(Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Batch: Roll
No.: No.
Experiment / assignment / tutorial
Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD

Signature of the Staff In-charge with date

Title: Coplanar Concurrent Force System

CO1 Evaluate resultant and moment of a force system

Objective
To verify the condition of equilibrium of a coplanar concurrent forces .

Theory
Resultant of a force system is a force or a couple that will have the same effect to the body, both
in translation and rotation, if all the forces are removed and replaced by the resultant.

Resultant of Coplanar Concurrent Force System

The lines of action of each force in coplanar concurrent force system are on the same plane. All
of these forces meet at a common point, thus concurrent. In x-y plane, the resultant can be found
by the following formulas:

AIM:
To verify the condition of equilibrium of a coplanar concurrent force system and to analyze the
error if any.

APPARATUS:
Universal force table, weights.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Setup Diagram:

PROCEDURE:
1. Place the Universal force table on the firm platform.

2. Make the circular disc in horizontal position with the help of foot screws.
3. Put slotted weights to each hanger to these ends of strings passing over the pulleys.
4. Note the sum of slotted weights in each hanger and weight of hangers as five forces
F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5.

5. Measure the angles included between the two adjacent pulleys and note them as Ө1 to
Ө5.
6. Record these observations.

7. Repeat by changing any one or two pulley positions and take three sets of readings.
8. Draw force polygon.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr Forces Angles ∑Fx ∑Fy
No
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Ө1 Ө2 Ө3 Ө4 Ө5

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of faculty in-charge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Batch: Roll No.:

Experiment / assignment / tutorial No.
Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD

Signature of the Staff In-charge with date

Title – Support reaction of beam

CO4: Analyze applications of equilibrium using free body diagram

Objective
To verify the principle of forces in beams using parallel force apparatus

Theory
Beams are structural members which are generally horizontal. They are subjected to lateral
forces which act orthogonal to the length of the member. There are various types of mechanisms
used for supporting the beams. At these supports the reactive forces are developed which are
determined by using the concept of equilibrium.
Determine the support reactions for the beam as
∑Fxi = 0
∑Fyi = 0
∑Mo = 0

AIM:
To find the support reaction of a simply supported beam analytically and verify the same
experimentally.

APPARATUS:
A graduated beam supported at both the ends by spring balances, hangers and weights.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Setup Diagram:

Free body diagram:

PROCEDURE:
1. Take the initial readings of the spring balances at both the ends.
2. Suspend three known weights at different known distances from the left support of the
beam.
3. Note the readings of the spring balances again.
4. The difference between the final and initial readings of the spring balances gives the
reactions at the two supports.
5. Calculate the support reactions analytically.
6. Compare the same with the experimental values and find the percentage error on each of
the support reactions. It is assumed that all the forces are coplanar and beam remains in
the horizontal position even after loading.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Set Forces acting Distances from R1 Reactions by Reactions % error % error
no (N) (cm) analysis (N) observed (N) in R1 in R2

F1 F2 F3 X1 X2 X3 R1 R2 R1 R2

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
% error in R1 =

% error in R2 =

Conclusion:

Signature of faculty in-charge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Batch: Roll No.:

Experiment / assignment / tutorial No.
Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD

Signature of the Staff In-charge with date

Title - Friction

CO4: Analyze applications of equilibrium using free body diagram

Objective
To measure coefficient of friction of different surfaces

Theory

Friction is a force that is created whenever two surfaces move or try to move across each other.

 Friction always opposes the motion or attempted motion of one surface across another
surface.
 Friction is dependent on the texture of both surfaces.
 Friction is also dependent on the amount of contact force pushing the two surfacestogether

Static friction is friction between two or more solid objects that are not moving relative to each
other. For example, static friction can prevent an object from sliding down a sloped surface. The
coefficient of static friction, typically denoted as μs, is usually higher than the coefficient of
kinetic friction.

AIM:
To find the coefficient of friction between two given surfaces and to find the load required to
pull a body up on an inclined plane.

APPARATUS:
An inclined plane that can be set at different angles, bodies with different base materials and
weights.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Setup Diagram:

Free body diagram:

PROCEDURE:
Observation 1:

1. Keep the body on the inclined plane which is initially at the horizontal position.
2. Gradually increase the angle made by the inclined plane till the body just start sliding
down.
3. Note the angle made by the inclined plane with horizontal which is angle of repose
4. Tangent of the angle of repose is the coefficient of friction between the two materials
(body and the plane).

