Sa 370
Sa 370
Sa 370
SA-370
1. Scope Annex
Testing Multi-Wire Strand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A7
1.1 These test methods cover procedures and defini- Rounding of Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A8
tions for the mechanical testing of wrought and cast Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars A9
steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-
mechanical tests herein described are used to determine Cycle Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A10
properties required in the product specifications. Varia-
tions in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard
methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproduc-
ible and comparable results. In those cases in which 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
the testing requirements for certain products are unique regarded as the standard.
or at variance with these general procedures, the product
specification testing requirements shall control. 1.5 When this document is referenced in a metric
product specification, the yield and tensile values may
1.2 The following mechanical tests are described:
be determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted
into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-
Sections pound gage lengths of 2 or 8 in. may be reported in
Tension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 to 13 SI unit gage lengths of 50 or 200 mm, respectively,
Bend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 as applicable. Conversely, when this document is refer-
Hardness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 enced in an inch-pound product specification, the yield
Brinell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
and tensile values may be determined in SI units
Rockwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Portable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 then converted into inch-pound units. The elongation
Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 to 28 determined in SI unit gage lengths of 50 or 200 mm
Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 may be reported in inch-pound gage lengths of 2 or
8 in., respectively, as applicable.
1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain prod-
ucts are appended to these test methods as follows: 1.6 Attention is directed to Practices A 880 and
E 1595 when there may be a need for information on
criteria for evaluation of testing laboratories.
Annex
Bar Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1.1
Tubular Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all
Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A3 of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
Round Wire Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A4 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
Significance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing A5
Converting Percentage Elongation of Round
establish appropriate safety and health practices and
Specimens to Equivalents for Flat Speci- determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
mens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A6 prior to use.
628
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
629
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
with one of the radii of a circle drawn with a point 7.3 Loading — It is the function of the gripping or
on the axis of the product as a center [Fig. 2(a)]. holding device of the testing machine to transmit the
load from the heads of the machine to the specimen
4.2.2 Tangential Test, unless specifically defined
under test. The essential requirement is that the load
otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the
shall be transmitted axially. This implies that the centers
specimen is perpendicular to a plane containing the
of the action of the grips shall be in alignment, insofar
axis of the product and tangent to a circle drawn with
as practicable, with the axis of the specimen at the
a point on the axis of the product as a center [Figs.
beginning and during the test and that bending or
2(a), 2(b), 2(c), and 2(d)].
twisting be held to a minimum. For specimens with a
reduced section, gripping of the specimen shall be
restricted to the grip section. In the case of certain
TENSION TEST sections tested in full size, nonaxial loading is unavoid-
5. Description able and in such cases shall be permissible.
5.1 The tension test related to the mechanical testing 7.4 Speed of Testing — The speed of testing shall
of steel products subjects a machined or full-section not be greater than that at which load and strain readings
specimen of the material under examination to a mea- can be made accurately. In production testing, speed
sured load sufficient to cause rupture. The resulting of testing is commonly expressed (1) in terms of free
properties sought are defined in Terminology E 6. running crosshead speed (rate of movement of the
crosshead of the testing machine when not under load),
5.2 In general, the testing equipment and methods or (2) in terms of rate of separation of the two heads
are given in Test Methods E 8. However, there are of the testing machine under load, or (3) in terms of
certain exceptions to Test Methods E 8 practices in the rate of stressing the specimen, or (4) in terms of rate
testing of steel, and these are covered in these test of straining the specimen. The following limitations on
methods. the speed of testing are recommended as adequate for
most steel products:
NOTE 2 — Tension tests using closed-loop machines (with feedback
6. Terminology control of rate) should not be performed using load control, as this
mode of testing will result in acceleration of the crosshead upon
6.1 For definitions of terms pertaining to tension yielding and elevation of the measured yield strength.
testing, including tensile strength, yield point, yield
strength, elongation, and reduction of area, reference 7.4.1 Any convenient speed of testing may be
should be made to Terminology E 6. used up to one half the specified yield point or yield
strength. When this point is reached, the free-running
rate of separation of the crossheads shall be adjusted
7. Testing Apparatus and Operations so as not to exceed 1⁄16 in. per min per inch of reduced
7.1 Loading Systems — There are two general types section, or the distance between the grips for test
of loading systems, mechanical (screw power) and specimens not having reduced sections. This speed shall
hydraulic. These differ chiefly in the variability of the be maintained through the yield point or yield strength.
rate of load application. The older screw power machines In determining the tensile strength, the free-running
are limited to a small number of fixed free running rate of separation of the heads shall not exceed 1⁄2 in.
crosshead speeds. Some modern screw power machines, per min per inch of reduced section, or the distance
and all hydraulic machines permit stepless variation between the grips for test specimens not having reduced
throughout the range of speeds. sections. In any event, the minimum speed of testing
shall not be less than 1⁄10 the specified maximum rates
7.2 The tension testing machine shall be maintained for determining yield point or yield strength and tensile
in good operating condition, used only in the proper strength.
loading range, and calibrated periodically in accordance
7.4.2 It shall be permissible to set the speed of the
with the latest revision of Practices E 4.
testing machine by adjusting the free running crosshead
NOTE 1 — Many machines are equipped with stress-strain recorders speed to the above specified values, inasmuch as the
for autographic plotting of stress-strain curves. It should be noted rate of separation of heads under load at these machine
that some recorders have a load measuring component entirely
separate from the load indicator of the testing machine. Such recorders settings is less than the specified values of free running
are calibrated separately. crosshead speed.
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PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
7.4.3 As an alternative, if the machine is equipped 8.3 Procurement of Test Specimens — Specimens shall
with a device to indicate the rate of loading, the speed be sheared, blanked, sawed, trepanned, or oxygen-cut from
of the machine from half the specified yield point or portions of the material. They are usually machined so as
yield strength through the yield point or yield strength to have a reduced cross-section at mid-length in order to
may be adjusted so that the rate of stressing does not obtain uniform distribution of the stress over the cross sec-
exceed 100 000 psi (690 MPa) /min. However, the tion and to localize the zone of fracture. When test coupons
minimum rate of stressing shall not be less than 10 are sheared, blanked, sawed, or oxygen-cut, care shall be
000 psi (70 MPa) /min. taken to remove by machining all distorted, cold-worked,
or heat-affected areas from the edges of the section used
in evaluating the test.
631
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
632
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
measured by the drop of the beam, halt of the pointer, (that is, a Class B1 device) or reduce the lower limit
or autographic diagram methods described in 13.1.1 of the strain range (for example, to 0.01%) or both.
and 13.1.2, a value equivalent to the yield point in its See also Note 8 for automatic devices.
practical significance may be determined by the follow-
13.2.2 Extension Under Load Method — For tests
ing method and may be recorded as yield point: Attach
to determine the acceptance or rejection of material
a Class C or better extensometer (Note 4 and Note 5)
whose stress-strain characteristics are well known from
to the specimen. When the load producing a specified
previous tests of similar material in which stress-strain
extension (Note 6) is reached record the stress corres-
diagrams were plotted, the total strain corresponding
ponding to the load as the yield point (Fig. 8).
to the stress at which the specified offset (see Note 8
NOTE 4 — Automatic devices are available that determine the load and Note 9) occurs will be known within satisfactory
at the specified total extension without plotting a stress-strain curve. limits. The stress on the specimen, when this total
Such devices may be used if their accuracy has been demonstrated.
Multiplying calipers and other such devices are acceptable for use strain is reached, is the value of the yield strength. In
provided their accuracy has been demonstrated as equivalent to a recording values of yield strength obtained by this
Class C extensometer. method, the value of “extension” specified or used, or
NOTE 5 — Reference should be made to Practice E 83.
both, shall be stated in parentheses after the term yield
strength, for example:
NOTE 6 — For steel with a yield point specified not over 80 000
psi (550 MPa), an appropriate value is 0.005 in. /in. of gage length. Yield strength (0.5% EUL) p 52 000 psi (360 MPa) (2)
For values above 80 000 psi, this method is not valid unless the
limiting total extension is increased.
NOTE 7 — The shape of the initial portion of an autographically The total strain can be obtained satisfactorily by use
determined stress-strain (or a load-elongation) curve may be influenced
by numerous factors such as the seating of the specimen in the of a Class B1 extensometer (Note 4, Note 5, and Note 7).
grips, the straightening of a specimen bent due to residual stresses,
and the rapid loading permitted in 7.4.1. Generally, the abberations NOTE 8 — Automatic devices are available that determine offset
in this portion of the curve should be ignored when fitting a modulus yield strength without plotting a stress-strain curve. Such devices
line, such as that used to determine the extension-under-load yield, may be used if their accuracy has been demonstrated.
to the curve.
NOTE 9 — The appropriate magnitude of the extension under load
13.2 Yield Strength — Yield strength is the stress will obviously vary with the strength range of the particular steel
under test. In general, the value of extension under load applicable
at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation to steel at any strength level may be determined from the sum of
from the proportionality of stress to strain. The deviation the proportional strain and the plastic strain expected at the specified
is expressed in terms of strain, percent offset, total yield strength. The following equation is used:
extension under load, etc. Determine yield strength by
one of the following methods: Extension under load, in. /in. of gage length p (YS /E) + r (3)
13.2.1 Offset Method — To determine the yield
strength by the “offset method,” it is necessary to where:
secure data (autographic or numerical) from which a YS p specified yield strength, psi or MPa,
stress-strain diagram may be drawn. Then on the stress- E p modulus of elasticity, psi or MPa, and
strain diagram (Fig. 9) lay off Om equal to the specified r p limiting plastic strain, in. /in.
value of the offset, draw mn parallel to OA, and thus 13.3 Tensile Strength — Calculate the tensile strength
locate r, the intersection of mn with the stress-strain by dividing the maximum load the specimen sustains
curve corresponding to load R, which is the yield- during a tension test by the original cross-sectional
strength load. In recording values of yield strength area of the specimen.
obtained by this method, the value of offset specified
or used, or both, shall be stated in parentheses after 13.4 Elongation:
the term yield strength, for example: 13.4.1 Fit the ends of the fractured specimen
together carefully and measure the distance between
Yield strength (0.2% offset) p 52 000 psi (360 MPa) (1) the gage marks to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) for
gage lengths of 2 in. and under, and to the nearest
When the offset is 0.2% or larger, the extensometer 0.5% of the gage length for gage lengths over 2 in.
used shall qualify as a Class B2 device over a strain A percentage scale reading to 0.5% of the gage length
range of 0.05 to 1.0%. If a smaller offset is specified, may be used. The elongation is the increase in length
it may be necessary to specify a more accurate device of the gage length, expressed as a percentage of the
633
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
634
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
corresponding to the various indentation diameters, usually in incre- marking showing the effect of the load appears on the
ments of 0.05 mm.
side of the piece opposite the indentation.
NOTE 11 — In Test Method E 10 the values are stated in SI units,
whereas in this section kg /m units are used. 16.4 Procedure:
16.4.1 It is essential that the applicable product
16.1.2 The standard Brinell test using a 10 mm specifications state clearly the position at which Brinell
ball employs a 3000 kgf load for hard materials and hardness indentations are to be made and the number
a 1500 or 500 kgf load for thin sections or soft materials of such indentations required. The distance of the center
(see Annex on Steel Tubular Products). Other loads of the indentation from the edge of the specimen or
and different size indentors may be used when specified. edge of another indentation must be at least two and
In recording hardness values, the diameter of the ball one-half times the diameter of the indentation.
and the load must be stated except when a 10 mm
ball and 3000 kgf load are used. 16.4.2 Apply the load for a minimum of 15 s.
16.1.3 A range of hardness can properly be speci- 16.4.3 Measure two diameters of the indentation
fied only for quenched and tempered or normalized at right angles to the nearest 0.1 mm, estimate to the
and tempered material. For annealed material a maxi- nearest 0.05 mm, and average to the nearest 0.05 mm.
mum figure only should be specified. For normalized If the two diameters differ by more than 0.1 mm,
material a minimum or a maximum hardness may discard the readings and make a new indentation.
be specified by agreement. In general, no hardness 16.4.4 Do not use a steel ball on steels having a
requirements should be applied to untreated material. hardness over 450 HB nor a carbide ball on steels
16.1.4 Brinell hardness may be required when having a hardness over 650 HB. The Brinell hardness
tensile properties are not specified. test is not recommended for materials having a hardness
over 650 HB.
16.2 Apparatus — Equipment shall meet the follow-
ing requirements: 16.4.4.1 If a ball is used in a test of a specimen
which shows a Brinell hardness number greater than
16.2.1 Testing Machine — A Brinell hardness the limit for the ball as detailed in 16.4.4, the ball
testing machine is acceptable for use over a loading shall be either discarded and replaced with a new
range within which its load measuring device is accurate ball or remeasured to ensure conformance with the
to ±1%. requirements of Test Method E 10.
16.2.2 Measuring Microscope — The divisions of 16.5 Detailed Procedure — For detailed requirements
the micrometer scale of the microscope or other measur- of this test, reference shall be made to the latest revision
ing devices used for the measurement of the diameter of Test Method E 10.
of the indentations shall be such as to permit the
direct measurement of the diameter to 0.1 mm and the
estimation of the diameter to 0.05 mm.
17. Rockwell Test
NOTE 12 — This requirement applies to the construction of the
microscope only and is not a requirement for measurement of the 17.1 Description:
indentation, see 16.4.3.
17.1.1 In this test a hardness value is obtained
by determining the depth of penetration of a diamond
16.2.3 Standard Ball — The standard ball for
point or a steel ball into the specimen under certain
Brinell hardness testing is 10 mm (0.3937 in.) in
arbitrarily fixed conditions. A minor load of 10 kgf is
diameter with a deviation from this value of not more
first applied which causes an initial penetration, sets
than 0.005 mm (0.0004 in.) in any diameter. A ball
the penetrator on the material and holds it in position.
suitable for use must not show a permanent change in
A major load which depends on the scale being used
diameter greater than 0.01 mm (0.0004 in.) when pressed
is applied increasing the depth of indentation. The
with a force of 3000 kgf against the test specimen.
major load is removed and, with the minor load still
16.3 Test Specimen — Brinell hardness tests are acting, the Rockwell number, which is proportional to
made on prepared areas and sufficient metal must be the difference in penetration between the major and
removed from the surface to eliminate decarburized minor loads is determined; this is usually done by the
metal and other surface irregularities. The thickness of machine and shows on a dial, digital display, printer,
the piece tested must be such that no bulge or other or other device. This is an arbitrary number which
635
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
increases with increasing hardness. The scales most by a single blow in a specially designed testing machine.
frequently used are as follows: The measured test values may be the energy absorbed,
the percentage shear fracture, the lateral expansion
Scale Major Minor
Symbol Penetrator Load, kgf Load, kgf
opposite the notch, or a combination thereof.
1
B ⁄16 in. steel ball 100 10 19.2 Testing temperatures other than room (ambient)
C Diamond brale 150 10 temperature often are specified in product or general
requirement specifications (hereinafter referred to as
the specification). Although the testing temperature is
17.1.2 Rockwell superficial hardness machines are sometimes related to the expected service temperature,
used for the testing of very thin steel or thin surface the two temperatures need not be identical.
layers. Loads of 15, 30, or 45 kgf are applied on a
hardened steel ball or diamond penetrator, to cover the
same range of hardness values as for the heavier loads.
The superficial hardness scales are as follows: 20. Significance and Use
636
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
pendulum is raised prior to its swing, and the mass 22.1.2.1 A Charpy impact test consists of all
of the pendulum are known, the energy of the blow specimens taken from a single test coupon or test
is predetermined. A means is provided to indicate the location.
energy absorbed in breaking the specimen.
