Nature of Chapter:

1. It’s a continuation of Relation and Function of 11th class. But don’t

worry even if you have not done that much in 11th.

2. Questions on Relations will demand both understanding and solving

skills.

3. Functions here, will demand little bit of Range concept from 11th class,
other than that, we will be learning new concepts here.

4. Some concepts that you will study in this chapter are further explored
in AOD.
 Weightage of Sets & Relations (Last 5 years)
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Average

JEE Main 3.3 % 2.1 % 1.4 % 1.5 % 0.8 % 1.82 %

Jee Advanced 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0.60 %

Weightage of Functions (Last 5 years)

2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Average

JEE Main 5.6 % 3.6 % 4.4 % 3.8 % 4.2 % 4.32 %

Jee Advanced 6% 0% 0% 5% 0% 2.20 %

 Relations & Functions
● Relations
● Types of Relations
● Functions and its classifications
● Composition of Functions
● Inverse of a function
● Functional Equation
 Relations & Functions
Critical Topics in the Chapter
● Types of relations
● Composition of functions
● Functional Equation
 Relations
Lets first do the basic recall of relations, we covered in 11th.
 Relations
Any subset of A × B is defined as a relation from set A to set B,

where A and B are non-empty sets

 Relations
Any subset of A × B is defined as a relation from set A to set B,

where A and B are non-empty sets

Remark

Relation from A to A is also called relation on A.

 Relations

Description of relations
There are three ways of writing a relation.
Let us do it by examples

Let A = {1, 2, 3} & B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

(1) R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}

 Relations

Description of relations
There are three ways of writing a relation.
Let us do it by examples

Let A = {1, 2, 3} & B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

(1) R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}

(or)

(2) R = {(a, b) | b = 2a – 1, a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

 Relations

Description of relations
There are three ways of writing a relation.
Let us do it by examples

Let A = {1, 2, 3} & B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

(1) R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}

(or)

(2) R = {(a, b) | b = 2a – 1, a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

(or)

(3) a R b ⇔ b = 2a – 1; a ∈ A and b ∈ B
 Write relation on A defined as: xRy ⇔ y = x2 ,
Q
where A = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}
 Write relation on A defined as: xRy ⇔ y = x2 ,
Q
where A = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}

Solution:
R = {(1, 1), (-1, 1), (2, 4)}
 Relations

Result

If n(A) = p and n(B) = q then number of relations that

can be defined from A to B is 2pq.
Q If A is the set of even natural numbers less than 8
and B is the set of prime numbers less than 7, then
the number of relations from A to B is

A 29

B 92

C 32

D 29-1
Q If A is the set of even natural numbers less than 8
and B is the set of prime numbers less than 7, then
the number of relations from A to B is

A 29

B 92

C 32

D 29-1
Q If A is the set of even natural numbers less than 8
and B is the set of prime numbers less than 7, then
the number of relations from A to B is

Solution:
A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {2, 3, 5}
No. of relations from A to B = 23 x 3 =29
 Relations
Inverse of Relation

If R is a relation on set A, then the relation R−1 on A ,defined by

R−1 = {(y, x) : (x, y) ∈ R} is called an inverse relation to A.
Clearly,

Domain (R−1) = Range of (R)

Range of (R−1) = domain of (R).
Q Find the inverse relation R-1 if R is a relation from
{11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defined by y = x - 3.
Q Find the inverse relation R-1 if R is a relation from
{11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defined by y = x - 3.

Solution:
R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defined by y = x - 3
Now, y = x - 3
Putting x = 11, 12, 13, we get y = 8, 9, 10 respectively
⇒ {11, 8} ∈ R, (12, 9) ∉ R and (13, 10) ∈ R
Thus, R = {(11, 8), (13, 10)}
⇒ R-1 = {(8, 11), (10, 13)}
Now we start with the Relations Topic of 12th syllabus, which
primarily covers Types of relation.
Types of Relations
 Types of Relations

(1) Empty Relation: Let A be a set and ɸ ⊂ A ✕ A, it follows that ɸ is a

relation on A which is called the empty relation.