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
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K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Observation 2:

5. Set the inclined plane at any angle. Attach the string to the body whose weight is known.
6. Place the body on the inclined plane and pass the string over the pulley.
7. Load the free end of the string with the pan and the weights.
8. Add weights to the pan till the body is tending to move up. Note the load and compare it
with the calculated value.

OBSERVATION TABLE 1
Materials Angle of Repose (α) Coefficient
of friction
1 2 3 Mean (µ)

Ply and
wood
Ply and
Aluminium
Ply and
Brass
Ply and sand
Paper

OBSERVATION TABLE 2
Surfaces Coefficient Weight Angle of plane Pth = Wsinθ P(expt.)
of friction (W) (θ) +µWcosθ
Ply and
Wood
Ply and
aluminium
Ply and
brass
Ply and sand
paper

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
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K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

CALCULATION:

RESULT
Coefficient of Friction for

1. Ply and wood =

2. Ply and aluminium =
3. Ply and brass =
4. Ply and sand paper =

Conclusion:

Signature of faculty in-charge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Batch: Roll No.:

Experiment / assignment / tutorial No.
Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD

Signature of the Staff In-charge with date

Title – Bell Crank lever

CO1: Evaluate resultant and moment of a force system

CO4: Analyze applications of equilibrium using free body diagram

Objective
To verify the principle of moments using bell crank lever.

Theory
Principle of moments states that, ‘the algebraic sum of moments of a system of coplanar
forces about any point in the plane is equal to the moment of the resultant of a force of the
system about the same point’.

This principle would be verified for a bell crank lever arrangement.

A lever whose two arms form a right angle and having its fulcrum at the apex of the angle is
known as bell crank lever. These levers were initially used to operate the bell from a long
distance especially where change in the direction of bell wires was involved and hence the
name.

AIM:
To verify the principle of moments of a coplanar non-concurrent system of forces and to
find the error if any.

APPARATUS:
Bell crank lever apparatus, weights, hangers and scale.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Setup Diagram:

Free body diagram:

PROCEDURE:
1. Arrange hanger at arbitrary location on the horizontal arm. Note the location X from the
hinge. Adjust the tension in the spring connected to the vertical arm such that the two
pointers come in the same vertical line. In this position the horizontal arm is truly
horizontal. Note the initial spring balance reading T1. Also note the location of the spring from
the hinge.
2. Hang the weight W from the hanger. This will cause the arms to tilt and the pointers to
move away from each other. Now adjust the tension in the spring such that the pointers
once again come in the same vertical line. The horizontal arm is once again in its
horizontal position. Note down the final spring balance reading T2. The tensile force on
the vertical arm is the difference T2-T1.
3. Since the external force is supported by the single hinge at the apex of the arm, implies
that the resultant of these forces passes through the hinge. Therefore to verify the
principle of the moments we need to take moments of all the forces about hinge and if
the total sum is zero, verify the law of moments since the moment of the resultant is
Department of Mechanical Engineering

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(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)
also zero at the hinge.
4. Repeat the above steps by changing the weights and their location in the horizontal arm.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sr Weight Distance M1 = Reading of Effort Distance M2 = M1 - M2 %
No (W) from W*X Spring T=(T2 Y cm T*Y Error
Kg fulcrum Kg balance -T1)
( X cm) cm Initial Final kg
T1 T2
1
2
3

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of faculty in-charge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Batch: Roll No.:

Experiment / assignment / tutorial No.
Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD

Signature of the Staff In-charge with date

Title: Collision of Bodies

CO5 : Analyze the dynamic system using D’Alembert, work energy and impulse
momentum principle.

Objective
To determine the coefficient of restitution between two steel balls.

Theory
A Collision between two bodies which occur in a very short duration of time and during
which two bodies exert relatively large forces on each other is called impact. The line
joining the common normal of the colliding bodies is known as line of impact. When the
mass centers of the two colliding bodies lie on the line of impact, the impact is known as
central impact. When the velocities of both the colliding bodies arecollinear with the line of
impact the impact is called as direct impact.

Coefficient of restitution “e” is the ration of relative velocity of separation to relative

velocity of approach. If uA and uB are the velocities before impact and VA and VB are the
velocities after impact the

𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴
𝑒=
𝑢𝐴 − 𝑢𝐵

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of restitution between two steel balls.

