed for impedance transition to minimize the return loss
circuits [26]. The performance of CNT based device undergoes (S11) due to impedance mismatch. To further minimize return loss,
minimal changes under bending on a polyimide substrate [27]. the microstrip line is shorted with the ground plane of the
These are the considerations behind the motivation to investigate antenna by using MWCNT. By varying the position of short along
radiation performance of graphene based transparent patch an-
tenna. In [28], graphene based terahertz frequency-reconfigurable
antenna is designed using electromagnetic simulator-Ansys Table 1
HFSS. Design parameters of the graphene based optically transparent patch antenna.
Using the Kubo formalism, the surface conductivity of graphene
Parameters Dimensions
sheet is described as a function of frequency, chemical potential,
scattering ratio, temperature and reduced Plank′s constant Patch length, width LW 10.71 μm  14.87 μm
[29,30]. At terahertz frequencies, substantial change in tempera- Dielectric substrate length, Ls  WS  h 27.9 μm  66.67 μm  2.5 μm
ture results in a minimal shift in resonant frequency for width and thickness
Dielectric constant (polyimide) εr 3.5
graphene based patch antenna. In [31], the effect of temperature Microstrip line length and width L1  W 1 8.595 μm  2.664 μm
on the graphene based terahertz patch antenna is studied. For
 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73 69

Fig. 1. Graphene based optically transparent microstrip patch antenna.

Fig. 2. Cross sectional view of an MWCNT loaded graphene based transparent microstrip patch antenna.

Fig. 3. Return loss (S11) for with and without MWCNT loaded graphene based Fig. 4. Antenna radiation efficiency for with and without MWCNT loaded graphene
transparent antennas. based transparent antennas.

microstrip patch antenna is given by [40]

Table 2
Impedance characteristics of the transparent antennas.
c
fr =
Parameters FTO based optically transparent antenna 2 (L + 2ΔL) √εeff (1)

Without MWCNT With MWCNT

where L is the length of the patch, c is the velocity of light, εeff is
Return loss (S11) (dB) at 6 THz 39.37 48.75 effective dielectric constant and ΔL is an extension in patch length
Band of operation (THz) 5.66–6.43 when fields excited at patch edges undergo fringing. The width
Impedance bandwidth ( 10dB) 12.83% (W), length (L) and extension in length (ΔL) of the rectangular
patch are given by

the length of the microstrip line, the return loss is optimized. The −0.5
c ⎛ εr + 1 ⎞
optimized position of the MWCNT shorting pin on the microstrip W= ⎜ ⎟
2fr ⎝ 2 ⎠ (2)
line (L2) is 3.36 μm. The resonant frequency of the rectangular
70 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73

Fig. 5. E-plane (solid line) and H-plane (dash line) far field radiation patterns of the graphene based transparent antenna (without MWCNT) at (a) 5.66 THz, (b) 6 THz,
(c) 6.2 THz and (d) 6.43 THz.

where εr is dielectric constant of the substrate material. the antenna structure [35].
−0.5
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ε + 1⎞ ε − 1⎛ 12 h ⎞
c εeff = ⎜ r ⎟+ r ⎜1 + ⎟
L = ⎜⎜ ⎟ − 2ΔL
⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ W ⎠ (5)
⎝ 2fr εeff ⎠ (3)

ΔL = 0.412 h
(εeff + 0.3) ((W /h) + 0.264)
3. Results and discussion
(εeff − 0.258) ((W /h) + 0.8) (4)
The proposed antenna structures are designed and simulated
Fringing effect also occurs at the boundaries of microstrip
using Ansys HFSS, a finite element method (FEM) based electro-
line. Most of the electric field lines are concentrated in the magnetic solver. The radiation characteristics of the antennas are
substrate whereas some lines partly exist in the air. Hence, the analyzed in 5.66–6.43 THz band. Graphene is a sp2-bonded mono-
field lines are subjected to two dielectric media vis-a-vis air layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure. The
and substrate. This makes the microstrip line look wider electri- incident high frequency radiations generate surface plasmon
cally compared to its physical dimensions. Thus the effective polaritons (SPPs) wave along the metal-dielectric interface. Gra-
dielectric constant (εeff) must be calculated to account for the phene provides best conditions for propagation of SPPs and
fringing and wave propagation in the microstrip line towards supports transverse-magnetic (TM) SPP waves. The edges of the
 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73 71

Fig. 6. E-plane (solid line) and H-plane (dash line) far field radiation patterns of the MWCNT loaded graphene based transparent antenna at (a) 5.66 THz, (b) 6 THz,
(c) 6.2 THz and (d) 6.43 THz.

Table 3
Radiation performances of the graphene based transparent antennas (with and
without MWCNT).

Frequency (THz) 5.66 5.82 6 6.1 6.2 6.43

Without Gain (dB) 3.02 3.16 3.27 3.29 3.30 3.25
MWCNT Directivity (dB) 7.63 7.61 7.56 7.53 7.49 7.37
Radiation 34.46 35.89 37.17 37.73 38.16 38.68
efficiency (%)
With MWCNT Gain (dB) 2.83 3.01 3.15 3.19 3.22 3.18
Directivity (dB) 7.61 7.59 7.56 7.52 7.48 7.39
Radiation 33.20 34.79 36.27 36.92 37.46 38.15
efficiency (%)

patch, which is a graphene sheet, act as mirrors and patch acts as

resonator for SPP modes. These SPP modes on patch couple with
high frequency incident radiations which results in resonances in Fig. 7. Gain (dB) for with and without MWCNT loaded graphene based transparent
the graphene based antenna [41–43]. antennas.
72 A.S. Thampy et al. / Physica E 66 (2015) 67–73

Table 4
Comparison of graphene based transparent antenna with conventional transparent patch antennas and graphene based non-transparent antennas.

Parameters Conventional transparent Graphene based antennas Proposed graphene based

antennas (Non - Transparent) transparent antennas

References [23] [46] [47] [28] [48] [30] Without MWCNT With MWCNT
Resonant frequency (GHz) 2.2 2150 1425 800 1000 750 6000
Gain (dB) 1 1.89 1.65 – 0 5.09 3.27 3.15
Directivity (dB) – – – 0 – 5.71 7.56 7.56
Radiation efficiency (%) 68 42.5 43 20 – 86.58 37.17 36.27

The return loss (S11) of with and without MWCNT loaded impedance bandwidth. The 10dB impedance bandwidth of
antenna are shown in Fig. 3. It is observed that the return loss of 12.83% and more than 33% radiation efficiency is achieved. The
48.75dB is obtained for MWCNT loaded antenna as compared to peak gain of 3.3dB at 6.2 THz and a gain greater than 3dB in 5.66–
39.37dB obtained for without MWCNT loaded antenna. Both the 6.43 THz band is obtained for antenna loaded without MWCNT.
antennas achieved 10dB impedance bandwidth of 12.83% in The peak gain of 3.22dB at 6.2 THz and a gain greater than 2.8dB in
5.66–6.43 THz band. Such broad bandwidth is desirable for de- 5.66–6.43 THz band is obtained for antenna loaded with MWCNT.
signing high speed transceivers. Thus MWCNT short does not This shows that the application of transparent graphene for patch
affect the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. Impedance antenna significantly improves its characteristics such as impe-
characteristics of the transparent antennas are listed in Table 2. dance bandwidth, directivity and gain compared to the ones
Fig. 4 shows the plot of radiation efficiency with respect to offered by conventional transparent patch antennas.
frequency for antenna with and without MWCNT short. For both
the antennas radiation efficiency greater than 33% is observed in
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