(2) Universal Relation: Let A be a set and A ✕ A ⊆ A ✕ A, it follows that

A ✕ A is a relation on A, which is called the universal relation.

(3) Identity Relation: If every element of A is related to itself only, then

the relation is called identity relation.
Symbolically, the relation IA = {(a, a) : a ∈ A} is called an Identity
relation on A.
 Types of Relations
1. Reflexive Relation
 Types of Relations
1. Reflexive Relation

A Relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive, if every element of A is related to

itself. Thus if R is reflexive, then (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A.

For example, let A = {1, 2, 3} then R1 = {(x, y) | y ≥ x} is a reflexive relation on A.

 Types of Relations
2. Symmetric Relation
 Types of Relations
2. Symmetric Relation

A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff

(a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A

For example, let A = {2, 4, 6} then

R1 = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 4), (4, 2), (6, 2)} is a symmetric relation on A.
 Types of Relations
3. Transitive Relation
 Types of Relations
3. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz
 Types of Relations
3. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz

NOTE

Relation is NOT transitive only when x R y and y R z but

In all other situations R is Transitive.
 Types of Relations
3. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(1) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}

(2) R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 5), (5, 1)}

(3) R3 = {(1, 3), (2, 4)}

 Types of Relations
3. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(1) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} : It is transitive relation.

(2) R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 5), (5, 1)} : It is not a transitive relation.

(3) R3 = {(1, 3), (2, 4)} : It is transitive relation.

 If a relation R on the set {1, 2, 3} be defined by
Q
(i) R = {(1, 2)}, then R is:
(ii)R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}. Then R is:
Solution:
 Let R be the relation in the set {1, 2, 3, 4} given by
Q
R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (1, 1), (4, 4), (1, 3), (3, 3), (3, 2)}, then R is ___.

Solution:
 IIT 2005

Q Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)}
be a relation on A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. Relation R is

A Reflexive and transitive only

B Reflexive only

C An equivalence relation

D Reflexive and symmetric only

 IIT 2005

Q Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)}
be a relation on A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. Relation R is

A Reflexive and transitive only

B Reflexive only

C An equivalence relation

D Reflexive and symmetric only

 IIT 2005

Q Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)}
be a relation on A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. Relation R is

Solution:

Given A = {3, 6, 9, 12}

Since (3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12) ∈ R
Thus its reflexive relation (12, 6) ∉ R
Here, (6, 12) ∈ R, but
Thus R is not symmetric
Here, (3, 6) ∈ R and (6, 12) ∈ R, also (3, 12) ∈ R
So relation is transitive also.
 Consider the following two binary relations on the set
Q
A = {a, b, c}
R1 = {(c, a), (b, b), (a, c), (c, c), (b, c), (a, a), (c, b)} and
R2 = {(a, b), (b, a), (c, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}. Then:

A both R1 and R2 are not symmetric.

B R1 is not symmetric but it is transitive

C R2 is symmetric but it is not transitive

D both R1 and R2 are transitive.

 Consider the following two binary relations on the set
Q
A = {a, b, c}
R1 = {(c, a), (b, b), (a, c), (c, c), (b, c), (a, a), (c, b)} and
R2 = {(a, b), (b, a), (c, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}. Then:

A both R1 and R2 are not symmetric.

B R1 is not symmetric but it is transitive

C R2 is symmetric but it is not transitive

D both R1 and R2 are transitive.