APPARATUS:
The impact apparatus, steel balls, meter scale and carbon paper, drawing sheet.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Setup Diagram:

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the impact apparatus on the edge of table.
2. Place a steel ball B on the holder. Adjust the height of the holder such that the
collision of the steel ball B with ball A is direct central.
3. Note the height ‘y’ of the holder from the ground using scale.
4. Place the steel ball on the slide at a certain vertical height ‘h’ from the holder. Note
down the height ‘h’ with scale.
5. Release the ball from the position 1 and let it slide down and strike the stationary
ball. Both the balls after impact undergo projectile motion, falling through a height
‘y’ land at different spots on the ground. Marks the spots and measure the horizontal
distances of both balls.
6. Repeat the above steps by changing the height ‘h’.

V=X/t uA =√2gh S = (ut + 1/2at2)X S = (ut + 1/2at2)y

VA=XA/t uB=0 X = V/t aX =0 y= (uyt) + ½ * 9.81t2
VB=XB/t V=X/t y= 0 + ½ * 9.81t2
V=X/√2y/g t= √2y/g

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr XA XB Y h Initial Final Velocity Coefficient

No Velocity of
uA uB 𝑿𝑨 𝑿𝑩 restitution
VA= VB=
√𝟐𝒀/𝒈 √𝟐𝒀/𝒈 “e”
1
2
3

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

CONCLUSION:

Signature of faculty in-charge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Batch: Roll No.:

Experiment / assignment / tutorial No.
Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD

Signature of the Staff In-charge with date

Title: Flywheel

CO5: Analyze the dynamic system using D’Alembert, work energy and impulse
momentum principle.

Objective
To determine the mass moment of inertia of a flywheel.

Theory

A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to store rotational energy. Flywheels
have a significant moment of inertia and thus resist changes in rotational speed. The
amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed.
Energy is transferred to a flywheel by applying torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational
speed, and hence its stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel releases stored energy by
applying torque to a mechanical load, thereby decreasing its rotational speed.

Common uses of a flywheel include:

 Providing continuous energy when the energy source is discontinuous. For example,
flywheels are used in reciprocating engines because the energy source, torque from the
engine, is intermittent.
 Delivering energy at rates beyond the ability of a continuous energy source. This is
achieved by collecting energy in the flywheel over time and then releasing the energy
quickly, at rates that exceed the abilities of the energy source.
 Controlling the orientation of a mechanical system. In such applications, the angular
momentum of a flywheel is purposely transferred to a load when energyis transferred to
or from the flywheel.

AIM:

To find the moment of inertia of a flywheel theoretically and compare the same with
experimental value.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

APPARATUS:

Flywheel mounted on ball bearings, stop watch, set of weights, string and meter scale

Setup Diagram:

PROCEDURE:

1. From the specifications of the flywheel calculate the theoretical value of Moment
of Inertia.
2. Take a string of length equal to the height of the spindle of the flywheel from the
ground; to one end attach a hook to carry the weight. Make a small loop on the
other and attach it over the peg on the spindle of the flywheel. Wind the string
over the spindle. Check whether the looped end of the string is released from the
peg when the weight touches the ground.
3. Note down the ‘h’ from which the mass is allowed to fall. See that the red mark on
the rim of the flywheel is coinciding with the pointer.
4. Attach a suitable mass on the hook and allow the mass to fall. Count the number
of revolutions made by the flywheel (n) before the weight touches the ground.
When the sound of the mass touching the ground is heard, start a stop watch and
find the time taken (T) for the flywheel to come to rest and number of revolutions
(N) made during this time.
5. Repeat the procedure for different masses.
6. Calculate the Moment of Inertia of the flywheel with the formula derived.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

OBSERVATION TABLE

Number of windings of string on the spindle (n) =

Height through which mass m falls (h) =
Sr. Mass Time (T) sec No of Rev. (N) Ang. vel. M.I.
No Kg (ω) rad/sec Kg.mm2

1 2 3 Avg. 1 2 3 Avg.
1
2
3

CALCULATION:
Avg (ω) = (ωinitial + ωfinal)/2 I = (2mgh - mr2ω2) / ω2 (1+ n/N)
ωfinal = 0
ωinitial = 4N/T

mgh = KEmass + Rotational KEfly + Friction loss

mgh = ½ mV2 + ½ I ω2 + nF

NF = ½ I ω2
nF = n/N ½ I ω2

mgh = ½ mV2 + ½ I ω2 + n/N ½ I ω2

2mgh = mr2ω2 + I ω2 + n/N I ω2
(2mgh - mr2ω2) = I ω2 (1+ n/N)

RESULTS

Theoretical M.I. of flywheel = 28511 Kg.mm2

Experimental M.I. of flywheel= Kg.mm2

% error =

Signature of faculty in-charge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Batch: Roll No.:

Experiment / assignment / tutorial No.
Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD

Signature of the Staff In-charge with date

Title: Compound pendulum

CO2: Analyze the concept of kinematics of particle and rigid body

Objective
To determine the center of gravity as well as the radius of gyration about the center of
gravity by using compound pendulum.