22.1.2.2 When the specification calls for a mini-
21.1.2 The other principal feature of the machine mum average test result, three specimens shall be tested.
is a fixture (See Fig. 10) designed to support a test
specimen as a simple beam at a precise location. The 22.1.2.3 When the specification requires determina-
fixture is arranged so that the notched face of the tion of a transition temperature, eight to twelve speci-
specimen is vertical. The pendulum strikes the other mens are usually needed.
vertical face directly opposite the notch. The dimensions 22.2 Type and Size:
of the specimen supports and striking edge shall conform
to Fig. 10. 22.2.1 Use a standard full size Charpy V-notch
specimen (Type A) as shown in Fig. 11, except as
21.1.3 Charpy machines used for testing steel allowed in 22.2.2.
generally have capacities in the 220 to 300 ft·lbf (300
to 400 J) energy range. Sometimes machines of lesser 22.2.2 Subsized Specimens.
capacity are used; however, the capacity of the machine 22.2.2.1 For flat material less than 7⁄16 in. (11
should be substantially in excess of the absorbed energy mm) thick, or when the absorbed energy is expected
of the specimens (see Test Methods E 23). The linear to exceed 80% of full scale, use standard subsize test
velocity at the point of impact should be in the range specimens.
of 16 to 19 ft /s (4.9 to 5.8 m /s).
22.2.2.2 For tubular materials tested in the trans-
21.2 Temperature Media:
verse direction, where the relationship between diameter
21.2.1 For testing at other than room temperature, and wall thickness does not permit a standard full
it is necessary to condition the Charpy specimens in size specimen, use standard subsize test specimens or
media at controlled temperatures. standard size specimens containing outer diameter (OD)
curvature as follows:
21.2.2 Low temperature media usually are chilled
(1) Standard size specimens and subsize specimens
fluids (such as water, ice plus water, dry ice plus
may contain the original OD surface of the tubular
organic solvents, or liquid nitrogen) or chilled gases.
product as shown in Fig. 12. All other dimensions
21.2.3 Elevated temperature media are usually shall comply with the requirements of Fig. 11.
heated liquids such as mineral or silicone oils. Circulat-
NOTE 13 — For materials with toughness levels in excess of about
ing air ovens may be used. 50 ft-lbs, specimens containing the original OD surface may yield
values in excess of those resulting from the use of conventional
21.3 Handling Equipment — Tongs, especially Charpy specimens.
adapted to fit the notch in the impact specimen, normally
are used for removing the specimens from the medium
22.2.2.3 If a standard full-size specimen cannot
and placing them on the anvil (refer to Test Methods
be prepared, the largest feasible standard subsize speci-
E 23). In cases where the machine fixture does not
men shall be prepared. The specimens shall be machined
provide for automatic centering of the test specimen, the
so that the specimen does not include material nearer
tongs may be precision machined to provide centering.
to the surface than 0.020 in. (0.5 mm).
637
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
or tool marks at the bottom of the notch may result 25.4 Individual Test Values:
in erratic test data. (See Annex A5).
25.4.1 Impact energy — Record the impact energy
absorbed to the nearest ft·lbf (J).
25.4.2 Fracture Appearance:
23. Calibration
25.4.2.1 Determine the percentage of shear frac-
23.1 Accuracy and Sensitivity — Calibrate and adjust ture area by any of the following methods:
Charpy impact machines in accordance with the require- (1) Measure the length and width of the brittle
ments of Test Methods E 23. portion of the fracture surface, as shown in Fig. 13
and determine the percent shear area from either Table
7 or Table 8 depending on the units of measurement.
24. Conditioning—Temperature Control (2) Compare the appearance of the fracture of
the specimen with a fracture appearance chart as shown
24.1 When a specific test temperature is required by in Fig. 14.
the specification or purchaser, control the temperature (3) Magnify the fracture surface and compare
of the heating or cooling medium within ±2°F (1°C) it to a precalibrated overlay chart or measure the percent
because the effect of variations in temperature on shear fracture area by means of a planimeter.
Charpy test results can be very great. (4) Photograph the fractured surface at a suitable
NOTE 14 — For some steels there may not be a need for this magnification and measure the percent shear fracture
restricted temperature, for example, austenitic steels. area by means of a planimeter.
NOTE 15 — Because the temperature of a testing laboratory often 25.4.2.2 Determine the individual fracture ap-
varies from 60 to 90°F (15 to 32°C) a test conducted at “room pearance values to the nearest 5% shear fracture and
temperature” might be conducted at any temperature in this range. record the value.
25.4.3 Lateral Expansion:
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PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
each side is the value of the test. Arrange the halves temperature at which the designated material test value
of one specimen so that compression sides are facing equals or exceeds a specified minimum test value.
each other. Using the gage, measure the protrusion on
26.2.2 Determination of Transition Temperature:
each half specimen, ensuring that the same side of the
specimen is measured. Measure the two broken halves 26.2.2.1 Break one specimen at each of a series
individually. Repeat the procedure to measure the protru- of temperatures above and below the anticipated transi-
sions on the opposite side of the specimen halves. The tion temperature using the procedures in Section 25.
larger of the two values for each side is the expansion Record each test temperature to the nearest 1°F (0.5°C).
of that side of the specimen.
26.2.2.2 Plot the individual test results (ft·lbf
25.4.3.6 Measure the individual lateral expan- or percent shear) as the ordinate versus the correspond-
sion values to the nearest mil (0.025 mm) and record ing test temperature as the abscissa and construct a
the values. best-fit curve through the plotted data points.
25.4.3.7 With the exception described as follows, 26.2.2.3 If transition temperature is specified as
any specimen that does not separate into two pieces the temperature at which a test value is achieved,
when struck by a single blow shall be reported as determine the temperature at which the plotted curve
unbroken. If the specimen can be separated by force intersects the specified test value by graphical interpola-
applied by bare hands, the specimen may be considered tion (extrapolation is not permitted). Record this transi-
as having been separated by the blow. tion temperature to the nearest 5°F (3°C). If the tabulated
test results clearly indicate a transition temperature
lower than specified, it is not necessary to plot the
26. Interpretation of Test Result data. Report the lowest test temperature for which test
value exceeds the specified value.
26.1 When the acceptance criterion of any impact
test is specified to be a minimum average value at a 26.2.2.4 Accept the test result if the determined
given temperature, the test result shall be the average transition temperature is equal to or lower than the
(arithmetic mean) of the individual test values of three specified value.
specimens from one test location.
26.2.2.5 If the determined transition temperature
26.1.1 When a minimum average test result is is higher than the specified value, but not more than
specified: 20°F (12°C) higher than the specified value, test suffi-
26.1.1.1 The test result is acceptable when all cient samples in accordance with Section 25 to plot
of the below are met: two additional curves. Accept the test results if the
temperatures determined from both additional tests are
(1) The test result equals or exceeds the specified
equal to or lower than the specified value.
minimum average (given in the specification),
(2) The individual test value for not more than 26.3 When subsize specimens are permitted or neces-
one specimen measures less than the specified minimum sary, or both, modify the specified test requirement
average, and according to Table 9 or test temperature according to
(3) The individual test value for any specimen ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Table UG-
measures not less than two-thirds of the specified 84.2, or both. Greater energies or lower test temperatures
minimum average. may be agreed upon by purchaser and supplier.
26.1.1.2 If the acceptance requirements of
26.1.1.1 are not met, perform one retest of three addi-
27. Records
tional specimens from the same test location. Each
individual test value of the retested specimens shall be 27.1 The test record should contain the following
equal to or greater than the specified minimum average information as appropriate:
value.
27.1.1 Full description of material tested (that is,
26.2 Test Specifying a Minimum Transition Temper- specification number, grade, class or type, size, heat
ature: number).
26.2.1 Definition of Transition Temperature — For 27.1.2 Specimen orientation with respect to the
specification purposes, the transition temperature is the material axis.
639
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
28. Report
28.1 The specification should designate the informa-
tion to be reported.
29. Keywords
29.1 bend test; Brinell hardness; Charpy impact test;
elongation; FATT (Fracture Appearance Transition
Temperature); hardness test; portable hardness; reduc-
tion of area; Rockwell hardness; tensile strength; tension
test; yield strength
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PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
TABLE 1
MULTIPLYING FACTORS TO BE USED FOR VARIOUS DIAMETERS OF ROUND TEST SPECIMENS
Standard Specimen Small Size Specimens Proportional to Standard
641
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
TABLE 2
APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS FOR NONAUSTENITIC STEELS A
(ROCKWELL C TO OTHER HARDNESS NUMBERS)
Rockwell Superficial Hardness
15N 45N
Knoop Rockwell Scale, 30N Scale Scale,
Rockwell C Brinell Hardness, A Scale, 15-kgf 30-kgf 45-kgf Approximate
Scale, 150-kgf Hardness, 500-kgf 60-kgf Load, Load, Load, Load, Tensile
Load, Diamond Vickers 3000-kgf Load, Load, Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond Strength,
Penetrator Hardness Number 10-mm Ball and Over Penetrator Penetrator Penetrator Penetrator ksi (MPa)
68 940 ... 920 85.6 93.2 84.4 75.4 ...
67 900 ... 895 85.0 92.9 83.6 74.2 ...
66 865 ... 870 84.5 92.5 82.8 73.3 ...
65 832 739 846 83.9 92.2 81.9 72.0 ...
64 800 722 822 83.4 91.8 81.1 71.0 ...
63 772 706 799 82.8 91.4 80.1 69.9 ...
62 746 688 776 82.3 91.1 79.3 68.8 ...
61 720 670 754 81.8 90.7 78.4 67.7 ...
60 697 654 732 81.2 90.2 77.5 66.6 ...
59 674 634 710 80.7 89.8 76.6 65.5 351 (2420)
58 653 615 690 80.1 89.3 75.7 64.3 338 (2330)
57 633 595 670 79.6 88.9 74.8 63.2 325 (2240)
56 613 577 650 79.0 88.3 73.9 62.0 313 (2160)
55 595 560 630 78.5 87.9 73.0 60.9 301 (2070)
54 577 543 612 78.0 87.4 72.0 59.8 292 (2010)
53 560 525 594 77.4 86.9 71.2 58.6 283 (1950)
52 544 512 576 76.8 86.4 70.2 57.4 273 (1880)
51 528 496 558 76.3 85.9 69.4 56.1 264 (1820)
50 513 482 542 75.9 85.5 68.5 55.0 255 (1760)
49 498 468 526 75.2 85.0 67.6 53.8 246 (1700)
48 484 455 510 74.7 84.5 66.7 52.5 238 (1640)
47 471 442 495 74.1 83.9 65.8 51.4 229 (1580)
46 458 432 480 73.6 83.5 64.8 50.3 221 (1520)
45 446 421 466 73.1 83.0 64.0 49.0 215 (1480)
44 434 409 452 72.5 82.5 63.1 47.8 208 (1430)
43 423 400 438 72.0 82.0 62.2 46.7 201 (1390)
42 412 390 426 71.5 81.5 61.3 45.5 194 (1340)
41 402 381 414 70.9 80.9 60.4 44.3 188 (1300)
40 392 371 402 70.4 80.4 59.5 43.1 182 (1250)
39 382 362 391 69.9 79.9 58.6 41.9 177 (1220)
38 372 353 380 69.4 79.4 57.7 40.8 171 (1180)
37 363 344 370 68.9 78.8 56.8 39.6 166 (1140)
36 354 336 360 68.4 78.3 55.9 38.4 161 (1110)
35 345 327 351 67.9 77.7 55.0 37.2 156 (1080)
34 336 319 342 67.4 77.2 54.2 36.1 152 (1050)
33 327 311 334 66.8 76.6 53.3 34.9 149 (1030)
32 318 301 326 66.3 76.1 52.1 33.7 146 (1010)
31 310 294 318 65.8 75.6 51.3 32.5 141 (970)
30 302 286 311 65.3 75.0 50.4 31.3 138 (950)
29 294 279 304 64.6 74.5 49.5 30.1 135 (930)
28 286 271 297 64.3 73.9 48.6 28.9 131 (900)
27 279 264 290 63.8 73.3 47.7 27.8 128 (880)
26 272 258 284 63.3 72.8 46.8 26.7 125 (860)
25 266 253 278 62.8 72.2 45.9 25.5 123 (850)
24 260 247 272 62.4 71.6 45.0 24.3 119 (820)
23 254 243 266 62.0 71.0 44.0 23.1 117 (810)
22 248 237 261 61.5 70.5 43.2 22.0 115 (790)
21 243 231 256 61.0 69.9 42.3 20.7 112 (770)
20 238 226 251 60.5 69.4 41.5 19.6 110 (760)
A
This table gives the approximate interrelationships of hardness values and approximate tensile strength of steels. It is possible that steels
of various compositions and processing histories will deviate in hardness-tensile strength relationship from the data presented in this table. The
data in this table should not be used for austenitic stainless steels, but have been shown to be applicable for ferritic and martensitic stainless
steels. The data in this table should not be used to establish a relationship between hardness values and tensile strength of hard drawn wire.
Where more precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part.
642
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
TABLE 3
APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS FOR NONAUSTENITIC STEELS A
(ROCKWELL B TO OTHER HARDNESS NUMBERS)
Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Rockwell B
Scale, 100- Brinell Knoop Rockwell A Rockwell F 15T Scale, 30T Scale, 45T Scale,
kgf Load Hardness, Hardness, Scale, 60-kgf Scale, 60-kgf 15-kgf 30-kgf 45-kgf Approximate
1
⁄16-in. Vickers 3000-kgf 500-kgf Load, Load, 1⁄16-in. Load, 1⁄16- Load, 1⁄16- Load, 1⁄16- Tensile
(1.588- Hardness Load, Load Diamond (1.588-mm) in. (1.588- in. (1.588- in. (1.588- Strength
mm) Ball Number 10-mm Ball and Over Penetrator Ball mm) Ball mm) Ball mm) Ball ksi (MPa)
100 240 240 251 61.5 ... 93.1 83.1 72.9 116 (800)
99 234 234 246 60.9 ... 92.8 82.5 71.9 114 (785)
98 228 228 241 60.2 ... 92.5 81.8 70.9 109 (750)
97 222 222 236 59.5 ... 92.1 81.1 69.9 104 (715)
96 216 216 231 58.9 ... 91.8 80.4 68.9 102 (705)
95 210 210 226 58.3 ... 91.5 79.8 67.9 100 (690)
94 205 205 221 57.6 ... 91.2 79.1 66.9 98 (675)
93 200 200 216 57.0 ... 90.8 78.4 65.9 94 (650)
92 195 195 211 56.4 ... 90.5 77.8 64.8 92 (635)
91 190 190 206 55.8 ... 90.2 77.1 63.8 90 (620)
90 185 185 201 55.2 ... 89.9 76.4 62.8 89 (615)
89 180 180 196 54.6 ... 89.5 75.8 61.8 88 (605)
88 176 176 192 54.0 ... 89.2 75.1 60.8 86 (590)
87 172 172 188 53.4 ... 88.9 74.4 59.8 84 (580)
86 169 169 184 52.8 ... 88.6 73.8 58.8 83 (570)
85 165 165 180 52.3 ... 88.2 73.1 57.8 82 (565)
84 162 162 176 51.7 ... 87.9 72.4 56.8 81 (560)
83 159 159 173 51.1 ... 87.6 71.8 55.8 80 (550)
82 156 156 170 50.6 ... 87.3 71.1 54.8 77 (530)
81 153 153 167 50.0 ... 86.9 70.4 53.8 73 (505)
80 150 150 164 49.5 ... 86.6 69.7 52.8 72 (495)
79 147 147 161 48.9 ... 86.3 69.1 51.8 70 (485)
78 144 144 158 48.4 ... 86.0 68.4 50.8 69 (475)
77 141 141 155 47.9 ... 85.6 67.7 49.8 68 (470)
76 139 139 152 47.3 ... 85.3 67.1 48.8 67 (460)
75 137 137 150 46.8 99.6 85.0 66.4 47.8 66 (455)
74 135 135 147 46.3 99.1 84.7 65.7 46.8 65 (450)
73 132 132 145 45.8 98.5 84.3 65.1 45.8 64 (440)
72 130 130 143 45.3 98.0 84.0 64.4 44.8 63 (435)
71 127 127 141 44.8 97.4 83.7 63.7 43.8 62 (425)
70 125 125 139 44.3 96.8 83.4 63.1 42.8 61 (420)
69 123 123 137 43.8 96.2 83.0 62.4 41.8 60 (415)
68 121 121 135 43.3 95.6 82.7 61.7 40.8 59 (405)
67 119 119 133 42.8 95.1 82.4 61.0 39.8 58 (400)
66 117 117 131 42.3 94.5 82.1 60.4 38.7 57 (395)
65 116 116 129 41.8 93.9 81.8 59.7 37.7 56 (385)
64 114 114 127 41.4 93.4 81.4 59.0 36.7 ...