 Consider the following two binary relations on the set
Q
A = {a, b, c}
R1 = {(c, a), (b, b), (a, c), (c, c), (b, c), (a, a), (c, b)} and
R2 = {(a, b), (b, a), (c, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}. Then:

Solution:

Both R1 and R2 are symmetric as for any

(a1, a2) ∈ R1 ⇔ (a2, a1) ∈ R1
And same thing can be verified for R2 as well (a1 ≠ a2).
For checking transitivity, we observe for R2 that
(b, a) ∈ R2, (a, c) ∈ R2 but (b, c) ∉ R2.
Similarly, for R1, (b, c) ∈ R1, (c, a) ∈ R1 but (b, a) ∉ R1.
So neither R1 nor R2 is transitive.
 JEE Main 13th Apr, 2023-S2

Q Let A = {-4, -3, -2, 0, 1, 3, 4} and R = {(a, b) ∈ A x A : b = |a| or b2 = a + 1}

be a relation on A. Then the minimum number of elements, that
must be added to the relation R so that it becomes reflexive and
symmetric, is _______
 JEE Main 13th Apr, 2023-S2

Q Let A = {-4, -3, -2, 0, 1, 3, 4} and R = {(a, b) ∈ A x A : b = |a| or b2 = a + 1}

be a relation on A. Then the minimum number of elements, that
must be added to the relation R so that it becomes reflexive and
symmetric, is _______

Ans: 7
 JEE Main 13th Apr, 2023-S2

Q Let A = {-4, -3, -2, 0, 1, 3, 4} and R = {(a, b) ∈ A x A : b = |a| or b2 = a + 1}

be a relation on A. Then the minimum number of elements, that
must be added to the relation R so that it becomes reflexive and
symmetric, is _______

Solution:
R = [(-4, 4), (-3, 3), (3, -2), (0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (4, 4), (3, 3)}
For reflexive, add ⇒ (-2, -2), (-4, -4), (-3, -3)
For symmetric, add ⇒ (4, -4), (3, -3), (-2, 3), (1, 0)
 Consider a relation of whole numbers defined as
Q
x R y ⇔ x ≤ y2. Prove that its reflexive but neither
symmetric nor transitive.
 Consider a relation of whole numbers defined as
Q
x R y ⇔ x ≤ y2. Prove that its reflexive but neither
symmetric nor transitive.

Solution:

Clearly, it is reflexive as (a, a) ∈ R as a ≤ a2

But, if (1, 2) ∈ R
Then (2, 1) ∉ R
So it is not symmetric
Now, let us consider
(5, 3) ∈ R, (3, 2) ∈ R
But (5, 2) ∉ R
Thus R is not transitive.
 Types of Relations
4. Equivalence Relation

Relation R defined on any set A is equivalence relation if

R is reflexive
R is symmetric
R is transitive
 The minimum number of elements that must be added
Q
to the relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} on the set of natural
numbers so that it is an equivalence relation, is_____.
 The minimum number of elements that must be added
Q
to the relation R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)} on the set of natural
numbers so that it is an equivalence relation, is_____.

Ans: 7
Solution:
 Show that relation R defined on the set A = {0 , 1 , 2 , …. , 12}
Q
given by R = {(a, b) | a − b is multiple of 4} is an equivalence
relation. Also find elements related to 3.
Solution:
A = {0, 1, 2, …., 12} Transitivity: Let a, b, c ∈ A

R = {(a, b) | a − b is multiple of 4} Such that (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R

Reflexivity: For any a ∈ A ∴ a − b is multiple of 4

(a, a) ∈ R and (b − c) is multiple of 4

As, a − a = 0 is multiple of 4. ∴ (a − b) = 4λ, and (b − c) = 4𝜇

So, R is reflexive. for some λ, 𝜇 ∈ N

Add these equations
Symmetric: Let a, b ∈ A Such that (a, b) ∈ R
a − b + b − c = 4λ + 4𝜇
∴ a − b is multiple of 4
a − c = 4(λ + 𝜇)
⇒ a − b = 4λ for some λ ∈ z
So, (a − c) is multiple of 4
∴ (b − a) = 4(−λ)
Thus, it is transitive
So, (b − a) is multiple of 4 ⇒ (b − a) ∈ R
So, R is an equivalence relation.
It is symmetric
Solution:

