Unit II

Syllabus

Introduction to GIS: Introduction,

History of GIS,
GIS Components,
GIS Applications in Real life,
The Nature of geographic data,
Maps, Types of maps, Map scale, Types of scale,
Map and Globe,
Coordinate systems,
Map projections, Map transformation,
Geo-referencing
Introduction

Geography
► Geographic Information System
Information System

► Geography – geo –spatial pattern and process (location and distribution)

► Information system – a system containing electronic records, which
involves input of source documents, recording on electronic media and
output of records along with related documentation and indexes
► Interactive combination of people, computer hardware and software,
communication devices and procedures designed for continuous flow of
information
Definition

► Geographic Information System (GIS) a computer based information

system used to digitally represent and analyze the geographic features
present on the Earth' surface and the events (non-spatial attributes linked
to the geography under study) that taking place on it.
► A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for
mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen on Earth.
► Burrough - "Set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will,
transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a
particular set of purposes"
► GIS is science of spatial information
► Arnoff - "a computer based system that provides four sets of capabilities
to handle geo-referenced data :
► data input
► data management (data storage and retrieval)
► manipulation and analysis
► data output. "
► Every object present on the earth can be georeferenced.
► Database – collection of information about things and their relationships
► Georeferencing – location feature or coverage in space defined by
geographic coordinate referencing system.
GIS solve / answers:

► Location
► Condition
► Trend
► Patterns
► Modelling
► Spatial & aspatial queries
History of GIS

► The field of geographic information systems (GIS) started in the 1960s as

computers and early concepts of quantitative and computational
geography emerged.
► Early GIS work included important research by the academic community.
Later, the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, led by
Michael Goodchild, formalized research on key geographic information
science topics such as spatial analysis and visualization.
► These efforts fueled a quantitative revolution in the world of geographic
science and laid the groundwork for GIS.
► Roger Tomlinson’s pioneering work to initiate, plan, and develop the
Canada Geographic Information System resulted in the first computerized
GIS in the world in 1963.
► The Canadian government had commissioned Tomlinson to create a
manageable inventory of its natural resources. He envisioned using
computers to merge natural resource data from all provinces.
► Tomlinson created the design for automated computing to store and
process large amounts of data, which enabled Canada to begin its
national land-use management program.
► He also gave GIS its name.
► While at Northwestern University in 1964, Howard Fisher created one of the
first computer mapping software programs known as SYMAP. In 1965, he
established the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics.
► In 1969, Jack Dangermond—a member of the Harvard Lab—and his wife
Laura founded Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (Esri). The
consulting firm applied computer mapping and spatial analysis to help
land use planners and land resource managers make informed decisions.
► Esri developed ARC/INFO—the first commercial GIS product. The
technology was released in 1981 and began the evolution of Esri into a
software company.
GIS Today

► GIS gives people the ability to create their own digital map layers to help
solve real-world problems.
► GIS has also evolved into a means for data sharing and collaboration,
inspiring a vision that is now rapidly becoming a reality—a continuous,
overlapping, and interoperable GIS database of the world, about virtually
all subjects.
► “GIS is about uncovering meaning and insights from within data. It is
rapidly evolving and providing a whole new framework and process for
understanding.”
Jack Dangermond
CEO, Esri
Future of GIS

► With its movement to web and cloud computing, and integration with real-
time information via the Internet of Things, GIS has become a platform
relevant to almost every human endeavor—a nervous system of the
planet.
► As our world faces problems from expanding population, loss of nature,
and pollution, GIS will play an increasingly important role in how we
understand and address these issues and provide a means for
communicating solutions using the common language of mapping.
Roots of GIS

► GIS functionality for image processing

► RS is primary data source

► 4 M’s enhanced using GIS

► Measuring
► Monitoring
► Mapping
► Modeling
Contributing Disciplines
GIS components
Components of GIS

► People/ users
► maintain of the geographic database and provide technical support.
► GIS managers, database administrators, application specialists, systems analysts, and
programmers
► categorized into: viewers, general users, and GIS specialists

► Data
► most time consuming and costly aspect of initiating a GIS – geospatial & attribute
► It is crucial to check the quality of the data before obtaining it & entering In DBMS