63 112 112 125 40.9 92.8 81.1 58.4 35.7 ...
62 110 110 124 40.4 92.2 80.8 57.7 34.7 ...
61 108 108 122 40.0 91.7 80.5 57.0 33.7 ...
60 107 107 120 39.5 91.1 80.1 56.4 32.7 ...
59 106 106 118 39.0 90.5 79.8 55.7 31.7 ...
58 104 104 117 38.6 90.0 79.5 55.0 30.7 ...
57 103 103 115 38.1 89.4 79.2 54.4 29.7 ...
56 101 101 114 37.7 88.8 78.8 53.7 28.7 ...
55 100 100 112 37.2 88.2 78.5 53.0 27.7 ...
54 ... ... 111 36.8 87.7 78.2 52.4 26.7 ...
53 ... ... 110 36.3 87.1 77.9 51.7 25.7 ...
52 ... ... 109 35.9 86.5 77.5 51.0 24.7 ...
51 ... ... 108 35.5 86.0 77.2 50.3 23.7 ...
50 ... ... 107 35.0 85.4 76.9 49.7 22.7 ...
643
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
TABLE 3
APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS FOR NONAUSTENITIC STEELS A
(ROCKWELL B TO OTHER HARDNESS NUMBERS) (CONT’D)
Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Rockwell B
Scale, 100- Brinell Knoop Rockwell A Rockwell F 15T Scale, 30T Scale, 45T Scale,
kgf Load Hardness, Hardness, Scale, 60-kgf Scale, 60-kgf 15-kgf 30-kgf 45-kgf Approximate
1
⁄16-in. Vickers 3000-kgf 500-kgf Load, Load, 1⁄16-in. Load, 1⁄16- Load, 1⁄16- Load, 1⁄16- Tensile
(1.588- Hardness Load, Load Diamond (1.588-mm) in. (1.588- in. (1.588- in. (1.588- Strength
mm) Ball Number 10-mm Ball and Over Penetrator Ball mm) Ball mm) Ball mm) Ball ksi (MPa)
49 . . . . . . 106 34.6 84.8 76.6 49.0 21.7 . . .
48 . . . . . . 105 34.1 84.3 76.2 48.3 20.7 . . .
47 . . . . . . 104 33.7 83.7 75.9 47.7 19.7 . . .
46 . . . . . . 103 33.3 83.1 75.6 47.0 18.7 . . .
45 . . . . . . 102 32.9 82.6 75.3 46.3 17.7 . . .
44 . . . . . . 101 32.4 82.0 74.9 45.7 16.7 . . .
43 . . . . . . 100 32.0 81.4 74.6 45.0 15.7 . . .
42 . . . . . . 99 31.6 80.8 74.3 44.3 14.7 . . .
41 . . . . . . 98 31.2 80.3 74.0 43.7 13.6 . . .
40 . . . . . . 97 30.7 79.7 73.6 43.0 12.6 . . .
39 . . . . . . 96 30.3 79.1 73.3 42.3 11.6 . . .
38 . . . . . . 95 29.9 78.6 73.0 41.6 10.6 . . .
37 . . . . . . 94 29.5 78.0 72.7 41.0 9.6 . . .
36 . . . . . . 93 29.1 77.4 72.3 40.3 8.6 . . .
35 . . . . . . 92 28.7 76.9 72.0 39.6 7.6 . . .
34 . . . . . . 91 28.2 76.3 71.7 39.0 6.6 . . .
33 . . . . . . 90 27.8 75.7 71.4 38.3 5.6 . . .
32 . . . . . . 89 27.4 75.2 71.0 37.6 4.6 . . .
31 . . . . . . 88 27.0 74.6 70.7 37.0 3.6 . . .
30 . . . . . . 87 26.6 74.0 70.4 36.3 2.6 . . .
A
This table gives the approximate interrelationships of hardness values and approximate tensile strength of steels. It is possible that steels
of various compositions and processing histories will deviate in hardness-tensile strength relationship from the data presented in this table. The
data in this table should not be used for austenitic stainless steels, but have been shown to be applicable for ferritic and martensitic stainless
steels. The data in this table should not be used to establish a relationship between hardness values and tensile strength of hard drawn wire.
Where more precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part.
644
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
TABLE 4
APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS FOR AUSTENITIC STEELS
(ROCKWELL C TO OTHER HARDNESS NUMBERS)
Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Rockwell C Scale, 150-kgf Rockwell A Scale, 60-kgf 15N Scale, 15-kgf Load, 30N Scale, 30-kgf Load, 45N Scale, 45-kgf Load,
Load, Diamond Penetrator Load, Diamond Penetrator Diamond Penetrator Diamond Penetrator Diamond Penetrator
48 74.4 84.1 66.2 52.1
47 73.9 83.6 65.3 50.9
46 73.4 83.1 64.5 49.8
45 72.9 82.6 63.6 48.7
44 72.4 82.1 62.7 47.5
43 71.9 81.6 61.8 46.4
42 71.4 81.0 61.0 45.2
41 70.9 80.5 60.1 44.1
40 70.4 80.0 59.2 43.0
39 69.9 79.5 58.4 41.8
38 69.3 79.0 57.5 40.7
37 68.8 78.5 56.6 39.6
36 68.3 78.0 55.7 38.4
35 67.8 77.5 54.9 37.3
34 67.3 77.0 54.0 36.1
33 66.8 76.5 53.1 35.0
32 66.3 75.9 52.3 33.9
31 65.8 75.4 51.4 32.7
30 65.3 74.9 50.5 31.6
29 64.8 74.4 49.6 30.4
28 64.3 73.9 48.8 29.3
27 63.8 73.4 47.9 28.2
26 63.3 72.9 47.0 27.0
25 62.8 72.4 46.2 25.9
24 62.3 71.9 45.3 24.8
23 61.8 71.3 44.4 23.6
22 61.3 70.8 43.5 22.5
21 60.8 70.3 42.7 21.3
20 60.3 69.8 41.8 20.2
645
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
TABLE 5
APPROXIMATE HARDNESS CONVERSION NUMBERS FOR AUSTENITIC STEELS
(ROCKWELL B TO OTHER HARDNESS NUMBERS)
Rockwell B Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Scale, 100- Brinell Rockwell A Scale,
kgf Load, 1⁄16 Hardness, 60-kgf Load, 15T Scale, 15- 30T Scale, 30- 45T Scale, 45-
in. (1.588- Brinell Indentation 3000-kgf Load, Diamond kgf Load, 1⁄16-in. kgf Load, 1⁄16-in. kgf Load, 1⁄16-in.
mm) Ball Diameter, mm 10-mm Ball Penetrator (1.588-mm) Ball (1.588-mm) Ball (1.588-mm) Ball
100 3.79 256 61.5 91.5 80.4 70.2
99 3.85 248 60.9 91.2 79.7 69.2
98 3.91 240 60.3 90.8 79.0 68.2
97 3.96 233 59.7 90.4 78.3 67.2
96 4.02 226 59.1 90.1 77.7 66.1
95 4.08 219 58.5 89.7 77.0 65.1
94 4.14 213 58.0 89.3 76.3 64.1
93 4.20 207 57.4 88.9 75.6 63.1
92 4.24 202 56.8 88.6 74.9 62.1
91 4.30 197 56.2 88.2 74.2 61.1
90 4.35 192 55.6 87.8 73.5 60.1
89 4.40 187 55.0 87.5 72.8 59.0
88 4.45 183 54.5 87.1 72.1 58.0
87 4.51 178 53.9 86.7 71.4 57.0
86 4.55 174 53.3 86.4 70.7 56.0
85 4.60 170 52.7 86.0 70.0 55.0
84 4.65 167 52.1 85.6 69.3 54.0
83 4.70 163 51.5 85.2 68.6 52.9
82 4.74 160 50.9 84.9 67.9 51.9
81 4.79 156 50.4 84.5 67.2 50.9
80 4.84 153 49.8 84.1 66.5 49.9
646
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
TABLE 6
BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBERS A
(Ball 10 mm in Diameter, Applied Loads of 500, 1500, and 3000 kgf)
Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness
Number Diame- Number Diame- Number Diame- Number
Diameter ter of ter of ter of
of Inden- 500- 1500- 3000- Inden- 500- 1500- 3000- Inden- 500- 1500- 3000- Inden- 500- 1500- 3000-
tation, kgf kgf kgf tation, kgf kgf kgf tation, kgf kgf kgf tation, kgf kgf kgf
mm Load Load Load mm Load Load Load mm Load Load Load mm Load Load Load
2.00 158 473 945 2.60 92.6 278 555 3.20 60.5 182 363 3.80 42.4 127 255
2.01 156 468 936 2.61 91.8 276 551 3.21 60.1 180 361 3.81 42.2 127 253
2.02 154 463 926 2.62 91.1 273 547 3.22 59.8 179 359 3.82 42.0 126 252
2.03 153 459 917 2.63 90.4 271 543 3.23 59.4 178 356 3.83 41.7 125 250
2.04 151 454 908 2.64 89.7 269 538 3.24 59.0 177 354 3.84 41.5 125 249
2.05 150 450 899 2.65 89.0 267 534 3.25 58.6 176 352 3.85 41.3 124 248
2.06 148 445 890 2.66 88.4 265 530 3.26 58.3 175 350 3.86 41.1 123 246
2.07 147 441 882 2.67 87.7 263 526 3.27 57.9 174 347 3.87 40.9 123 245
2.08 146 437 873 2.68 87.0 261 522 3.28 57.5 173 345 3.88 40.6 122 244
2.09 144 432 865 2.69 86.4 259 518 3.29 57.2 172 343 3.89 40.4 121 242
2.10 143 428 856 2.70 85.7 257 514 3.30 56.8 170 341 3.90 40.2 121 241
2.11 141 424 848 2.71 85.1 255 510 3.31 56.5 169 339 3.91 40.0 120 240
2.12 140 420 840 2.72 84.4 253 507 3.32 56.1 168 337 3.92 39.8 119 239
2.13 139 416 832 2.73 83.8 251 503 3.33 55.8 167 335 3.93 39.6 119 237
2.14 137 412 824 2.74 83.2 250 499 3.34 55.4 166 333 3.94 39.4 118 236
2.15 136 408 817 2.75 82.6 248 495 3.35 55.1 165 331 3.95 39.1 117 235
2.16 135 404 809 2.76 81.9 246 492 3.36 54.8 164 329 3.96 38.9 117 234
2.17 134 401 802 2.77 81.3 244 488 3.37 54.4 163 326 3.97 38.7 116 232
2.18 132 397 794 2.78 80.8 242 485 3.38 54.1 162 325 3.98 38.5 116 231
2.19 131 393 787 2.79 80.2 240 481 3.39 53.8 161 323 3.99 38.3 115 230
2.20 130 390 780 2.80 79.6 239 477 3.40 53.4 160 321 4.00 38.1 114 229
2.21 129 386 772 2.81 79.0 237 474 3.41 53.1 159 319 4.01 37.9 114 228
2.22 128 383 765 2.82 78.4 235 471 3.42 52.8 158 317 4.02 37.7 113 226
2.23 126 379 758 2.83 77.9 234 467 3.43 52.5 157 315 4.03 37.5 113 225
2.24 125 376 752 2.84 77.3 232 464 3.44 52.2 156 313 4.04 37.3 112 224
2.25 124 372 745 2.85 76.8 230 461 3.45 51.8 156 311 4.05 37.1 111 223
2.26 123 369 738 2.86 76.2 229 457 3.46 51.5 155 309 4.06 37.0 111 222
2.27 122 366 732 2.87 75.7 227 454 3.47 51.2 154 307 4.07 36.8 110 221
2.28 121 363 725 2.88 75.1 225 451 3.48 50.9 153 306 4.08 36.6 110 219
2.29 120 359 719 2.89 74.6 224 448 3.49 50.6 152 304 4.09 36.4 109 218
2.30 119 356 712 2.90 74.1 222 444 3.50 50.3 151 302 4.10 36.2 109 217
2.31 118 353 706 2.91 73.6 221 441 3.51 50.0 150 300 4.11 36.0 108 216
2.32 117 350 700 2.92 73.0 219 438 3.52 49.7 149 298 4.12 35.8 108 215
2.33 116 347 694 2.93 72.5 218 435 3.53 49.4 148 297 4.13 35.7 107 214
2.34 115 344 688 2.94 72.0 216 432 3.54 49.2 147 295 4.14 35.5 106 213
2.35 114 341 682 2.95 71.5 215 429 3.55 48.9 147 293 4.15 35.3 106 212
2.36 113 338 676 2.96 71.0 213 426 3.56 48.6 146 292 4.16 35.1 105 211
2.37 112 335 670 2.97 70.5 212 423 3.57 48.3 145 290 4.17 34.9 105 210
2.38 111 332 665 2.98 70.1 210 420 3.58 48.0 144 288 4.18 34.8 104 209
2.39 110 330 659 2.99 69.6 209 417 3.59 47.7 143 286 4.19 34.6 104 208
2.40 109 327 653 3.00 69.1 207 415 3.60 47.5 142 285 4.20 34.4 103 207
2.41 108 324 648 3.01 68.6 206 412 3.61 47.2 142 283 4.21 34.2 103 205
2.42 107 322 643 3.02 68.2 205 409 3.62 46.9 141 282 4.22 34.1 102 204
2.43 106 319 637 3.03 67.7 203 406 3.63 46.7 140 280 4.23 33.9 102 203
2.44 105 316 632 3.04 67.3 202 404 3.64 46.4 139 278 4.24 33.7 101 202
2.45 104 313 627 3.05 66.8 200 401 3.65 46.1 138 277 4.25 33.6 101 201
2.46 104 311 621 3.06 66.4 199 398 3.66 45.9 138 275 4.26 33.4 100 200
2.47 103 308 616 3.07 65.9 198 395 3.67 45.6 137 274 4.27 33.2 99.7 199
2.48 102 306 611 3.08 65.5 196 393 3.68 45.4 136 272 4.28 33.1 99.2 198
2.49 101 303 606 3.09 65.0 195 390 3.69 45.1 135 271 4.29 32.9 98.8 198
647
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
TABLE 6
BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBERS A (CONT’D)
(Ball 10 mm in Diameter, Applied Loads of 500, 1500, and 3000 kgf)
Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness
Diame- Number Diame- Number Diame- Number Diame- Number
ter of ter of ter of ter of
Inden- 500- 1500- 3000- Inden- 500- 1500- 3000- Inden- 500- 1500- 3000- Inden- 500- 1500- 3000-
tation, kgf kgf kgf tation, kgf kgf kgf tation, kgf kgf kgf tation, kgf kgf kgf
mm Load Load Load mm Load Load Load mm Load Load Load mm Load Load Load
2.50 100 301 601 3.10 64.6 194 388 3.70 44.9 135 269 4.30 32.8 98.3 197
2.51 99.4 298 597 3.11 64.2 193 385 3.71 44.6 134 268 4.31 32.6 97.8 196
2.52 98.6 296 592 3.12 63.8 191 383 3.72 44.4 133 266 4.32 32.4 97.3 195
2.53 97.8 294 587 3.13 63.3 190 380 3.73 44.1 132 265 4.33 32.3 96.8 194
2.54 97.1 291 582 3.14 62.9 189 378 3.74 43.9 132 263 4.34 32.1 96.4 193