Elements related to 3
Let x be the element of A such that (x, 3) ∈ R
Then (x − 3) is multiple of 4
∴ (x − 3) = 0, 4, 8, 12, ….
⇒ x = 3, 7, 11, 15, …
set A = {0, 1, 2, …. , 12}
x = 3, 7, 11
 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023-S2
Let R be a relation defined on N as a R b
Q
if 2a + 3b is a multiple of 5, a, b ∊ N. Then R is

A an equivalence relation

B transitive but not symmetric

C not reflexive

D symmetric but not transitive

 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023-S2
Let R be a relation defined on N as a R b
Q
if 2a + 3b is a multiple of 5, a, b ∊ N. Then R is

A an equivalence relation

B transitive but not symmetric

C not reflexive

D symmetric but not transitive

Solution:
 JEE Main July 27, 2021 Shift-2
Let Z be the set of Integers and a relation R on Z be
Q
defined by R = {(x, y) ∈ Z × Z : x3 − 3x2y − xy2 + 3y3 = 0}.
Then the relation R is:

Symmetric but neither reflexive nor

A transitive

Reflexive but neither symmetric nor

B
transitive

Reflexive and symmetric, but not

C
transitive

D An equivalence relation
 JEE Main July 27, 2021 Shift-2
Let Z be the set of Integers and a relation R on Z be
Q
defined by R = {(x, y) ∈ Z × Z : x3 − 3x2y − xy2 + 3y3 = 0}.
Then the relation R is:

Symmetric but neither reflexive nor

A transitive

Reflexive but neither symmetric nor

B
transitive

Reflexive and symmetric, but not

C
transitive

D An equivalence relation
 JEE Main July 27, 2021 Shift-2
Let Z be the set of Integers and a relation R on Z be
Q
defined by R = {(x, y) ∈ Z × Z : x3 − 3x2y − xy2 + 3y3 = 0}.
Then the relation R is:

Solution:
 Types of Relations
Antisymmetric Relation
The relation R is said to be antisymmetric on a set A,
if xRy and yRx hold only when x = y.
FUNCTIONS
 Functions
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a function f : A → B is a rule
which associates each element of A to unique element of B.

Notations:
f:A→B
Classification of Functions
 Classification of Functions

(a) One-one and many-one

(b) Onto and into
 Classification of Functions

(a) One-one and many-one

(b) Onto and into

NOTE

One-one → Injective
Onto → Surjective
One-one and onto → Bijective
Classification of Functions
> >
f f

A B A B

> >
f f

A B A B
 Check whether the following functions are one-one
Q
or many-one.
(a) y = x2 ; x ∈ R (b) y = x2 ; x ∈ R+
 Check whether the following functions are one-one
Q
or many-one.
(a) y = x2 ; x ∈ R
Solution:
Ist Method: II Method:
Y

Thus is not one-

one.

X
 Check whether the following functions are one-one
Q
or many-one.
(b) y = x2 ; x ∈ R+
 Check whether the following functions are one-one
Q
or many-one.
(b) y = x2 ; x ∈ R+

Solution:
Since

Thus for positive values

is positive, thus is increasing in its domain.
Thus, It is one-one.
 Check whether the following function is one-one or
Q
many-one : y = x2 – 5x + 6
 Check whether the following function is one-one or
Q
many-one : y = x2 – 5x + 6

Solution:

Given f(x) = x2 − 5x + 6 f(x) = x2 − 5x + 6

f(x1) = f(x2) f’(x) = 2x − 5
x12 − 5x1 + 6 = x22 − 5x2 + 6 − +
(x12 − x22) − (5x1 − 5x2) = 0
−∞ 5/2 ∞
(x1 − x2) (x1 + x2 − 5) = 0
So again
Thus f(x) is many-one
Either x1 − x2 = 0 or x1 − x2 − 5 = 0
This it is not one-one
 Check whether the following functions are onto or into.
Q
(a) f : R → [−1, 1] defined as