► Hardware
► technical equipment needed to run a GIS with enough power to run the software, enough
memory to store large amounts of data,
► input and output devices such as scanners, digitizers, GPS data loggers, media disks, and printers.
► Software
► GIS software packages (ArcGIS, ArcView, ArcSDE, MapInfo, Geomatica)
► packages must be capable of data input, storage, management,
transformation, analysis, and output
► Procedures
► Designed to support the data capture, storage, processing, analysis, modeling,
and display of geospatial data
► how the data will be retrieved, input into the system, stored, managed,
transformed, analyzed, and finally presented in a final output.
GIS Applications in Real life
 Application
► 1. Mapping
► GIS can be used to provide a visual interpretation of data. Google Maps is an excellent example of a
web-based GIS mapping solution that people use for everyday navigation purposes. However, smart
mapping technology has significantly advanced and is used in products like Nobel’s GeoViewer, which
gives cities, municipalities and private industry an in-depth look at electric and water district assets in the
field.
► 2. Telecom and Network Services
► Organizations can incorporate geographic data into their complex network design, optimization,
planning, and maintenance activities. This data enhances telecom processes through better customer-
relationship management and location services.
► 3. Accident Analysis and Hot Spot Analysis
► GIS data helps to identify accident locations, and road networks can be optimized using data
intelligence. This intelligence helps to improve road safety measures and allows better traffic
management.
► 4. Urban planning
► GIS data analyzes urban growth and the direction of expansion. When appropriately applied, it can
discover new sites for further development, considering various factors that are necessary for successful
building.
► 5. Transportation Planning
► GIS data is commonly used for managing transportation issues. With the addition of environmental and
topical data in a GIS platform, companies can plan for a new road or rail route.
► 6. Environmental Impact Analysis
► Data gathered via GIS applications is vital for conserving natural resources and protecting the
environment. Impact statements assess the magnitude of human impact on the environment, which GIS
integration helps indicate.
► 7. Agricultural Applications
► GIS data helps create more efficient farming techniques, alongside analyzing soil data in an advanced
fashion. This can increase food production in different parts of the world.
► 8. Disaster Management and Mitigation
► Efficient GIS systems protect the environment and are developed to assist risk and disaster management.
► 9. Navigation
► Web-based navigation maps use GIS data to provide the public with useful information. Web maps are
regularly updated per GIS information and are used consistently in everyday life.
► 10. Flood damage estimation
► Governments use GIS data to map flood risk areas and can use the information to coordinate relief
efforts.
► 11. Natural Resources Management
► With the help of GIS information, forests can be adequately maintained and managed. It is especially
crucial for the allocation and geographic distribution of water, one of the more critical environmental
constituents.
► 12. Banking
► Banking has evolved to become market-driven, and a bank’s success depends mainly on its ability to provide customer-driven services. GIS data
plays an essential role in planning, organizing, and decision making in the banking industry.
► 13. Taxation
► GIS data helps solve taxation problems and maximize government income . It is used for building permits and engineering and offers a system for
managing property tax on a geographic basis.
► 14. Surveying
► Surveying involves measuring the location of objects on earth, and more organizations are using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for
this function. This data incorporated into a GIS system can estimate area and prepare digital maps.
► 15. Geology
► Geologists use GIS data to analyze soil, assess seismic information, and create 3D displays of geographic features. It can also be used to analyze
rock characteristics, and identify the best location for different functions.
► 16. Assets Management and Maintenance
► GIS data helps organizations become more efficient with finite resources. With an understanding of the population at risk, planners can allocate
resources more efficiently.
► 17. Planning and Community Development
► GIS data helps us understand and meet global challenges. As GIS technology rapidly advances, there are various innovative applications in the
planning sector. GIS tools can be used to integrate geographic intelligence into planning processes, and have the potential to change how we
think and behave.
► 18. Dairy Industry
► The dairy industry uses GIS data for distribution, production, and identifying the location of shops. It is a useful tool for planning in the field of dairy
farm management and allows for better decision making.
► 19. Irrigation Water Management
► The availability of water directly affects crop production in a given region. GIS data can identify significant crops and determine yield, involving
efficient techniques for spatial and time domain.
► 20. Pest Control and Management
► Pest control is essential to agricultural production, and GIS technology plays a vital role in mapping out infested areas. Organizations can
consequently develop more effective pest management plans.
The Nature of geographic data -
Geographic entities

► Spatial analysis – requires 2 types of spatial information

► Attribute: are the characteristics of the map features, & holds the description of
geographical features
► Non spatial data – with area n time
► GIS attribute represented by colour, texture & linear symbols

► Geographic or locational information

► Entities – things in real world
► Objects – things in digital world
Types of Attributes

► Primary attributes
► Socio economic characteristics
► Physical properties of objects
► Secondary attributes
► Flows of information levels
► Districts
► Capitals
► Mandal names etc
GIS screen shot
 GIS data
► Location
► Time
► Attribute
► Digital representations of geography hold enormous advantages over
previous types, such as paper maps, written reports from explorers, and
spoken accounts. Data in digital form are easy to transform, process, and
analyze.
► Discrete objects
► The discrete object view represents the world as objects with well defined
boundaries in empty space. The discrete object view leads to a powerful
way of representing geographic information about objects
► Geographic objects are identified by their dimensionality.
► Objects that occupy area, including lakes, parcels, and forest
stands, are termed two-dimensional and generally referred to as
areas or polygons.
► Other objects that are linear, including roads, railways, and rivers,
are termed one-dimensional and generally referred to as lines.
► Objects that are single locations, including individual animals
and buildings, are termed zero-dimensional and generally
referred to as points.
Raster data

► In a raster representation, geographic space is divided into a rectangular

array of cells, each of which is usually square. All geographic variation is
expressed by assigning properties or attributes to these cells. The cells are
sometimes called pixels
► One common form of raster data comes from remote sensing satellites.
Data from the Landsat satellite, for example, which is commonly used in
GIS applications
Vector data

► In a vector representation, all lines are captured as points connected by

straight lines (curves have to be approximated by straight lines).
► although raster data may look less attractive, they may be more honest to
the inherent quality of the data
Maps, Types of maps, Map scale,
Types of scale
Map represents