2.55 96.3 289 578 3.15 62.5 188 375 3.75 43.6 131 262 4.35 32.0 95.9 192
2.56 95.5 287 573 3.16 62.1 186 373 3.76 43.4 130 260 4.36 31.8 95.5 191
2.57 94.8 284 569 3.17 61.7 185 370 3.77 43.1 129 259 4.37 31.7 95.0 190
2.58 94.0 282 564 3.18 61.3 184 368 3.78 42.9 129 257 4.38 31.5 94.5 189
2.59 93.3 280 560 3.19 60.9 183 366 3.79 42.7 128 256 4.39 31.4 94.1 188
4.40 31.2 93.6 187 5.05 23.3 69.8 140 5.70 17.8 53.5 107 6.35 14.0 42.0 84.0
4.41 31.1 93.2 186 5.06 23.2 69.5 139 5.71 17.8 53.3 107 6.36 13.9 41.8 83.7
4.42 30.9 92.7 185 5.07 23.1 69.2 138 5.72 17.7 53.1 106 6.37 13.9 41.7 83.4
4.43 30.8 92.3 185 5.08 23.0 68.9 138 5.73 17.6 52.9 106 6.38 13.8 41.5 83.1
4.44 30.6 91.8 184 5.09 22.9 68.6 137 5.74 17.6 52.7 105 6.39 13.8 41.4 82.8
4.45 30.5 91.4 183 5.10 22.8 68.3 137 5.75 17.5 52.5 105 6.40 13.7 41.2 82.5
4.46 30.3 91.0 182 5.11 22.7 68.0 136 5.76 17.4 52.3 105 6.41 13.7 41.1 82.2
4.47 30.2 90.5 181 5.12 22.6 67.7 135 5.77 17.4 52.1 104 6.42 13.6 40.9 81.9
4.48 30.0 90.1 180 5.13 22.5 67.4 135 5.78 17.3 51.9 104 6.43 13.6 40.8 81.6
4.49 29.9 89.7 179 5.14 22.4 67.1 134 5.79 17.2 51.7 103 6.44 13.5 40.6 81.3
4.50 29.8 89.3 179 5.15 22.3 66.9 134 5.80 17.2 51.5 103 6.45 13.5 40.5 81.0
4.51 29.6 88.8 178 5.16 22.2 66.6 133 5.81 17.1 51.3 103 6.46 13.4 40.4 80.7
4.52 29.5 88.4 177 5.17 22.1 66.3 133 5.82 17.0 51.1 102 6.47 13.4 40.2 80.4
4.53 29.3 88.0 176 5.18 22.0 66.0 132 5.83 17.0 50.9 102 6.48 13.4 40.1 80.1
4.54 29.2 87.6 175 5.19 21.9 65.8 132 5.84 16.9 50.7 101 6.49 13.3 39.9 79.8
4.55 29.1 87.2 174 5.20 21.8 65.5 131 5.85 16.8 50.5 101 6.50 13.3 39.8 79.6
4.56 28.9 86.8 174 5.21 21.7 65.2 130 5.86 16.8 50.3 101 6.51 13.2 39.6 79.3
4.57 28.8 86.4 173 5.22 21.6 64.9 130 5.87 16.7 50.2 100 6.52 13.2 39.5 79.0
4.58 28.7 86.0 172 5.23 21.6 64.7 129 5.88 16.7 50.0 99.9 6.53 13.1 39.4 78.7
4.59 28.5 85.6 171 5.24 21.5 64.4 129 5.89 16.6 49.8 99.5 6.54 13.1 39.2 78.4
4.60 28.4 85.4 170 5.25 21.4 64.1 128 5.90 16.5 49.6 99.2 6.55 13.0 39.1 78.2
4.61 28.3 84.8 170 5.26 21.3 63.9 128 5.91 16.5 49.4 98.8 6.56 13.0 38.9 78.0
4.62 28.1 84.4 169 5.27 21.2 63.6 127 5.92 16.4 49.2 98.4 6.57 12.9 38.8 77.6
4.63 28.0 84.0 168 5.28 21.1 63.3 127 5.93 16.3 49.0 98.0 6.58 12.9 38.7 77.3
4.64 27.9 83.6 167 5.29 21.0 63.1 126 5.94 16.3 48.8 97.7 6.59 12.8 38.5 77.1
4.65 27.8 83.3 167 5.30 20.9 62.8 126 5.95 16.2 48.7 97.3 6.60 12.8 38.4 76.8
4.66 27.6 82.9 166 5.31 20.9 62.6 125 5.96 16.2 48.5 96.9 6.61 12.8 38.3 76.5
4.67 27.5 82.5 165 5.32 20.8 62.3 125 5.97 16.1 48.3 96.6 6.62 12.7 38.1 76.2
4.68 27.4 82.1 164 5.33 20.7 62.1 124 5.98 16.0 48.1 96.2 6.63 12.7 38.0 76.0
4.69 27.3 81.8 164 5.34 20.6 61.8 124 5.99 16.0 47.9 95.9 6.64 12.6 37.9 75.7
4.70 27.1 81.4 163 5.35 20.5 61.5 123 6.00 15.9 47.7 95.5 6.65 12.6 37.7 75.4
4.71 27.0 81.0 162 5.36 20.4 61.3 123 6.01 15.9 47.6 95.1 6.66 12.5 37.6 75.2
4.72 26.9 80.7 161 5.37 20.3 61.0 122 6.02 15.8 47.4 94.8 6.67 12.5 37.5 74.9
4.73 26.8 80.3 161 5.38 20.3 60.8 122 6.03 15.7 47.2 94.4 6.68 12.4 37.3 74.7
4.74 26.6 79.9 160 5.39 20.2 60.6 121 6.04 15.7 47.0 94.1 6.69 12.4 37.2 74.4
4.75 26.5 79.6 159 5.40 20.1 60.3 121 6.05 15.6 46.8 93.7 6.70 12.4 37.1 74.1
4.76 26.4 79.2 158 5.41 20.0 60.1 120 6.06 15.6 46.7 93.4 6.71 12.3 36.9 73.9
4.77 26.3 78.9 158 5.42 19.9 59.8 120 6.07 15.5 46.5 93.0 6.72 12.3 36.8 73.6
4.78 26.2 78.5 157 5.43 19.9 59.6 119 6.08 15.4 46.3 92.7 6.73 12.2 36.7 73.4
4.79 26.1 78.2 156 5.44 19.8 59.3 119 6.09 15.4 46.2 92.3 6.74 12.2 36.6 73.1
648
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
TABLE 6
BRINELL HARDNESS NUMBERS A
(Ball 10 mm in Diameter, Applied Loads of 500, 1500, and 3000 kgf) (CONT’D)
Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness
Diame- Number Diame- Number Diame- Number Diame- Number
ter of ter of ter of ter of
Inden- 500- 1500- 3000- Inden- 500- 1500- 3000- Inden- 500- 1500- 3000- Inden- 500- 1500- 3000-
tation, kgf kgf kgf tation, kgf kgf kgf tation, kgf kgf kgf tation, kgf kgf kgf
mm Load Load Load mm Load Load Load mm Load Load Load mm Load Load Load
4.80 25.9 77.8 156 5.45 19.7 59.1 118 6.10 15.3 46.0 92.0 6.75 12.1 36.4 72.8
4.81 25.8 77.5 155 5.46 19.6 58.9 118 6.11 15.3 45.8 91.7 6.76 12.1 36.3 72.6
4.82 25.7 77.1 154 5.47 19.5 58.6 117 6.12 15.2 45.7 91.3 6.77 12.1 36.2 72.3
4.83 25.6 76.8 154 5.48 19.5 58.4 117 6.13 15.2 45.5 91.0 6.78 12.0 36.0 72.1
4.84 25.5 76.4 153 5.49 19.4 58.2 116 6.14 15.1 45.3 90.6 6.79 12.0 35.9 71.8
4.85 25.4 76.1 152 5.50 19.3 57.9 116 6.15 15.1 45.2 90.3 6.80 11.9 35.8 71.6
4.86 25.3 75.8 152 5.51 19.2 57.7 115 6.16 15.0 45.0 90.0 6.81 11.9 35.7 71.3
4.87 25.1 75.4 151 5.52 19.2 57.5 115 6.17 14.9 44.8 89.6 6.82 11.8 35.5 71.1
4.88 25.0 75.1 150 5.53 19.1 57.2 114 6.18 14.9 44.7 89.3 6.83 11.8 35.4 70.8
4.89 24.9 74.8 150 5.54 19.0 57.0 114 6.19 14.8 44.5 89.0 6.84 11.8 35.3 70.6
4.90 24.8 74.4 149 5.55 18.9 56.8 114 6.20 14.7 44.3 88.7 6.86 11.7 35.2 70.4
4.91 24.7 74.1 148 5.56 18.9 56.6 113 6.21 14.7 44.2 88.3 6.86 11.7 35.1 70.1
4.92 24.6 73.8 148 5.57 18.8 56.3 113 6.22 14.7 44.0 88.0 6.87 11.6 34.9 69.9
4.93 24.5 73.5 147 5.58 18.7 56.1 112 6.23 14.6 43.8 87.7 6.88 11.6 34.8 69.6
4.94 24.4 73.2 146 5.59 18.6 55.9 112 6.24 14.6 43.7 87.4 6.89 11.6 34.7 69.4
4.95 24.3 72.8 146 5.60 18.6 55.7 111 6.25 14.5 43.5 87.1 6.90 11.5 34.6 69.2
4.96 24.2 72.5 145 5.61 18.5 55.5 111 6.26 14.5 43.4 86.7 6.91 11.5 34.5 68.9
4.97 24.1 72.2 144 5.62 18.4 55.2 110 6.27 14.4 43.2 86.4 6.92 11.4 34.3 68.7
4.98 24.0 71.9 144 5.63 18.3 55.0 110 6.28 14.4 43.1 86.1 6.93 11.4 34.2 68.4
4.99 23.9 71.6 143 5.64 18.3 54.8 110 6.29 14.3 42.9 85.8 6.94 11.4 34.1 68.2
5.00 23.8 71.3 143 5.65 18.2 54.6 109 6.30 14.2 42.7 85.5 6.95 11.3 34.0 68.0
5.01 23.7 71.0 142 5.66 18.1 54.4 109 6.31 14.2 42.6 85.2 6.96 11.3 33.9 67.7
5.02 23.6 70.7 141 5.67 18.1 54.2 108 6.32 14.1 42.4 84.9 6.97 11.3 33.8 67.5
5.03 23.5 70.4 141 5.68 18.0 54.0 108 6.33 14.1 42.3 84.6 6.98 11.2 33.6 67.3
5.04 23.4 70.1 140 5.69 17.9 53.7 107 6.34 14.0 42.1 84.3 6.99 11.2 33.5 67.0
A
Prepared by the Engineering Mechanics Section, Institute for Standards Technology.
TABLE 7
PERCENT SHEAR FOR MEASUREMENTS MADE IN INCHES
NOTE — Since this table is set up for finite measurements or dimensions A and B, 100% shear is to be reported when either A or B is zero.
649
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
TABLE 8
PERCENT SHEAR FOR MEASUREMENTS MADE IN MILLIMETERS
NOTE — Since this table is set up for finite measurements or dimensions A and B, 100% shear is to be reported when either A or B is zero.
Dimen- Dimension A, mm
sion
B, mm 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10
1.0 99 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 94 93 92 92 91 91 90 89 89 88 88
1.5 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81
2.0 98 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 84 82 81 80 79 77 76 75
2.5 97 95 94 92 91 89 88 86 84 83 81 80 78 77 75 73 72 70 69
3.0 96 94 92 91 89 87 85 83 81 79 77 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62
3.5 96 93 91 89 87 85 82 80 78 76 74 72 69 67 65 63 61 58 56
4.0 95 92 90 88 85 82 80 77 75 72 70 67 65 62 60 57 55 52 50
4.5 94 92 89 86 83 80 77 75 72 69 66 63 61 58 55 52 49 46 44
5.0 94 91 88 85 81 78 75 72 69 66 62 59 56 53 50 47 44 41 37
5.5 93 90 86 83 79 76 72 69 66 62 59 55 52 48 45 42 38 35 31
6.0 92 89 85 81 77 74 70 66 62 59 55 51 47 44 40 36 33 29 25
6.5 92 88 84 80 76 72 67 63 59 55 51 47 43 39 35 31 27 23 19
7.0 91 87 82 78 74 69 65 61 56 52 47 43 39 34 30 26 21 17 12
7.5 91 86 81 77 72 67 62 58 53 48 44 39 34 30 25 20 16 11 6
8.0 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
TABLE 9
CHARPY V-NOTCH TEST ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR VARIOUS SUB-SIZE SPECIMENS
3 2 1 1 1
Full Size, 10 by ⁄4 Size, 10 by ⁄3 Size, 10 by ⁄2 Size, 10 by ⁄3 Size, 10 by ⁄4 Size, 10 by
10 mm 7.5 mm 6.7 mm 5 mm 3.3 mm 2.5 mm
ft · lbf [J] ft · lbf [J] ft · lbf [J] ft · lbf [J] ft · lbf [J] ft · lbf [J]
40 [54] 30 [41] 27 [37] 20 [27] 13 [18] 10 [14]
35 [48] 26 [35] 23 [31] 18 [24] 12 [16] 9 [12]
30 [41] 22 [30] 20 [27] 15 [20] 10 [14] 8 [11]
25 [34] 19 [26] 17 [23] 12 [16] 8 [11] 6 [8]
20 [27] 15 [20] 13 [18] 10 [14] 7 [10] 5 [7]
16 [22] 12 [16] 11 [15] 8 [11] 5 [7] 4 [5]
15 [20] 11 [15] 10 [14] 8 [11] 5 [7] 4 [5]
13 [18] 10 [14] 9 [12] 6 [8] 4 [5] 3 [4]
12 [16] 9 [12] 8 [11] 6 [8] 4 [5] 3 [4]
10 [14] 8 [11] 7 [10] 5 [7] 3 [4] 2 [3]
7 [10] 5 [7] 5 [7] 4 [5] 2 [3] 2 [3]
650
Tangential
Prolongation
test Prolongation
Longitudinal test
Radial test
(a) Shafts and Rotors
Prolongation
Tangential
test
Transverse Specimen
Transverse Flat
Longitudinal Specimen Tension Test
Longitudinal test
Longitudinal Flat Tension Test (b) Hollow Forgings
Transverse Prolongation
Longitudinal Round Tension Test Bend Test Prolongation
Transverse
Longitudinal
ImpactTest
Bend Test
651
Indicates Rolling Direction
or Extension
Longitudinal
ImpactTest
Tangential test
Tangential test
(d) Ring Forgings
L
B A B
W C
R T
G
DIMENSIONS
Standard Specimens Subsize Specimen
Plate-Type, Sheet-Type,
11⁄2 in. Wide 11⁄2 in. Wide 11⁄4 in. Wide
G—Gage length (Notes 1 and 2) 8.00 ± 0.01 200 ± 0.25 2.000 ± 0.005 50.0 ± 0.10 1.000 ± 0.003 25.0 ±0.08
W—Width (Notes 3, 5, and 6) 11⁄2 + 1⁄8 40 + 3 0.500 ± 0.010 12.5 ± 0.25 0.250 ± 0.002 6.25 ± 0.05
− 1⁄4 − 6
T—Thickness (Note 7) thickness of material
1 1 1
R—Radius of fillet, min (Note 4) ⁄2 13 ⁄2 13 ⁄4 6
L—Over-all length, min (Notes 2 and 8) 18 450 8 200 4 100
A—Length of reduced section. min 9 225 21⁄4 60 11⁄4 32
B—Length of grip section, min (Note 9) 3 75 2 50 11⁄4 32
3 3
C—Width of grip section, approximate 2 50 ⁄4 20 ⁄8 10
(Notes 4, 10, and 11)
Note 1—For the 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) wide specimen, punch marks for measuring elongation after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge
of the specimen and within the reduced section. Either a set of nine or more punch marks 1 in. (25 mm) apart, or one or more pairs of punch
marks 8 in. (200 mm) apart may be used.
Note 2—For the 1⁄2 in. (12.5 mm) wide specimen, gage marks for measuring the elongation after fracture shall be made on the 1⁄2 in. (12.5
mm) face or on the edge of the specimen and within the reduced section. Either a set of three or more marks 1.0 in. (25 mm) apart or one or
more pairs of marks 2 in. (50 mm) apart may be used.
Note 3—For the three sizes of specimens, the ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.004, 0.002 or 0.001 in.