(b) f : R → [0, 5] defined as f(x) = |3 sin x + 4 cos x|

 Check whether the following functions are onto or into.
Q
(a) f : R → [−1, 1] defined as
Solution:

Now x is defined if

Since
Thus f(x) is into.
 Check whether the following functions are onto or into.
Q
(b) f : R → [0, 5] defined as f(x) = |3 sin x + 4 cos x|
 Check whether the following functions are onto or into.
Q
(b) f : R → [0, 5] defined as f(x) = |3 sin x + 4 cos x|

Solution:
 Check whether the following functions is onto or into.
Q

f : N → N defined as
Solution:
For n ∈ even, i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ….
We will get
,

For n ∈ odd, i.e. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ….., we will get

Thus, we will get all natural numbers.

Thus, function is onto.
 If f : (-∞, ∞) → S defined as f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 is an
Q
onto function then S must be

B [−1, ∞)

C (−2, ∞)

D None of these
 If f : (-∞, ∞) → S defined as f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 is an
Q
onto function then S must be

B [−1, ∞)

C (−2, ∞)

D None of these
 If f : (-∞, ∞) → S defined as f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 is an
Q
onto function then S must be

Solution:

Here, we know that, for f(x)

Range is

∴ Range of f(x) ∈ [−1, ∞)

Q Let f : R → [2, ∞] be a function defined as f(x) = x2 - 12ax + 15 - 2a + 36a2.
If f(x) is surjective on R, then the value of a is equal to

D
Q Let f : R → [2, ∞] be a function defined as f(x) = x2 - 12ax + 15 - 2a + 36a2.
If f(x) is surjective on R, then the value of a is equal to

D
Q Let f : R → [2, ∞] be a function defined as f(x) = x2 - 12ax + 15 - 2a + 36a2.
If f(x) is surjective on R, then the value of a is equal to

Solution:

Rewriting the given function, we get,

f(x) = (x - 6a)2 + 15 - 2a
∵ f(x) is surjective on R
⇒ 15 - 2a = 2
⇒ 2a = 13

⇒
Composition of functions
 Composition of functions

Composition of f(x) and g(x) is denoted as fog(x) and gof(x) and

it is defined as :
(a) fog(x) = f(g(x))
(b) gof(x) = g(f(x))

If f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x2 . Then,

(a) fog(x) = (b) gof(x) =
 Composition of functions

Composition of f(x) and g(x) is denoted as fog(x) and gof(x) and

it is defined as :
(a) fog(x) = f(g(x))
(b) gof(x) = g(f(x))

If f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x2 . Then,

(a) fog(x) = f(g(x)) (b) gof(x) = g(f(x))
= sin(g(x)) = g(f(x))
= sin(x2) = (f(x))2 = (sin x)2
 Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x , then the solution set of
Q
fog(x) = gof(x) is

A R

B {0}

C {0, 2}

D None of these
 Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x , then the solution set of
Q
fog(x) = gof(x) is

A R

B {0}

C {0, 2}

D None of these
 Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x , then the solution set of
Q
fog(x) = gof(x) is

Solution:
Q

A x

B 1

C f(x)

D g(x)
Q

A x

B 1

C f(x)

D g(x)
Q

Solution:

Given, g(x) = 1 + x − [x]

g(x) = 1 + {x}
So, g(x) is always positive as 0 ≤ {x} < 1
Thus, f(g(x)) = 1
 Composition of functions
Let us consider f : A → B and g : B → C defined as
f(x) = 3x – 1 and g(x) = 3x where
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 5, 8} , C = {2, 6, 9, 15, 24} then:

gof ( __ ) =
gof ( __ ) =
gof ( __ ) =

Observation

gof : A → C
 Composition of functions
Definition
If f : A → B and g : B → C are two functions, then composition of f and g

denoted by gof is defined as a function gof : A → C given by

gof(x) = g(f(x)), ∀ x ∈ A

* Clearly, range of f(x) must be subset of domain of g(x)

Q Let where [ . ] denotes the GIF. Then

find the value of f {f (−2.3)}.