Theory
Consider an extended body of mass with a hole drilled though it. Suppose that the body
is suspended from a fixed peg, which passes through the hole, such that it is free to swing
from side to side. This setup is known as a compound pendulum.

Any object mounted on a horizontal axis so as to oscillate under the force of gravity is a
compound pendulum. The one used in this experiment is a uniform rod suspended at
different locations along its length.

AIM :

To find the radius of gyration of a compound pendulum and determine acceleration due to
gravity.

APPARATUS

Compound pendulum, knife edge, meter scale and stop watch.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Setup Diagram:

PROCEDURE :

1) Find the centroid of the compound pendulum by balancing it on a knife edge

2) Keep the knife edge screw in the 1st hole of the compound pendulum and tighten
the screw so that the sharp edge of the knife edge is exactly downwards. Let us call this
side as side A.
3) Measure the length ‘h’ between the point of the suspension and the centre of gravity
4) Suspend the pendulum from the knife edge and ensure that the knife edge rests on
the rigid horizontal surface (so that the pendulum oscillates in a vertical plane)
5) Set the pendulum to oscillate with a small amplitude(less than 10 degree)
6) Note the time required for 20 oscillations (t), using a stop watch. Repeat this once
more and find the average time required for 20 oscillations. from this average time,
calculate the time required for one oscillation(i.e., the time period for the pendulum
T) T = t/20
7) Repeat the step no 6 four more times, keeping the knife edge on the 3 rd, 5th, 7th, 9th
holes.
8) Calculate h2 and hT 2 in each case

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(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

9) Plot the graph of hT 2vs h2, which will be straight line. Find the slope and the
intercept of the line on the hT2 axis (For plotting this line, use the line of the best fit
explained later). From the slope of the line find the value of ‘g’ and from the
intercept, find the value of ‘k’

Repeat the procedure for side

2 b of the pendulum

From the relation T = 2√h 2+k2)/gh




hT2 = [(4 )/g] h + [(4 )/g] k

2 2 2 2

Thus the plot of hT2 vs h2 will be a straight line, as the above equation of the form

y= mx +c where m is the slope and c is the intercept on the y axis.

From the slope of the line m = [(42)/g] we can calculate the value of ‘g’

 4 2  2
From the intercept c =  k , we can calculate the value of ‘k’
 g 


OBSERVATION TABLE

Hole h Time for 20 oscillations T= t/20 T² h² hT²

No. (t)(sec)
(cm) 1 2 mean (sec) (sec²) (cm²)

1
3
5
7
9

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

The value of K from graph is =

Theoretical value of K

The value of g from graph is =

Signature of faculty in-charge

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Batch: Roll No.:

Experiment / assignment / tutorial No.
Grade: AA / AB / BB / BC / CC / CD /DD

Signature of the Staff In-charge with date

Title: Jib crane

CO4 Analyze applications of equilibrium using free body diagram

Objective
To calculate the forces in the members of a simple jib crane

Theory
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist, wire ropes or chains, and
sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other
places. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage and thus
move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed
in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction
industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the
assembling of heavy equipment.

AIM:

To find the forces in the members of a truss.

APPARATUS:

Jib crane apparatus, spring balance, weights, scale, etc.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024
 (Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Setup Diagram:

PROCEDURE:

1. Attach spring balance with BC member.

2. Put weight in pan at C.
3. With the help of scale measure the length of each member.
4. Take the readings on spring balance at members BC and AC and the weight inpan
at C.
5. Find the forces in members by analytical calculations and verify the results.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr. Weight in Pan Length of members

No.
AB BC AC

1
2
3

Department of Mechanical Engineering

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K J Somaiya College of Engineering

(A Constituent College of Somaiya Vidyavihar University)

Sr. Weight in Pan Spring balance reading at Forces in members

No.
BC AC BC AC

1
2
3

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Force in Member BC = -----------

Force in Member AC = -------- --

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

2023-2024