(0.10, 0.05 or 0.025 mm), respectively. Also, there may be a gradual decrease in width from the ends to the center, but the width at either end
shall not be more than 0.015 in., 0.005 in., or 0.003 in. (0.40, 0.10 or 0.08 mm), respectively, larger than the width at the center.
Note 4—For each specimen type, the radii of all fillets shall be equal to each other with a tolerance of 0.05 in. (1.25 mm), and the centers
of curvature of the two fillets at a particular end shall be located across from each other (on a line perpendicular to the centerline) within a
tolerance of 0.10 in. (2.5 mm).
Note 5—For each of the three sizes of specimens, narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary. In such cases the width of the
reduced section should be as large as the width of the material being tested permits; however, unless stated specifically, the requirements for
elongation in a product specification shall not apply when these narrower specimens are used. If the width of the material is less than W, the sides
may be parallel throughout the length of the specimen.
Note 6—The specimen may be modified by making the sides parallel throughout the length of the specimen, the width and tolerances being the
same as those specified above. When necessary a narrower specimen may be used, in which case the width should be as great as the width of the
material being tested permits. If the width is 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) or less, the sides may be parallel throughout the length of the specimen.
Note 7—The dimension T is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable material specifications. Minimum nominal
thickness of 11⁄2 in. (40 mm) wide specimens shall be 3⁄16 in. (5 mm), except as permitted by the product specification. Maximum nominal thickness
of 1⁄2 in. (12.5 mm) and 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) wide specimens shall be 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) and 1⁄4 in. (6 mm), respectively.
Note 8—To aid in obtaining axial loading during testing of 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) wide specimens, the over-all length should be as the material will permit.
Note 9—It is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section large enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance
equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips. If the thickness of 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) wide specimens is over 3⁄8 in. (10 mm), longer grips
and correspondingly longer grip sections of the specimen may be necessary to prevent failure in the grip section.
Note 10—For standard sheet-type specimens and subsize specimens the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the
reduced section within 0.01 and 0.005 in. (0.25 and 0.13 mm), respectively. However, for steel if the ends of the 1⁄2 in. (12.5 mm) wide specimen
are symmetrical within 0.05 in. (1.0 mm) a specimen may be considered satisfactory for all but referee testing.
Note 11—For standard plate-type specimens the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within
0.25 in. (6.35 mm) except for referee testing in which case the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced
section within 0.10 in. (2.5 mm).
652
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
G R
FIG. 4 STANDARD 0.500-in. (12.5-mm) ROUND TENSION TEST SPECIMEN WITH 2-in. (50-mm) GAGE
LENGTH AND EXAMPLES OF SMALL-SIZE SPECIMENS PROPORTIONAL TO THE STANDARD SPECIMENS
653
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
L
L B E E B
B A B A
1 D C 4 D F C
2 D F 5 D F C
C
L
B A B
3 D C
G R
FIG. 5 SUGGESTED TYPES OF ENDS FOR STANDARD ROUND TENSION TEST SPECIMENS
L
B E A E B
D F C
R
G
654
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
n
R
r
Stress
Yield point
Stress
Strain
0 m
Strain om = Specified extension
0 m under load
8 mm rad
(0.315 in.)
30 deg 2 deg
Striking
edge
0.25 mm rad
(0.010 in.)
4 mm
Striking (0.157 in.)
edge
C D Specimen
A B
A n
Center of strike 80 deg 2 deg
1 mm rad
(0.039 in.) 40 mm Anvil
R (1.574 in.)
r
W Center of
strike (W/2)
Specimen
support
Anvil
655
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
2 mm (0.079 in.)
10 mm (0.394 in.)
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Permissible variations shall be as follows:
Notch length to edge 90 deg 2 deg
Adjacent sides shall be at 90 deg 10 min
Cross-section dimensions 0.075 mm ( 0.003 in.) B A B
Length of specimen (L) +0, –2.5 mm (+0, –0.100 in.)
Centering of notch (L/2) 1 mm ( 0.039 in.)
Angle of notch 1 deg
Radius of notch 0.025 mm ( 0.001 in.) T
Notch depth 0.025 mm ( 0.001 in.) t
Finish requirements 2 m (63 in.) on notched
surface and opposite face;
4 m (125 in.) on other
two surfaces Dimension Description Requirement
55 mm 10 mm 45
(2.165 in.) (0.394 in.) deg
L
(b) On subsize specimens, all dimensions and tolerances
of the standard specimen remain constant with the exception
of the width, which varies as shown above and for which the
tolerance shall be 1%.
Notch
Shear area
(dull)
B
Cleavage area
(shiny)
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Measure average dimensions A and B to the
nearest 0.02 in. or 0.5 mm.
(b) Determine the percent shear fracture using
Table 7 or table 8.
656
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
FIG. 15 HALVES OF BROKEN CHARPY V-NOTCH IMPACT SPECIMEN JOINED FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF
LATERAL EXPANSION, DIMENSION A
657
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
658
Bill of Material
Item Description
No. Quan Material and Size
659
0.625
0.31 0.06
45 deg
6 0.328 0.62
0.265
0.625 Detail A (enlarged) Detail B (enlarged)
0.75 Drill and tap 1/4-20 NC-2
See Detail A Drill (0.281) dia.
1.31
90 deg 10 deg 1
2
1/ (typ) 0.68
4 0.06 3
5 Drill (0.281) dia and C'bore
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
NOTES:
(1) Flash chrome plate items 1 and 2.
(2) Dial indicator – starrett No. 25-24
range 0.001 – 0.250
back – adjustable bracket
contact point No. 2.
d 2d
d
Gage
length d d
d Testing
machine
d jaws should
not extend
beyond this
limit
B A t
DIMENSIONS
Dimensions, in.
Specimen No. A B C D
1 11
1 ⁄2 ± 0.015 ⁄16 approximately 2 ± 0.005 21⁄4min
3
2 ⁄4 ± 0.031 1 approximately 2 ± 0.005 21⁄4min
4 ± 0.005 41⁄2min
3 1 ± 0.062 11⁄2 approximately 2 ± 0.005 21⁄4min
4 ± 0.005 41⁄2min
4 11⁄2 ± 1⁄8 2 approximately 2 ± 0.010 21⁄4min
4 ± 0.015 41⁄2min
8 ± 0.020 9 min
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Cross-sectional area may be calculated by multiplying A and t.
(b) The dimension t is the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable material specifications.
(c) The reduced section shall be parallel within 0.010 in. and may have a gradual taper in width from the ends toward the center, with the ends
not more than 0.010 in. wider than the center.
(d) The ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within 0.10 in.
(e) Metric equivalent: 1 in. p 25.4 mm.
(f) Specimens with sides parallel throughout their length are permitted, except for referee testing, provided: (a) the above tolerances are used;
(b) an adequate number of marks are provided for determination of elongation; and (c) when yield strength is determined, a suitable
extensometer is used. If the fracture occurs at a distance of less than 2A from the edge of the gripping device, the tensile properties determined
may not be representative of the material. If the properties meet the minimum requirements specified, no further testing is required, but if
they are less than the minimum requirements, discard the test and retest.
FIG. A2.3 DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES FOR LONGITUDINAL STRIP TENSION TEST SPECIMENS FOR
TUBULAR PRODUCTS
660
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
B
A
Reduced
section 3 in.
21/4 in. min. min.
Approx. 2 in.
Nut
Test
specimen
Rubber
gasket
Air
bleeder
line
661
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
90 deg
90 deg
A B C
41/4 in.
3/ in.
3/ in. 4
8 1/ in.
4 A
Liners
A = Outside diameter of tube less 5/8 in.
B = Outside diameter of tube less 3/8 in. A = Outside diameter of tube plus 1/32 in.
C = Outside diameter of tube plus 3/16 in.
FIG. A2.11 FLARING TOOL AND DIE BLOCK FOR FLANGE TEST
662
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
60 deg
included
angle
Slope 1 in 10
t t
T T
T t
T t
Up to 3⁄8, incl t
Over 3⁄8 3
⁄8
663
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
3/ in.
8
t, in. T, in.
Tt 3/ to 11/ t
8 2
11/2 See Note
C
2 in. Yoke 71/2 in.
37/8 in. 9 in.
664
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
21/4 in.
Parallel Section
Reduced section
13/4 in. min.
FIG. A3.1 TENSION TESTING FULL-SIZE BOLT 0.357 in. 0.005 in.
1.400 in. 0.005 in. Radius 3/8 in.
Gage length min.
Reduced
section
11/4 in. min.
10 deg
R
T R R
665
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
A B
1/ radius
2
Dnom
Dnom
Dnom Section B–B Section A–A
A B
GENERAL NOTE: XpLocation of hardness impressions.
Spherical
bearing
Cross-head
of testing
machine Spherical
bearing
Serrated faces
on grips
A A
Specimen
Section A–A
FIG. A4.1 WEDGE-TYPE GRIPPING DEVICE FIG. A4.2 SNUBBING-TYPE GRIPPING DEVICE
666
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1.2 Orientation of Test Specimens A2.1.2 Tubular shapes covered by this specification
include, round, square, rectangular, and special shapes.
A1.2.1 Carbon and alloy steel bars and bar-size
shapes, due to their relatively small cross-sectional
dimensions, are customarily tested in the longitudinal A2.2 Tension Test
direction. In special cases where size permits and the A2.2.1 Full-Size Longitudinal Test Specimens:
fabrication or service of a part justifies testing in a
transverse direction, the selection and location of test A2.2.1.1 As an alternative to the use of longitudi-
or tests are a matter of agreement between the manufac- nal strip test specimens or longitudinal round test
turer and the purchaser. specimens, tension test specimens of full-size tubular
sections are used, provided that the testing equipment
A1.3 Tension Test has sufficient capacity. Snug-fitting metal plugs should
A1.3.1 Carbon Steel Bars — Carbon steel bars be inserted far enough in the end of such tubular
are not commonly specified to tensile requirements in specimens to permit the testing machine jaws to grip
the as-rolled condition for sizes of rounds, squares, the specimens properly without crushing. A design that
hexagons, and octagons under 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) in diameter may be used for such plugs is shown in Fig. A2.1.
or distance between parallel faces nor for other bar- The plugs shall not extend into that part of the specimen
size sections, other than flats, less than 1 in.2 (645 on which the elongation is measured (Fig. A2.1). Care
mm2) in cross-sectional area. should be exercised to see that insofar as practicable,
the load in such cases is applied axially. The length
A1.3.2 Alloy Steel Bars — Alloy steel bars are of the full-section specimen depends on the gage length
usually not tested in the as-rolled condition. prescribed for measuring the elongation.
667
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
A2.2.3 Transverse Strip Test Specimens: A2.2.4.4 For transverse specimens, the section
from which the specimen is taken shall not be flattened
A2.2.3.1 In general, transverse tension tests are or otherwise deformed.
not recommended for tubular products, in sizes smaller
than 8 in. in nominal diameter. When required, trans- A2.2.4.5 Longitudinal test specimens are ob-
verse tension test specimens may be taken from rings tained from strips cut from the tubular product as
cut from ends of tubes or pipe as shown in Fig. A2.4. shown in Fig. A2.2.
668
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
A2.3 Determination of Transverse Yield Strength, NOTE A2.3 — Barlow’s formula may be stated two ways:
Hydraulic Ring-Expansion Method
A2.3.1 Hardness tests are made on the outside (1) P p 2St /D (A2.2)
surface, inside surface, or wall cross-section depending
upon product specification limitation. Surface prepara-
tion may be necessary to obtain accurate hardness
values.
(2) S p PD /2t (A2.3)
669
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
tubes with walls less than 0.065 in. (1.65 mm) thick approximately 4 in. (102 mm) long which is split
or cold worked or heat treated tubes with walls less longitudinally 90° on each side of the weld. The sample
than 0.049 in. (1.24 mm) thick. For tubes with wall is then opened and flattened with the weld at the point
thicknesses less than those permitting the regular Rock- of maximum bend (Fig. A2.9).
well hardness test, the Superficial Rockwell test is
sometimes substituted. Transverse Rockwell hardness A2.5.1.3 Crush Test — The crush test, some-
readings can be made on tubes with a wall thickness times referred to as an upsetting test, is usually made
of 0.187 in. (4.75 mm) or greater. The curvature and on boiler and other pressure tubes, for evaluating ductil-
the wall thickness of the specimen impose limitations ity (Fig. A2.10). The specimen is a ring cut from the
on the Rockwell hardness test. When a comparison is tube, usually about 21⁄2 in. (63.5 mm) long. It is placed
made between Rockwell determinations made on the on end and crushed endwise by hammer or press
outside surface and determinations made on the inside to the distance prescribed by the applicable material
surface, adjustment of the readings will be required to specifications.
compensate for the effect of curvature. The Rockwell
B scale is used on all materials having an expected A2.5.1.4 Flange Test — The flange test is
hardness range of B0 to B100. The Rockwell C scale intended to determine the ductility of boiler tubes and
is used on material having an expected hardness range their ability to withstand the operation of bending into
of C20 to C68. a tube sheet. The test is made on a ring cut from a
tube, usually not less than 4 in. (100 mm) long and
A2.4.4 Superficial Rockwell hardness tests are consists of having a flange turned over at right angles
normally performed on the outside surface whenever to the body of the tube to the width required by the
possible and whenever excessive spring back is not applicable material specifications. The flaring tool and
encountered. Otherwise, the tests may be performed die block shown in Fig. A2.11 are recommended for
on the inside. Superficial Rockwell hardness tests shall use in making this test.
not be performed on tubes with an inside diameter of
less than 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm). The wall thickness limitations A2.5.1.5 Flaring Test — For certain types of
for the Superficial Rockwell hardness test are given in pressure tubes, an alternate to the flange test is made.
Tables A2.1 and A2.2. This test consists of driving a tapered mandrel having
a slope of 1 in 10 as shown in Fig. A2.12(a) or a
A2.4.5 When the outside diameter, inside diameter, 60° included angle as shown in Fig. A2.12(b) into a
or wall thickness precludes the obtaining of accurate section cut from the tube, approximately 4 in. (100
hardness values, tubular products shall be specified to mm) in length, and thus expanding the specimen until
tensile properties and so tested. the inside diameter has been increased to the extent
A2.5 Manipulating Tests required by the applicable material specifications.
A2.5.1 The following tests are made to prove
A2.5.1.6 Bend Test — For pipe used for coiling
ductility of certain tubular products:
in sizes 2 in. and under a bend test is made to determine
A2.5.1.1 Flattening Test — The flattening test its ductility and the soundness of weld. In this test a
as commonly made on specimens cut from tubular sufficient length of full-size pipe is bent cold through
products is conducted by subjecting rings from the tube 90° around a cylindrical mandrel having a diameter 12
or pipe to a prescribed degree of flattening between times the nominal diameter of the pipe. For close
parallel plates (Fig. A2.4). The severity of the flattening coiling, the pipe is bent cold through 180° around a
test is measured by the distance between the parallel mandrel having a diameter 8 times the nominal diameter
plates and is varied according to the dimensions of of the pipe.
the tube or pipe. The flattening test specimen should
not be less than 21⁄2 in. (63.5 mm) in length and should A2.5.1.7 Transverse Guided Bend Test of
be flattened cold to the extent required by the applicable Welds — This bend test is used to determine the
material specifications. ductility of fusion welds. The specimens used are
approximately 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) wide, at least 6 in.