Q Let where [ . ] denotes the GIF. Then

find the value of f {f (−2.3)}.

Solution:
Q Let f be a function defined by x ≠ 3, 2 ;

f k(x) denote the composition of f with itself taken k times

i.e., f 3(x) = f(f(f(x))), then which one of the following in NOT
correct ?

A f 2009(2009) =
2009
B

D f 2012(2012) = 2012
Q Let f be a function defined by x ≠ 3, 2 ;

f k(x) denote the composition of f with itself taken k times

i.e., f 3(x) = f(f(f(x))), then which one of the following in NOT
correct ?

A f 2009(2009) =
2009
B

D f 2012(2012) = 2012
Solution:
 JEE Main 25th June 2022, S-1
Let f : R → R be a function defined by
Q
If the function

g(x) = f(f(f(x)) + f(f(x)), then the greatest integer

less than or equal to g(1) is___
 JEE Main 25th June 2022, S-1
Let f : R → R be a function defined by
Q
If the function

g(x) = f(f(f(x)) + f(f(x)), then the greatest integer

less than or equal to g(1) is___

Ans : 2
Solution:
Q

then find f(g(x)) and find its domain and range.

Solution:
Inverse of function
 Inverse of function
Consider a function f : {1, 2, 3} → {3, 6, 9} defined as f(x) = 3x

f(1) = 3 f

f(2) = 6 1 3
f(3) = 9
2 6

3 9
A B
 Inverse of function

Consider g : {3, 6, 9} → {1, 2, 3} defined as then

f(1) = 3 f g(3)= 1
f(2) = 6 g(6)= 2
f(3) = 9 1 3 g(9)= 3

2 6

3 9
A B
g
 Inverse of function
Try to observe in previous example

fog(x) = x ∀ x (i.e., fog is identity function from B to B i.e. IB) and

gof(x) = x ∀ x (i.e., gof is identity function from A to A i.e. IA)

 Inverse of function
Definition

A function f : X → Y is said to be invertible, if there exists a function

g : Y → X such that gof = Ix and fog = Iy. The function g(x) is called

inverse of f(x) and is denoted as f-1(x)

 Inverse of function
Algorithm to find Inverse of function

Step 1: Write y = f(x) and replace x ↔ y

Step 2: Find value of y. This is f-1(x)
 Find inverse function of following:
Q
 Find inverse function of following:
Q
Solution:
 Find inverse function of following:
Q
 Find inverse function of following:
Q

Solution:

Squaring both sides

 Find inverse function of following:
Q

Solution:
 JEE Main 2020

Q The inverse of function is:

D
 JEE Main 2020

Q The inverse of function is:

D
Solution:
 If f(x) = (ax2 + b)3, then find the function g such that
Q
f (g (x )) = g (f (x)).
 If f(x) = (ax2 + b)3, then find the function g such that
Q
f (g (x )) = g (f (x)).

Solution:
Q If f : [1, ∞) → [2, ∞) is given by then f-1(x) is :

D
NOTE

Inverse of a function is unique.

Q If f : [1, ∞) → [2, ∞) is given by then f-1(x) is :

D
Solution:
Q If f : [1, ∞) → [1, ∞) is defined as 2x(x - 1) , then f-1(x) is

D Not defined
Q If f : [1, ∞) → [1, ∞) is defined as 2x(x - 1) , then f-1(x) is

D Not defined
Solution:
Now,

For x = 4, we get

Rejected

Thus
Q For what values of ⍺ the function y = ⍺x + 3 is inverse of itself.
Q For what values of ⍺ the function y = ⍺x + 3 is inverse of itself.

Solution:
By comparing coefficients

According to question Taking common

 Remark

Previous question can also be asked as:

Let f(x) = ⍺x + 3, then for what values of ‘⍺’, f(f(x)) = x , ∀ x.
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023 S-1

For some a, b, c ∈ N, let f (x) = ax -3 and g(x) = xb + c, x ∊ R.

Q
If , then (f o g)(ac) + (g o f)(b)
is equal to
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023 S-1

For some a, b, c ∈ N, let f (x) = ax -3 and g(x) = xb + c, x ∊ R.

Q
If , then (f o g)(ac) + (g o f)(b)
is equal to

Ans : 2039
 JEE Main 25th Jan 2023 S-1

For some a, b, c ∈ N, let f (x) = ax -3 and g(x) = xb + c, x ∊ R.

Q
If , then (f o g)(ac) + (g o f)(b)
is equal to

Solution:
 Inverse of function

Remark

(fog)-1 = g-1 of-1

 Inverse of function

NOTE

A function is invertible iff it is bijective.

 Inverse of function

NOTE

A function is invertible iff it is bijective.

In this case f-1 is not a function.

 Inverse of function

NOTE

A function is invertible iff it is bijective.

In this case f-1 is not a function.

 JEE Main 25th July, 2021 S2

Q Consider function f : A → B and g : B → C (A, B, C ⊆ R)

such that (gof)-1 exists then:

A f and g both are one-one

B f and g both are onto

C f is one-one and g is onto

D f is onto and g is one-one

 JEE Main 25th July, 2021 S2

Q Consider function f : A → B and g : B → C (A, B, C ⊆ R)

such that (gof)-1 exists then:

A f and g both are one-one

B f and g both are onto

C f is one-one and g is onto

D f is onto and g is one-one

 JEE Main 25th July, 2021 S2

Q Consider function f : A → B and g : B → C (A, B, C ⊆ R)

such that (gof)-1 exists then:

Solution:

∴ (gof)-1 exist ⇒ gof is bijective

⇒ ‘f’ must be one-one and ‘g’ must be ONTO
 Inverse of function

NOTE

(a) Graph of y = f-1(x) is reflection of graph of y = f(x) about y = x.

For example.
(i) ex and ln x (ii) y = x2 ; x ≥ 0 and
 Inverse of function

NOTE

(a) Graph of y = f-1(x) is reflection of graph of y = f(x) about y = x.

For example.
(i) ex and ln x (ii) y = x2 ; x ≥ 0 and

(b) Solutions of f(x) = x and f-1(x) = x are same.

Q If is defined as f(x) = x2 - 3x + 4, then

find solution of x = f -1 (x).

Q If is defined as f(x) = x2 - 3x + 4, then

find solution of x = f -1 (x).

Solution:
Solution of x = f -1 (x) is same as that of solution of x = f(x)
Functional Equation
 Functional Equation

Q If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and f(1) = 5 then find

If f : R ➝ R is a function satisfying f(x + y) = f(xy) for all x, y ∈ R

Q
and

Q If , then find f(x)

If g(x) g(y) = g(x) + g(y) + g(xy) - 2 ∀ x, y and g(2) = 5 then

Q
find g(x) if its given to be a polynomial.
Slide 149

1 @[email protected]
Sir, is this slide needed?
_Reassigned to Arvind Kalia_
anurag tiwari, 22-09-2023

1 yes
Arvind Kalia, 22-09-2023
 Functional Equation

Result
 Functional Equation

NOTE

In (e), f(x) is a polynomial is very important condition.

Normally it acts as indication of application of (e) result
Q If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and f(1) = 5 then find
Q If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and f(1) = 5 then find

Solution:

f(x) = Kx also f(1) = 5

⸫ 5 = K(1) ⇒ K = 5
⸫ f(x) = 5x
Now,
 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023 - S1

Q Suppose f is a function satisfying f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all

x, y ∈ N and . If

then m is equal to____.