A2.5.1.2 Reverse Flattening Test — The reverse (152 mm) in length with the weld at the center, and
flattening test is designed primarily for application to are machined in accordance with Fig. A2.13 for face
electric-welded tubing for the detection of lack of and root bend tests and in accordance with Fig. A2.14
penetration or overlaps resulting from flash removal in for side bend tests. The dimensions of the plunger
the weld. The specimen consists of a length of tubing shall be as shown in Fig. A2.15 and the other dimensions
670
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
of the bending jig shall be substantially as given in A3.2.1.2 Proof Load Testing Long Bolts —
this same figure. A test shall consist of a face bend When full size tests are required, proof load Method
specimen and a root bend specimen or two side bend 1 is to be limited in application to bolts whose length
specimens. A face bend test requires bending with the does not exceed 8 in. (203 mm) or 8 times the nominal
inside surface of the pipe against the plunger; a root diameter, whichever is greater. For bolts longer than
bend test requires bending with the outside surface of 8 in. or 8 times the nominal diameter, whichever is
the pipe against the plunger; and a side bend test greater, proof load Method 2 shall be used.
requires bending so that one of the side surfaces becomes (a) Method 1, Length Measurement — The over-
the convex surface of the bend specimen. all length of a straight bolt shall be measured at its
(a) Failure of the bend test depends upon the true center line with an instrument capable of measuring
appearance of cracks in the area of the bend, of the changes in length of 0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm) with an
nature and extent described in the product specifications. accuracy of 0.0001 in. in any 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)
range. The preferred method of measuring the length
shall be between conical centers machined on the center
A3. STEEL FASTENERS line of the bolt, with mating centers on the measuring
anvils. The head or body of the bolt shall be marked
A3.1 Scope so that it can be placed in the same position for all
A3.1.1 This supplement covers definitions and measurements. The bolt shall be assembled in the testing
methods of testing peculiar to steel fasteners which are equipment as outlined in A3.2.1.4, and the proof load
not covered in the general section of Test Methods specified in the product specification shall be applied.
and Definitions A 370. Standard tests required by the Upon release of this load the length of the bolt shall
individual product specifications are to be performed be again measured and shall show no permanent elonga-
as outlined in the general section of these methods. tion. A tolerance of ± 0005 in. (0.0127 mm) shall be
allowed between the measurement made before loading
A3.1.2 These tests are set up to facilitate production
and that made after loading. Variables, such as
control testing and acceptance testing with certain more
straightness and thread alignment (plus measurement
precise tests to be used for arbitration in case of
error), may result in apparent elongation of the fasteners
disagreement over test results.
when the proof load is initially applied. In such cases,
A3.2 Tension Tests the fastener may be retested using a 3 percent greater
A3.2.1 It is preferred that bolts be tested full size, load, and may be considered satisfactory if the length
and it is customary, when so testing bolts to specify after this loading is the same as before this loading
a minimum ultimate load in pounds, rather than a (within the 0.0005 in. tolerance for measurement error).
minimum ultimate strength in pounds per square inch.
Three times the bolt nominal diameter has been estab- A3.2.1.3 Proof Load-Time of Loading — The
lished as the minimum bolt length subject to the tests proof load is to be maintained for a period of 10 s
described in the remainder of this section. Sections before release of load, when using Method 1.
A3.2.1.1 through A3.2.1.3 apply when testing bolts full (a) Method 2, Yield Strength — The bolt shall
size. Section A3.2.1.4 shall apply where the individual be assembled in the testing equipment as outlined in
product specifications permit the use of machined spec- A3.2.1.4. As the load is applied, the total elongation
imens. of the bolt or any part of the bolt which includes the
exposed six threads shall be measured and recorded to
A3.2.1.1 Proof Load — Due to particular uses produce a load-strain or a stress-strain diagram. The
of certain classes of bolts it is desirable to be able to load or stress at an offset equal to 0.2 percent of the
stress them, while in use, to a specified value without length of bolt occupied by 6 full threads shall be
obtaining any permanent set. To be certain of obtaining determined by the method described in 13.2.1 of these
this quality the proof load is specified. The proof load methods, A 370. This load or stress shall not be less
test consists of stressing the bolt with a specified load than that prescribed in the product specification.
which the bolt must withstand without permanent set.
An alternate test which determines yield strength of a A3.2.1.4 Axial Tension Testing of Full Size
full size bolt is also allowed. Either of the following Bolts — Bolts are to be tested in a holder with the
Methods, 1 or 2, may be used but Method 1 shall be load axially applied between the head and a nut or
the arbitration method in case of any dispute as to suitable fixture (Fig. A3.1), either of which shall have
acceptance of the bolts. sufficient thread engagement to develop the full strength
671
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
of the bolt. The nut or fixture shall be assembled on head, the wedge angle shall be 6° for sizes 1⁄4 through
3
the bolt leaving six complete bolt threads unengaged ⁄4 in. (6.35 to 19.0 mm) and 4° for sizes over 3⁄4 in.
between the grips, except for heavy hexagon structural
bolts which shall have four complete threads unengaged A3.2.1.7 Tension Testing of Bolts Machined to
between the grips. To meet the requirements of this Round Test Specimens:
test there shall be a tensile failure in the body or (a) Bolts under 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) in diameter
threaded section with no failure at the junction of the which require machined tests shall preferably use a
body, and head. If it is necessary to record or report standard 1⁄2 in., (13 mm) round 2 in. (50 mm) gage
the tensile strength of bolts as psi values the stress length test specimen (Fig. 4); however, bolts of small
area shall be calculated from the mean of the mean cross-section that will not permit the taking of this
root and pitch diameters of Class 3 external threads standard test specimen shall use one of the small-
as follows: size-specimens-proportional-to-standard (Fig. 4) and the
specimen shall have a reduced section as large as
As p 0.7854[D − (0.9743 /n)]2 (A3.1)
possible. In all cases, the longitudinal axis of the
specimen shall be concentric with the axis of the bolt;
the head and threaded section of the bolt may be left
intact, as in Fig. A3.3 and Fig. A3.4, or shaped to fit
where:
the holders or grips of the testing machine so that the
As p stress area, in.2,
load is applied axially. The gage length for measuring
D p nominal diameter, in., and
the elongation shall be four times the diameter of the
n p number of threads per inch.
specimen.
A3.2.1.5 Tension Testing of Full-Size Bolts with (b) For bolts 11⁄2 in. and over in diameter, a
a Wedge — The purpose of this test is to obtain the standard 1⁄2 in. round 2 in. gage length test specimen
tensile strength and demonstrate the “head quality” and shall be turned from the bolt, having its axis midway
ductility of a bolt with a standard head by subjecting between the center and outside surface of the body of
it to eccentric loading. The ultimate load on the bolt the bolt as shown in Fig. A3.5.
shall be determined as described in A3.2.1.4, except (c) Machined specimens are to be tested in
that a 10° wedge shall be placed under the same bolt tension to determine the properties prescribed by the
previously tested for the proof load (see A3.2.1.1). The product specifications. The methods of testing and
bolt head shall be so placed that no corner of the determination of properties shall be in accordance with
hexagon or square takes a bearing load, that is, a flat Section 13 of these test methods.
of the head shall be aligned with the direction of A3.3 Hardness Tests for Externally Threaded Fas-
uniform thickness of the wedge (Fig. A3.2). The wedge teners
shall have an included angle of 10° between its faces
A3.3.1 When specified, externally threaded fasten-
and shall have a thickness of one-half of the nominal
ers shall be hardness tested. Fasteners with hexagonal
bolt diameter at the short side of the hole. The hole
or square heads shall be Brinell or Rockwell hardness
in the wedge shall have the following clearance over
tested on the side or top of the head. Externally threaded
the nominal size of the bolt, and its edges, top and
fasteners with other type of heads and those without
bottom, shall be rounded to the following radius:
heads shall be Brinell or Rockwell hardness tested on
one end. Due to possible distortion from the Brinell
Nominal Clearance Radius on Corners load, care should be taken that this test meets the
Bolt Size, in. in Hole in. (mm) of Hole, in (mm) requirements of Section 16 of these test methods. Where
1
⁄4 to 1⁄2 0.030 (0.76) 0.030 (0.76) the Brinell hardness test is impractical, the Rockwell
9
⁄16 to 3⁄4 0.050 (1.3) 0.060 (1.5) hardness test shall be substituted. Rockwell hardness
7
⁄8 to 1 0.063 (1.5) 0.060 (1.5)
11⁄8 to 11⁄4 0.063 (1.5) 0.125 (3.2)
test procedures shall conform to Section 18 of these
13⁄8 to 11⁄2 0.094 (2.4) 0.125 (3.2) test methods.
A3.3.2 In cases where a dispute exists between
buyer and seller as to whether externally threaded
A3.2.1.6 Wedge Testing of HT Bolts Threaded fasteners meet or exceed the hardness limit of the
to Head — For heat-treated bolts over 100 000 psi product specification, for purposes of arbitration, hard-
(690 MPa) minimum tensile strength and that are ness may be taken on two transverse sections through
threaded 1 diameter and closer to the underside of the a representative sample fastener selected at random.
672
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
Hardness readings shall be taken at the locations shown A4.2 shall be used (Note A4.1). When using grips of
in Fig. A3.6. All hardness values must conform with either type, care shall be taken that the axis of the
the hardness limit of the product specification in order test specimen is located approximately at the center
for the fasteners represented by the sample to be line of the head of the testing machine (Note A4.2).
considered in compliance. This provision for arbitration When using wedge grips the liners used behind the
of a dispute shall not be used to accept clearly rejectable grips shall be of the proper thickness.
fasteners.
NOTE A4.1 — Testing machines usually are equipped with wedge
A3.4 Testing of Nuts grips. These wedge grips, irrespective of the type of testing machine,
may be referred to as the “usual type” of wedge grips. The use of
A3.4.1 Proof Load — A sample nut shall be fine (180 or 240) grit abrasive cloth in the “usual” wedge type grips,
assembled on a hardened threaded mandrel or on a with the abrasive contacting the wire specimen, can be helpful in
bolt conforming to the particular specification. A load reducing specimen slipping and breakage at the grip edges at tensile
loads up to about 1000 pounds. For tests of specimens of wire
axial with the mandrel or bolt and equal to the specified which are liable to be cut at the edges by the “usual type“ of wedge
proof load of the nut shall be applied. The nut shall grips, the snubbing type gripping device has proved satisfactory.
resist this load without stripping or rupture. If the
threads of the mandrel are damaged during the test For testing round wire, the use of cylindrical seat in the wedge
gripping device is optional.
the individual test shall be discarded. The mandrel shall
be threaded to American National Standard Class 3 NOTE A4.2 — Any defect in a testing machine which may cause
tolerance, except that the major diameter shall be the nonaxial application of load should be corrected.
minimum major diameter with a tolerance of + 0.002
in. (0.051 mm).
A4.2.2 Pointed Micrometer — A micrometer with
A3.4.2 Hardness Test — Rockwell hardness of a pointed spindle and anvil suitable for reading the
nuts shall be determined on the top or bottom face of dimensions of the wire specimen at the fractured ends
the nut. Brinell hardness shall be determined on the to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) after breaking the
side of the nuts. Either method may be used at the specimen in the testing machine shall be used.
option of the manufacturer, taking into account the size
and grade of the nuts under test. When the standard A4.3 Test Specimens
Brinell hardness test results in deforming the nut it A4.3.1 Test specimens having the full cross-sec-
will be necessary to use a minor load or substitute a tional area of the wire they represent shall be used.
Rockwell hardness test. The standard gage length of the specimens shall be
10 in. (254 mm). However, if the determination of
A3.5 Bars Heat Treated or Cold Drawn for Use elongation values is not required, any convenient gage
in the Manufacture of Studs, Nuts or Other length is permissible. The total length of the specimens
Bolting Material shall be at least equal to the gage length (10 in.) plus
A3.5.1 When the bars, as received by the manufac- twice the length of wire required for the full use of
turer, have been processed and proved to meet certain the grip employed. For example, depending upon the
specified properties, it is not necessary to test the type of testing machine and grips used, the minimum
finished product when these properties have not been total length of specimen may vary from 14 to 24 in.
changed by the process of manufacture employed for (360 to 610 mm) for a 10 in. gage length specimen.
the finished product.
A4.3.2 Any specimen breaking in the grips shall
be discarded and a new specimen tested.
A4. ROUND WIRE PRODUCTS A4.4 Elongation
A4.1 Scope A4.4.1 In determining permanent elongation, the
A4.1.1 This supplement covers the apparatus, speci- ends of the fractured specimen shall be carefully fitted
mens and methods of testing peculiar to steel wire together and the distance between the gage marks
products which are not covered in the general section measured to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) with dividers
of Test Methods A 370. and scale or other suitable device. The elongation is
the increase in length of the gage length, expressed as
A4.2 Apparatus a percentage of the original gage length. In recording
A4.2.1 Gripping Devices — Grips of either the elongation values, both the percentage increase and the
wedge or snubbing types as shown in Figs. A4.1 and original gage length shall be given.
673
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
A4.4.2 In determining total elongation (elastic plus extension. A coil of specified length is closed wound
plastic extension) autographic or extensometer methods on an arbor of a specified diameter. The closed coil
may be employed. is then stretched to a specified permanent increase in
length and examined for uniformity of pitch with no
A4.4.3 If fracture takes place outside of the middle
splits or fractures. The required arbor diameter, closed
third of the gage length, the elongation value obtained
coil length, and permanent coil extended length increase
may not be representative of the material.
may vary with wire diameter, properties, and type.
A4.5 Reduction of Area
A4.5.1 The ends of the fractured specimen shall
be carefully fitted together and the dimensions of the A5. NOTES ON SIGNIFICANCE OF
smallest cross section measured to the nearest 0.001 in. NOTCHED-BAR IMPACT TESTING
(0.025 mm) with a pointed micrometer. The difference
A5.1 Notch Behavior
between the area thus found and the area of the original
cross-section, expressed as a percentage of the original A5.1.1 The Charpy and Izod type tests bring out
area, is the reduction of area. notch behavior (brittleness versus ductility) by applying
a single overload of stress. The energy values determined
A4.5.2 The reduction of area test is not recom- are quantitative comparisons on a selected specimen
mended in wire diameters less than 0.092 in. (2.34 but cannot be converted into energy values that would
mm) due to the difficulties of measuring the reduced serve for engineering design calculations. The notch
cross-sections. behavior indicated in an individual test applies only to
the specimen size, notch geometry, and testing condi-
A4.6 Rockwell Hardness Test
tions involved and cannot be generalized to other sizes
A4.6.1 On heat-treated wire of diameter 0.100 in. of specimens and conditions.
(2.54 mm) and larger, the specimen shall be flattened
on two parallel sides by grinding before testing. The A5.1.2 The notch behavior of the face-centered
hardness test is not recommended for any diameter of cubic metals and alloys, a large group of nonferrous
hard drawn wire or heat-treated wire less than 0.100 materials and the austenitic steels can be judged from
in. (2.54 mm) in diameter. For round wire, the tensile their common tensile properties. If they are brittle in
strength test is greatly preferred over the hardness test. tension they will be brittle when notched, while if they
are ductile in tension, they will be ductile when notched,
A4.7 Wrap Test except for unusually sharp or deep notches (much more
A4.7.1 This test is used as a means for testing severe than the standard Charpy or Izod specimens).
the ductility of certain kinds of wire. Even low temperatures do not alter this characteristic
A4.7.2 The test consists of coiling the wire in a of these materials. In contrast, the behavior of the
closely spaced helix tightly against a mandrel of a ferritic steels under notch conditions cannot be predicted
specified diameter for a required number of turns. from their properties as revealed by the tension test.
(Unless other specified, the required number of turns For the study of these materials the Charpy and Izod
shall be five.) The wrapping may be done by hand or type tests are accordingly very useful. Some metals
a power device. The wrapping rate may not exceed that display normal ductility in the tension test may
15 turns per min. The mandrel diameter shall be nevertheless break in brittle fashion when tested or
specified in the relevant wire product specification. when used in the notched condition. Notched conditions
include restraints to deformation in directions perpendic-
A4.7.3 The wire tested shall be considered to have ular to the major stress, or multiaxial stresses, and
failed if the wire fractures or if any longitudinal or stress concentrations. It is in this field that the Charpy
transverse cracks develop which can be seen by the and Izod tests prove useful for determining the suscepti-
unaided eye after the first complete turn. Wire which bility of a steel to notch-brittle behavior though they
fails in the first turn shall be retested, as such fractures cannot be directly used to appraise the serviceability
may be caused by bending the wire to a radius less of a structure.
than specified when the test starts.
A5.1.3 The testing machine itself must be suffi-
A4.8 Coiling Test ciently rigid or tests on high-strength low-energy materi-
A4.8.1 This test is used to determine if imperfec- als will result in excessive elastic energy losses either
tions are present to the extent that they may cause upward through the pendulum shaft or downward
cracking or splitting during spring coiling and spring through the base of the machine. If the anvil supports,
674
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
the pendulum striking edge, or the machine foundation strength increases and the likelihood of brittle fracture
bolts are not securely fastened, tests on ductile materials increases. On the other hand, by raising the temperature,
in the range of 80 ft·lbf (108 J) may actually indicate leaving the notch and the speed of deformation the
values in excess of 90 to 100 ft·lbf (122 to 136 J). same, the shear strength is lowered and ductile behavior
is promoted, leading to shear failure.
A5.2 Notch Effect
A5.2.1 The notch results in a combination of A5.2.5 Variations in notch dimensions will seri-
multiaxial stresses associated with restraints to deforma- ously affect the results of the tests. Tests on E 4340
tion in directions perpendicular to the major stress, and steel specimens have shown the effect of dimensional
a stress concentration at the base of the notch. A variations on Charpy results (see Table A5.1).
severely notched condition is generally not desirable, A5.3 Size Effect
and it becomes of real concern in those cases in which A5.3.1 Increasing either the width or the depth
it initiates a sudden and complete failure of the brittle of the specimen tends to increase the volume of metal
type. Some metals can be deformed in a ductile manner subject to distortion, and by this factor tends to increase
even down to the low temperatures of liquid air, while the energy absorption when breaking the specimen.
others may crack. This difference in behavior can be However, any increase in size, particularly in width,
best understood by considering the cohesive strength also tends to increase the degree of restraint and by
of a material (or the property that holds it together) tending to induce brittle fracture, may decrease the
and its relation to the yield point. In cases of brittle amount of energy absorbed. Where a standard-size
fracture, the cohesive strength is exceeded before sig- specimen is on the verge of brittle fracture, this is
nificant plastic deformation occurs and the fracture particularly true, and a double-width specimen may
appears crystalline. In cases of the ductile or shear actually require less energy for rupture than one of
type of failure, considerable deformation precedes the standard width.
final fracture and the broken surface appears fibrous
instead of crystalline. In intermediate cases the fracture A5.3.2 In studies of such effects where the size
comes after a moderate amount of deformation and is of the material precludes the use of the standard speci-
part crystalline and part fibrous in appearance. men, as for example when the material is 1⁄4 in. plate,
subsize specimens are necessarily used. Such specimens
A5.2.2 When a notched bar is loaded, there is a (see Fig. 6 of Test Methods E 23) are based on the
normal stress across the base of the notch which tends Type A specimen of Fig. 4 of Test Methods E 23.
to initiate fracture. The property that keeps it from
cleaving, or holds it together, is the “cohesive strength.” A5.3.3 General correlation between the energy
The bar fractures when the normal stress exceeds the values obtained with specimens of different size or
cohesive strength. When this occurs without the bar shape is not feasible, but limited correlations may be
deforming it is the condition for brittle fracture. established for specification purposes on the basis of
special studies of particular materials and particular
A5.2.3 In testing, though not in service because specimens. On the other hand, in a study of the relative
of side effects, it happens more commonly that plastic effect of process variations, evaluation by use of some
deformation precedes fracture. In addition to the normal arbitrarily selected specimen with some chosen notch
stress, the applied load also sets up shear stresses which will in most instances place the methods in their
are about 45° to the normal stress. The elastic behavior proper order.
terminates as soon as the shear stress exceeds the shear
A5.4 Effects of Testing Conditions
strength of the material and deformation or plastic
yielding sets in. This is the condition for ductile failure. A5.4.1 The testing conditions also affect the notch
behavior. So pronounced is the effect of temperature
A5.2.4 This behavior, whether brittle or ductile, on the behavior of steel when notched that comparisons
depends on whether the normal stress exceeds the are frequently made by examining specimen fractures
cohesive strength before the shear stress exceeds the and by plotting energy value and fracture appearance
shear strength. Several important facts of notch behavior versus temperature from tests of notched bars at a
follow from this. If the notch is made sharper or more series of temperatures. When the test temperature has
drastic, the normal stress at the root of the notch will been carried low enough to start cleavage fracture,
be increased in relation to the shear stress and the bar there may be an extremely sharp drop in impact value
will be more prone to brittle fracture (see Table A5.1). or there may be a relatively gradual falling off toward
Also, as the speed of deformation increases, the shear the lower temperatures. This drop in energy value starts
675
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
when a specimen begins to exhibit some crystalline and yet, in some instances, the reverse is true below
appearance in the fracture. The transition temperature the transition temperature.
at which this embrittling effect takes place varies consid-
erably with the size of the part or test specimen and A5.6 Correlation with Service
with the notch geometry. A5.6.1 While Charpy or Izod tests may not directly
predict the ductile or brittle behavior of steel as com-
A5.4.2 Some of the many definitions of transition monly used in large masses or as components of large
temperature currently being used are: (1) the lowest structures, these tests can be used as acceptance tests
temperature at which the specimen exhibits 100% fi- of identity for different lots of the same steel or in
brous fracture, (2) the temperature where the fracture choosing between different steels, when correlation with
shows a 50% crystalline and a 50% fibrous appearance, reliable service behavior has been established. It may
(3) the temperature corresponding to the energy value be necessary to make the tests at properly chosen
50% of the difference between values obtained at temperatures other than room temperature. In this, the
100% and 0% fibrous fracture, and (4) the temperature service temperature or the transition temperature of
corresponding to a specific energy value. full-scale specimens does not give the desired transition
temperatures for Charpy or Izod tests since the size
A5.4.3 A problem peculiar to Charpy-type tests and notch geometry may be so different. Chemical
occurs when high-strength, low-energy specimens are analysis, tension, and hardness tests may not indicate
tested at low temperatures. These specimens may not the influence of some of the important processing factors
leave the machine in the direction of the pendulum that affect susceptibility to brittle fracture nor do they
swing but rather in a sidewise direction. To ensure comprehend the effect of low temperatures in inducing
that the broken halves of the specimens do not rebound brittle behavior.
off some component of the machine and contact the
pendulum before it completes its swing, modifications
may be necessary in older model machines. These
modifications differ with machine design. Nevertheless
the basic problem is the same in that provisions must
be made to prevent rebounding of the fractured speci- A6. PROCEDURE FOR CONVERTING
mens into any part of the swinging pendulum. Where PERCENTAGE ELONGATION OF A
design permits, the broken specimens may be deflected STANDARD ROUND TENSION TEST
out of the sides of the machine and yet in other designs SPECIMEN TO EQUIVALENT
it may be necessary to contain the broken specimens PERCENTAGE ELONGATION OF A
within a certain area until the pendulum passes through STANDARD FLAT SPECIMEN
the anvils. Some low-energy high-strength steel speci- A6.1 Scope
mens leave impact machines at speeds in excess of 50
A6.1.1 This method specifies a procedure for con-
ft (15.3 m) /s although they were struck by a pendulum
verting percentage elongation after fracture obtained in
traveling at speeds approximately 17 ft (5.2 m) /s. If
a standard 0.500 in. (12.7 mm) diameter by 2 in. (51
the force exerted on the pendulum by the broken
mm) gage length test specimen to standard flat test
specimens is sufficient, the pendulum will slow down
specimens 1⁄2 in. by 2 in. and 11⁄2 in. by 8 in. (38.1
and erroneously high energy values will be recorded.
by 203 mm).
This problem accounts for many of the inconsistencies
in Charpy results reported by various investigators
A6.2 Basic Equation
within the 10 to 25 ft·lbf (14 to 34 J) range. The
Apparatus Section (the paragraph regarding Specimen A6.2.1 The conversion data in this method are
Clearance) of Test Methods E 23 discusses the two based on an equation by Bertella, and used by Oliver
basic machine designs and a modification found to be and others. The relationship between elongations in the
satisfactory in minimizing jamming. standard 0.500 in. diameter by 2.0 in. test specimen
and other standard specimens can be calculated as
A5.5 Velocity of Straining follows:
A5.5.1 Velocity of straining is likewise a variable
that affects the notch behavior of steel. The impact
test shows somewhat higher energy absorption values e p eo [4.47 (冪A) /L]a (A6.1)
than the static tests above the transition temperature
676
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
677
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
NOTE A7.1 — The number of teeth should be approximately 15 NOTE A7.4 — Specimens that break outside the extensometer or
to 30 per in., and the minimum effective gripping length should be in the jaws and yet meet the minimum specified values are considered
approximately 4 in. (102 mm). as meeting the mechanical property requirements of the product
specification, regardless of what procedure of gripping has been used.
Specimens that break outside of the extensometer or in the jaws
NOTE A7.2 — The radius of curvature of the grooves is approxi- and do not meet the minimum specified values are subject to retest.
mately the same as the radius of the strand being tested, and is Specimens that break between the jaws and the extensometer and
located 1⁄32 in. (0.79 mm) above the flat face of the grip. This do not meet the minimum specified values are subject to retest as
prevents the two grips from closing tightly when the specimen is provided in the applicable specification.
in place.
678
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
A8.1.1.1 Values shall be rounded up or rounded severely indent the bar and may affect the results. A
down as determined by the rules of Practice E 29. bullet-nose punch is desirable.
A8.1.1.2 In the special case of rounding the A9.3.4 The yield strength or yield point shall be
number “5” when no additional numbers other than determined by one of the following methods:
“0” follow the “5,” rounding shall be done in the A9.3.4.1 Extension under load using an auto-
direction of the specification limits if following Practice graphic diagram method or an extensometer as described
E 29 would cause rejection of material. in 13.1.2 and 13.1.3,
A8.1.2 Recommended levels for rounding reported A9.3.4.2 By the drop of the beam or halt in
values of test data are given in Table A8.1. These the gage of the testing machine as described in 13.1.1
values are designed to provide uniformity in reporting where the steel tested as a sharp-kneed or well-defined
and data storage, and should be used in all cases except type of yield point.
where they conflict with specific requirements of a
product specification. A9.3.5 The unit stress determinations for yield
and tensile strength on full-size specimens shall be
NOTE A8.1 — To minimize cumulative errors, whenever possible, based on the nominal bar area.
values should be carried to at least one figure beyond that of the final
(rounded) value during intervening calculations (such as calculation of A9.4 Bend Testing
stress from load and area measurements) with rounding occurring
as the final operation. The precision may be less than that implied A9.4.1 Bend tests shall be made on specimens of
by the number of significant figures. sufficient length to ensure free bending and with appara-
tus which provides:
A9.4.1.1 Continuous and uniform application of
A9. METHODS FOR TESTING STEEL force throughout the duration of the bending operation,
REINFORCING BARS
A9.4.1.2 Unrestricted movement of the specimen
A9.1 Scope at points of contact with the apparatus and bending
A9.1.1 This annex covers additional details specific around a pin free to rotate, and
to testing steel reinforcing bars for use in concrete
reinforcement. A9.4.1.3 Close wrapping of the specimen around
the pin during the bending operation.
A9.2 Test Specimens
A9.2.1 All test specimens shall be the full section A9.4.2 Other acceptable more severe methods of
of the bar as rolled. bend testing, such as placing a specimen across two
pins free to rotate and applying the bending force with
A9.3 Tension Testing a fix pin, may be used.
A9.3.1 Test Specimen — Specimens for tension A9.4.3 When retesting is permitted by the product
tests shall be long enough to provide for an 8 in. (200 specification, the following shall apply:
mm) gage length, a distance of at least two bar diameters
between each gage mark and the grips, plus sufficient A9.4.3.1 Sections of bar containing identifying
additional length to fill the grips completely leaving roll marking shall not be used.
some excess length protruding beyond each grip.
A9.4.3.2 Bars shall be so placed that longitudinal
A9.3.2 Gripping Device — The grips shall be ribs lie in a plane at right angles to the plane of
shimmed so that no more than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) of a bending.
grip protrudes from the head of the testing machine.
A9.3.3 Gage Marks — The 8 in. (200 mm) gage A10. PROCEDURE FOR USE AND CONTROL
length shall be marked on the specimen using a preset OF HEAT-CYCLE SIMULATION
8 in. (200 mm) punch or, alternately, may be punch
marked every 2 in. (50 mm) along the 8 in. (200 mm) A10.1 Purpose
gage length, on one of the longitudinal ribs, if present, A10.1.1 To ensure consistent and reproducible heat
or in clear spaces of the deformation pattern. The punch treatments of production forgings and the test specimens
marks shall not be put on a transverse deformation. that represent them when the practice of heat-cycle
Light punch marks are desirable because deep marks simulation is used.
679
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
A10.2.5 Documentation and storage of all controls, A10.5.1.3 One master chart (or two if required
inspections, charts, and curves. in accordance with A10.5.3.1) shall be produced to
represent essentially identical forgings (same size and
A10.3 Referenced Documents shape). Any change in size or geometry (exceeding
A10.3.1 ASME Standards: rough machining tolerances) of a forging will necessitate
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III, latest that a new master cooling curve be developed.
edition.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, A10.5.1.4 If more than one curve is required
Division 2, latest edition. per master forging (180° apart) and a difference in
cooling rate is achieved, then the most conservative
A10.4 Terminology curve shall be used as the master curve.
A10.4.1 Definitions:
A10.5.2 Reproducibility of Heat Treatment Param-
A10.4.1.1 master chart — a record of the heat eters on Production Forgings:
treatment received from a forging essentially identical
to the production forgings that it will represent. It is A10.5.2.1 All information pertaining to the
a chart of time and temperature showing the output quench and temper of the master forging shall be
from thermocouples imbedded in the forging at the recorded on an appropriate permanent record, similar
designated test immersion and test location or locations. to the one shown in Table A10.1.
680
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
the quenching medium prior to quenching the master (b) The test coupons shall be heated to substan-
forging. tially the same maximum temperature as the forgings
or bars. The test coupons shall be cooled at a rate similar
A10.5.2.6 The time elapsed from opening the to and no faster than the cooling rate representative of
furnace door to quench for the production forging shall the test locations and shall be within 25°F (14°C) and
not exceed that elapsed for the master forging. 20 s at all temperatures after cooling begins. The test
coupons shall be subsequently heat treated in accordance
A10.5.2.7 If the time parameter is exceeded in with the thermal treatments below the critical tempera-
opening the furnace door to beginning of quench, the ture including tempering and simulated post weld heat
forging shall be placed back into the furnace and treatment.
brought back up to equalization temperature. (c) Simulated Post Weld Heat Treatment of Test
Specimens (for ferritic steel forgings and bars) —
A10.5.2.8 All forgings represented by the same Except for carbon steel (P Number 1, Section IX of
master forging shall be quenched with like orientation the Code) forgings and bars with a nominal thickness
to the surface of the quench bath. or diameter of 2 in. (51 mm) or less, the test specimens
shall be given a heat treatment to simulate any thermal
A10.5.2.9 All production forgings shall be
treatments below the critical temperature that the forg-
quenched in the same quench tank, with the same
ings and bars may receive during fabrication. The
agitation as the master forging.
simulated heat treatment shall utilize temperatures,
A10.5.2.10 Uniformity of Heat Treat Parame- times, and cooling rates as specified on the order. The
ters — (1) The difference in actual heat treating tempera- total time at temperature(s) for the test material shall
ture between production forgings and the master forging be at least 80% of the total time at temperature(s) to
used to establish the simulator cycle for them shall which the forgings and bars are subjected during post-
not exceed ±25°F (±14°C) for the quench cycle. (2) weld heat treatment. The total time at temperature(s) for
The tempering temperature of the production forgings the test specimens may be performed in a single cycle.
shall not fall below the actual tempering temperature A10.5.3.3 Prior to heat treatment in the simula-
of the master forging. (3) At least one contact surface tor unit, test specimens shall be machined to standard
thermocouple shall be placed on each forging in a sizes that have been determined to allow adequately
production load. Temperature shall be recorded for all for subsequent removal of decarb and oxidation.
surface thermocouples on a Time Temperature Recorder
and such records shall be retained as permanent docu- A10.5.3.4 At least one thermocouple per speci-
mentation. men shall be used for continuous recording of tempera-
ture on an independent external temperature-monitoring
A10.5.3 Heat-Cycle Simulation: source. Due to the sensitivity and design peculiarities
of the heating chamber of certain equipment, it is
A10.5.3.1 Program charts shall be made from mandatory that the hot junctions of control and monitor-
the data recorded on the master chart. All test specimens ing thermocouples always be placed in the same relative
shall be given the same heating rate above, the AC1, position with respect to the heating source (generally
the same holding time and the same cooling rate as infrared lamps).
the production forgings.
A10.5.3.5 Each individual specimen shall be
A10.5.3.2 The heating cycle above the AC1, a identified, and such identification shall be clearly shown
portion of the holding cycle, and the cooling portion on the simulator chart and simulator cycle record.
of the master chart shall be duplicated and the allowable
limits on temperature and time, as specified in (a)–(c), A10.5.3.6 The simulator chart shall be compared
shall be established for verification of the adequacy of to the master chart for accurate reproduction of simu-
the simulated heat treatment. lated quench in accordance with A10.5.3.2(a). If any
(a) Heat Cycle Simulation of Test Coupon Heat one specimen is not heat treated within the acceptable
Treatment for Quenched and Tempered Forgings and limits of temperature and time, such specimen shall be
Bars — If cooling rate data for the forgings and bars discarded and replaced by a newly machined specimen.
and cooling rate control devices for the test specimens Documentation of such action and reasons for deviation
are available, the test specimens may be heat-treated from the master chart shall be shown on the simulator
in the device. chart, and on the corresponding nonconformance report.
681
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
A10.5.4 Reheat Treatment and Retesting: cycle (double quench and temper). The production
forging shall be given the identical double quench and
A10.5.4.1 In the event of a test failure, retesting temper as its test specimens above. (2) Reheat treatment
shall be handled in accordance with rules set forth by using a new heat treatment practice. Any change in
the material specification. time, temperature, or cooling rate shall constitute a
A10.5.4.2 If retesting is permissible, a new test new heat treatment practice. A new master curve shall
specimen shall be heat treated the same as previously. be produced and the simulation and testing shall proceed
The production forging that it represents will have as originally set forth.
received the same heat treatment. If the test passes, A10.5.4.4 In summation, each test specimen and
the forging shall be acceptable. If it fails, the forging its corresponding forging shall receive identical heat
shall be rejected or shall be subject to reheat treatment treatment or heat treatment; otherwise the testing shall
if permissible. be invalid.
A10.5.4.3 If reheat treatment is permissible, A10.5.5 Storage, Recall, and Documentation of
proceed as follows: (1) Reheat treatment same as origi- Heat-Cycle Simulation Data — All records pertaining
nal heat treatment (time, temperature, cooling rate): to heat-cycle simulation shall be maintained and held
Using new test specimens from an area as close as for a period of 10 years or as designed by the customer.
possible to the original specimens, repeat the austenitize Information shall be so organized that all practices can
and quench cycles twice, followed by the tempering be verified by adequate documented records.
682
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
TABLE A1.1
PRACTICES FOR SELECTING TENSION TEST SPECIMENS FOR STEEL BAR PRODUCTS
NOTE — For bar sections where it is difficult to determine the cross-sectional area by simple measurement, the area in square inches may
be calculated by dividing the weight per linear inch of specimen in pounds by 0.2833 (weight of 1 in.3 of steel) or by dividing the weight per
linear foot of specimen by 3.4 (weight of steel 1 in. square and 1 ft long).
Thickness, in. (mm) Width, in. (mm) Hot-Rolled Bars Cold-Finished Bars
Flats
5 1
Under ⁄8 (16) Up to 1 ⁄2 (38), incl Full section by 8 in. (203 mm) gage length Mill reduced section to 2 in. (51 mm) gage
(Fig. 4). length and approximately 25% less than
test specimen width.
Over 11⁄2 (38) Full section, or mill to 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) Mill reduced section to 2 in. gage length
wide by 8 in. (203 mm) gage length and 11⁄2 in. wide.
(Fig. 4).
5
⁄8 to 11⁄2 (16 to 38), excl Up to 11⁄2 (38), incl Full section by 8 in. gage length or Mill reduced section to 2 in. (51 mm) gage
machine standard 1⁄2 by 2 in. (13 by 51 length and approximately 25% less than
mm) gage length specimen from center test specimen width or machine standard
1
of section (Fig. 5). ⁄2 by 2 in. (13 by 51 mm) gage length
specimen from center of section (Fig. 5).
Over 11⁄2 (38) Full section, or mill 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) width Mill reduced section to 2 in. gage length
by 8 in. (203 mm) gage length (Fig. 4) and 11⁄2 in. wide or machine standard 1⁄2
or machine standard 1⁄2 by 2 in. gage by 2 in. gage length specimen from
(13 by 51 mm) gage length specimen midway between edge and center of
from midway between edge and center of section (Fig. 5).
section (Fig. 5).
11⁄2 (38) and over Full section by 8 in. (203 mm) gage Machine standard 1⁄2 by 2 in. (13 by 51
length, or machine standard 1⁄2 by 2 in. mm) gage length specimen from midway
(13 by 51 mm) gage length specimen between surface and center (Fig. 5).
from midway between surface and center
(Fig. 5).
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, and Octagons
Diameter or Distance
Between Parallel
Faces, in. (mm) Hot-Rolled Bars Cold-Finished Bars
5
Under ⁄8 Full section by 8 in. (203 mm) gage length on Machine to sub-size specimen (Fig. 5).
machine to sub-size specimen (Fig. 5).
5
⁄8 to 11⁄2 (16 to 38), excl Full section by 8 in. (203 mm) gage length or Machine standard 1⁄2 in. by 2 in. gage length
machine standard 1⁄2 in. by 2 in. (13 by 51 mm) specimen from center of section (Fig. 5).
gage length specimen from center of section
(Fig. 5).
11⁄2 (38) and over Full section by 8 in. (203 mm) gage length or Machine standard 1⁄2 by 2 in. (13 by 51 mm) gage
machine standard 1⁄2 in. by 2 in. (13 by 51 mm) length specimen from midway between surface and
gage length specimen from midway between surface center of section (Fig. 5).
and center of section (Fig. 5).
Other Bar-Size Sections
All sizes Full section by 8 in. (203 mm) gage length or Mill reduced section to 2 in. (51 mm) gage length
prepare test specimen 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) wide (if and approximately 25% less than test specimen
possible) by 8 in. (203 mm) gage length. width.
683
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
TABLE A1.2
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR SELECTING BEND TEST SPECIMENS FOR STEEL
BAR PRODUCTS
NOTE 1 — The length of all specimens is to be not less than 6 in. (150 mm).
NOTE 2 — The edges of the specimen may be rounded to a radius not exceeding 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm).
Flats
Thickness, in. Width, in. (mm) Recommended Size
(mm)
Up to 1⁄2 (13), incl Up to 3⁄4 (19), incl Full section.
Over 3⁄4 (19) Full section or machine to not less than 3⁄4 in. (19 mm)
in width by thickness of specimen.
Over 1⁄2 (13) All Full section or machine to 1 by 1⁄2 in. (25 by 13 mm)
specimen from midway between center and surface.
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, and Octagons
Diameter or Distance
Between Parallel
Faces, in. (mm) Recommended Size
1
Up to 1 ⁄2 (38), incl Full section.
Over 11⁄2 (38) Machine to 1 by 1⁄2 in. (25 by 13 mm) specimen from
midway between center and surface.
TABLE A2.1
WALL THICKNESS LIMITATIONS OF SUPERFICIAL
HARDNESS TEST ON ANNEALED OR DUCTILE
MATERIALS FOR STEEL TUBULAR PRODUCTSA
(“T” Scale (1⁄16 in. Ball))
Wall Thickness, in. (mm) Load, kgf
Over 0.050 (1.27) 45
Over 0.035 (0.89) 30
0.020 and over (0.51) 15
A
The heaviest load recommended for a given wall thickness is
generally used.
684
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
TABLE A2.2
WALL THICKNESS LIMITATIONS OF SUPERFICIAL
HARDNESS TEST ON COLD WORKED OR HEAT
TREATED MATERIAL FOR STEEL TUBULAR
PRODUCTSA
(“N” Scale (Diamond Penetrator))
Wall Thickness, in. (mm) Load, kgf
Over 0.035 (0.89) 45
Over 0.025 (0.51) 30
0.015 and over (0.38) 15
A
The heaviest load recommended for a given wall thickness is
generally used.
TABLE A5.1
EFFECT OF VARYING NOTCH DIMENSIONS ON STANDARD SPECIMENS
High-Energy High-Energy Low-Energy
Specimens, ft·lbf (J) Specimens, ft·lbf (J) Specimens, ft·lbf (J)
Specimen with standard dimensions 76.0 ± 3.8 (103.0 ± 5.2) 44.5 ± 2.2 (60.3 ± 3.0) 12.5 ± 1.0 (16.9 ± 1.4)
Depth of notch, 0.084 in. (2.13 mm) A 72.2 (97.9) 41.3 (56.0) 11.4 (15.5)
Depth of notch, 0.805 in. (2.04 mm) A 75.1 (101.8) 42.2 (57.2) 12.4 (16.8)
Depth of notch, 0.0775 in. (1.77 mm) A 76.8 (104.1) 45.3 (61.4) 12.7 (17.2)
Depth of notch, 0.074 in. (1.57 mm) A 79.6 (107.9) 46.0 (62.4) 12.8 (17.3)
Radius at base of notch, 0.005 in. (0.127 mm) B 72.3 (98.0) 41.7 (56.5) 10.8 (14.6)
Radius at base of notch, 0.015 in. (0.381 mm) B 80.0 (108.5) 47.4 (64.3) 15.8 (21.4)
A
Standard 0.079 ± 0.002 in. (2.00 ± 0.05 mm).
B
Standard 0.010 ± 0.001 in. (0.25 ± 0.025 mm).
685
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
TABLE A6.2
TABLE A6.1 ANNEALED AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS —
CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS — MATERIAL MATERIAL CONSTANT A p 0.127 MULTIPLICATION
CONSTANT a p 0.4 MULTIPLICATION FACTORS FOR FACTORS FOR CONVERTING PERCENT ELONGATION
CONVERTING PERCENT ELONGATION FROM 1⁄2 in. FROM 1⁄2 in. DIAMETER BY 2 in. GAGE LENGTH
DIAMETER BY 2 in. GAGE LENGTH STANDARD STANDARD TENSION TEST SPECIMEN TO
TENSION TEST SPECIMEN TO STANDARD 1⁄2 BY 2 in. STANDARD 1⁄2 BY 2 in. AND 11⁄2 BY 8 in. FLAT
AND 11⁄2 BY 8 in. FLAT SPECIMENS SPECIMENS
1
1
⁄2 by 11⁄2 by 11⁄2 by ⁄2 by 11⁄2 by 11⁄2 by
Thickness, 2 in. 8 in. Thickness, 8 in. Thickness, 2 in. 8 in. Thickness, 8 in.
in. Specimen Specimen in. Specimen in. Specimen Specimen in. Specimen
0.025 0.574 ... 0.800 0.822 0.025 0.839 ... 0.800 0.940
0.030 0.596 ... 0.850 0.832 0.030 0.848 ... 0.850 0.943
0.035 0.614 ... 0.900 0.841 0.035 0.857 ... 0.900 0.947
0.040 0.631 ... 0.950 0.850 0.040 0.864 ... 0.950 0.950
0.045 0.646 ... 1.000 0.859 0.045 0.870 ... 1.000 0.953
0.050 0.660 ... 1.125 0.880 0.050 0.876 ... 1.125 0.960
0.055 0.672 ... 1.250 0.898 0.055 0.882 ... 1.250 0.966
0.060 0.684 ... 1.375 0.916 0.060 0.886 ... 1.375 0.972
0.065 0.695 ... 1.500 0.932 0.065 0.891 ... 1.500 0.978
0.070 0.706 ... 1.625 0.947 0.070 0.895 ... 1.625 0.983
0.075 0.715 ... 1.750 0.961 0.075 0.899 ... 1.750 0.987
0.080 0.725 ... 1.875 0.974 0.080 0.903 ... 1.875 0.992
0.085 0.733 ... 2.000 0.987 0.085 0.906 ... 2.000 0.996
0.090 0.742 0.531 2.125 0.999 0.090 0.909 0.818 2.125 1.000
0.100 0.758 0.542 2.250 1.010 0.095 0.913 0.821 2.250 1.003
0.110 0.772 0.553 2.375 1.021 0.100 0.916 0.823 2.375 1.007
0.120 0.786 0.562 2.500 1.032 0.110 0.921 0.828 2.500 1.010
0.130 0.799 0.571 2.625 1.042 0.120 0.926 0.833 2.625 1.013
0.140 0.810 0.580 2.750 1.052 0.130 0.931 0.837 2.750 1.016
0.150 0.821 0.588 2.875 1.061 0.140 0.935 0.841 2.875 1.019
0.160 0.832 0.596 3.000 1.070 0.150 0.940 0.845 3.000 1.022
0.170 0.843 0.603 3.125 1.079 0.160 0.943 0.848 3.125 1.024
0.180 0.852 0.610 3.250 1.088 0.170 0.947 0.852 3.250 1.027
0.190 0.862 0.616 3.375 1.096 0.180 0.950 0.855 3.375 1.029
0.200 0.870 0.623 3.500 1.104 0.190 0.954 0.858 3.500 1.032
0.225 0.891 0.638 3.625 1.112 0.200 0.957 0.860 3.625 1.034
0.250 0.910 0.651 3.750 1.119 0.225 0.964 0.867 3.750 1.036
0.275 0.928 0.664 3.875 1.127 0.250 0.970 0.873 3.875 1.038
0.300 0.944 0.675 4.000 1.134 0.275 0.976 0.878 4.000 1.041
0.325 0.959 0.686 ... ... 0.300 0.982 0.883 ... ...
0.350 0.973 0.696 ... ... 0.325 0.987 0.887 ... ...
0.375 0.987 0.706 ... ... 0.350 0.991 0.892 ... ...
0.400 1.000 0.715 ... ... 0.375 0.996 0.895 ... ...
0.425 1.012 0.724 ... ... 0.400 1.000 0.899 ... ...
0.450 1.024 0.732 ... ... 0.425 1.004 0.903 ... ...
0.475 1.035 0.740 ... ... 0.450 1.007 0.906 ... ...
0.500 1.045 0.748 ... ... 0.475 1.011 0.909 ... ...
0.525 1.056 0.755 ... ... 0.500 1.014 0.912 ... ...
0.550 1.066 0.762 ... ... 0.525 1.017 0.915 ... ...
0.575 1.075 0.770 ... ... 0.550 1.020 0.917 ... ...
0.600 1.084 0.776 ... ... 0.575 1.023 0.920 ... ...
0.625 1.093 0.782 ... ... 0.600 1.026 0.922 ... ...
0.650 1.101 0.788 ... ... 0.625 1.029 0.925 ... ...
0.675 1.110 ... ... ... 0.650 1.031 0.927 ... ...
0.700 1.118 0.800 ... ... 0.675 1.034 ... ... ...
0.725 1.126 ... ... ... 0.700 1.036 0.932 ... ...
0.750 1.134 0.811 ... ... 0.725 1.038 ... ... ...
0.750 1.041 0.936 ... ...
686
PART A — FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-370
TABLE A8.1
RECOMMENDED VALUES FOR ROUNDING TEST DATA
Test Quality Test Data Range Rounded Value A
冧
50 000 to 100 000 psi, excl (50 to 100 ksi) 500 psi (0.5 ksi)
Yield Point 100 000 psi and above (100 ksi and above) 1000 psi (1.0 ksi)
Yield Strength,
Tensile Strength up to 500 MPa, excl 1 MPa
500 to 1000 MPa, excl 5 MPa
1000 MPa and above 10 MPa
687
SA-370 2001 SECTION II
TABLE A10.1
HEAT-TREAT RECORD-ESSENTIAL VARIABLES
Master Production Production Production Production Production
Forging Forging 1 Forging 2 Forging 3 Forging 4 Forging 5
Program chart number
Method of cooling
Forging thickness
Thermocouple immersion
Forging number
Product
Material
Furnace number
Cycle number
Heat treater
688