 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023 - S1

Q Suppose f is a function satisfying f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all

x, y ∈ N and . If

then m is equal to____.

Ans : 10
Solution:
 JEE Main 2020

Q If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and x, y ∈ N, where N

is the set of all natural numbers, then the value of is

Recall: f(x + y) = f(x) × f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax

 JEE Main 2020

Q If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and x, y ∈ N, where N

is the set of all natural numbers, then the value of is

D
Solution:
Q If , then find f(x)
Q If , then find f(x)

Solution:

Replace

Solving both we get

Q If 2f(x) + f(1 - x) = x2 ∀ x then find f(x)
Q If 2f(x) + f(1 - x) = x2 ∀ x then find f(x)

Solution:
2f(x) + f(1 - x) = x2
Replace x ➝ 1 - x

2f(1 - x) + f(x) = (1 - x)2

Solving both we get
3f(x) = 2x2 - (1 - x)2

3f(x) = x2 + 2x - 1
Q ∀ x ∈ R - {0},where f(x) be

a polynomial function and f(5) = 126, then f(3) =

A 28

B 26

C 27

D 25

Recall:

and f(x) is a polynomial then f(x) = ±xn + 1

Q ∀ x ∈ R - {0},where f(x) be

a polynomial function and f(5) = 126, then f(3) =

A 28

B 26

C 27

D 25
Q ∀ x ∈ R - {0},where f(x) be

a polynomial function and f(5) = 126, then f(3) =

Solution:
 If ‘f’ is polynomial such that
Q

where (x ≠ 0, ± 1) and f(3) = 28, then find value of

 If ‘f’ is polynomial such that
Q

where (x ≠ 0, ± 1) and f(3) = 28, then find value of

Ans: 5
Solution:
Q If g(x) g(y) = g(x) + g(y) + g(xy) - 2 ∀ x, y and g(2) = 5
then find g(x), if its given to be a polynomial.

Recall:

and f(x) is a polynomial then f(x) = ±xn + 1

Q If g(x) g(y) = g(x) + g(y) + g(xy) - 2 ∀ x, y and g(2) = 5
then find g(x), if its given to be a polynomial.

Solution:

Put x = 1, y = 2, we get
g(1) g(1) = g(1) + g(2) + g(2) - 2
5g(1) = g(1) + 5 + 5 - 2

4g(1) = 8
g(1) = 2 But g(2) = 5
Now, put
⸫n=2
g(x) = x2 + 1
Q If f(x + y) + f(x - y) = 3f(x) f(y) ∀ x, y and f(0) ≠ 0 then
prove that f(x) is even.
Q If f(x + y) + f(x - y) = 3f(x) f(y) ∀ x, y and f(0) ≠ 0 then
prove that f(x) is even.

Solution:
Put y = 0, we get
f(x) + f(x) = 3f(x) f(0)
2f(x) = 3f(x) f(0)

Now, put x = 0, we get

⸫ f(x) is even
Q If f(k + x) = f(k - x) and f(2k + x) = -f(2k - x) for k > 0
then prove that f(x) is periodic.
Solution:
f(k + x) = f(k - x) Now, f(2k + x) = -f(2k - x)
Put x = k + x in (1) f(-(x - 2k)) = -f(x - 2k)
∴ f(2k + x) = f(-x) ∴ f(2k + x) = f(x - 2k)
Also, put x = k - x in (1) Replace x ➝ x + 2k
We get, f(2k - x) = f(x) ……..(3) f(x + 4k) = f(x)
But f(2k + x) = -f(2k - x) Thus f(x) is periodic with period ‘4k’
Using (1) and (2)
∴ f(-x) = -f(x)
Means f(x) is odd function.
 JEE Main 24th Jan, 2023 - S2

is equal to

A 2011

B 2010

C 1010

D 1011
 JEE Main 24th Jan, 2023 - S2

is equal to

A 2011

B 2010

C 1010

D 1011
Solution: