2G (CS/IT-Sem-7) Introduction

1
UNIT
PART-11

Introduction: Importance of user lnterface-Definition.

Questions-Answers
Introduction Long Answer 1ype and Medium AnSwer Type Questions

? Define
Que1.1. What do you m e a n by u s e r interface user

interface is important ?
interface design. Why u s e r
CONTENTS Answer
The user interface is the part ofa computer and its software that people
Part-1 Introduction :
Importance of.
*****° °

1-2G to 1-2G can see, hear, touch,

talk to, or otherwise understand or direct.
user Interface, Definition
User interface designis a subset of a field of study called human-computer
Part-2 Importance of Good Design, interaction.
how
1-2G to 1-4G Human-computer interaction is the study, planning, and design of
*******r***
. . .

Benefits of Good Design,

....

A Brief
History of people and computers work together so that a person's needs are satisfied
Screen Design in the most effective way.
.
The user interface has essentially two components:
Part-3: The
GraphicalUser.... i. Input: nput is how a person communicates his/her needs to the
Interface : Popularity **************... 1-4G to 1-6G computer. Some common input components are the keyboard,
of
Graphics, The Concept mouse, trackball.
of Direct Manipulation
ii. Output: Output is how the computer conveys the results of its
Part-4 Graphical System,. computations and requirements to the user. The most common
computer output mechanism is the display screen, followed by
Characteristics 1-6G to 1-11G
******************************
mechanisms that take advantage of a person's auditory capabilities
Part-5 Web User such as voice and sound.
Interface, . 5. Proper interface design will provide a mix of well-designed input and
Popularity, Characteristics, 1-11G to 1-18G
that satisfy the user's needs, capabilities, and
Principles of User Interface output mechanisms
imitations in the most effective way possible.
6. audience
User interface is important because it makes it easier for target
to clearly see the information about particular products.

PART2
mportanee of Good Design, Benefits of Good Design A Brief
History of Screen Design.

Questions-Answers
g Answer Type and Medium Answer Type uesuons
1-1G (CS/TT-Sem-7)
 Human Computer Intertace
1-3G (CS/IT-Sem Introduction
A G (CS/IT-Sem-7)

usually consisted of many fields with very cryptic and

the importance of good design. A 1970s screen

Que 12. Deseribe often unintelligible captions.

and often possessed a command field that
visually cluttered,
was
It
to remember what had to be keyed into it.
Answer
design:
challenged the user
for text-based
Important of good
and s c r e e n i s terribly important In 1980-1981
(Galitz), at the turn
ofthe decade guidelines
interface to our w e r e finally made widely
available and many s c r e e n s
Awell-designed
. the capabilities of the system. users. screen design such as
their window to view
take much less cluttered look through concepts
on a
It is
began to
many critical tasks are pra
through which alignment of element.
I t is also the vehicle
and

have a direct impact on an

zation's ro
organization's
ented
relations
grouping
supported by providing clear and meaningful
field
These tasks often
was
memory
3
its profitability. 5. User commands on the screen, and enabling them to
with its customers, and captions and by listing
function keys.
A screen's layout and appearance
affect person ina variety be applied through
a
of ays: became clearer. These screens were not entirely clutter-
a. If they are confusing and inefficient, will people have greater 6. Messages also inscribed
difficulty in doing their jobs and will make more mistakes. Instructions and reminders to the user had to be
free, however.
in the form of prompts or completion aids.
chase some on the screen
b. Poor design may even people away from a svt screens were still being designed, and many
permanently.
stem In the 1980s, 1970s-type
7.
still reside in systems today.
C. It ean also lead to aggravation, frustration, and increased
stress. a multitude of other kinds of
8. The entry field was supplemented by
list boxes, drop-down combination boxes, spin boxes,
Que 1.3. What are the benefits of good design ? controls, including
and so forth.
effective screen design
Answer 9. In the 1990s, knowledge concerning what makes
The benefits continued to expand. Coupled with ever-improving technology, the result
of good design: w a s even greater improvements
in the user-computer sereen interface.
1 Screens users of the modified
time and with fewer errors completed transactions in less
screens
than those who used the
2. original screens. PART-3
Reformatting inquiry screens following good
decision-making time. design principles reduced
The Graphical User Interface: Popularity of Graphies, The Concept
3 Redesigns eventually improved the success of Direct Manipulation.
average completion time. rate, and reduced the
4. The more
65 percent
successful, and more usable, site task
higher than that of the less completion rate is about Questions-Answers
5.
Training costs are lowered because successful sites.
6.
Support line costs are lowered training time is reduced. Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions
7. because fewer assist calls are
Employee satisfaction is necessary
are reduced. increased because
aggravation and on
frusura ue 1.5. What do you mean by graphical user interface?
Que
14.Write a
short note
Answer
Answer
on
history of screen design
A USer interface is a collection of techniques and mechanism to interact
1. The with something.
widespread
SCreens did interest in the application ofsfgood design principles 2.
agraphical interface, the primary interaction mechanism is a pointing
introduced itsnot3270begin to emerge until the en TBM some kind. This device is the electronic equivalent to the
evice of
cathode ray tube early 1970s, human hand.
text-based termina eneyuser interacts with is a collectionofelements referred to as objects.
can be seen, heard, touched, or otherwise percelveu.
 Human ComputerInterface
1-5 G (CSAT-Se Introduction
1 - 6 G (CS/IT-Sem-7)

to the user and.

to used to
always
visible
perform replicates them and portrays them on a different
other objteactskss
are
independent ofall The system simply
Objects
4 interacted
with a s entities
entities
i. medium, the screen.
5. They a r e alled actions, on objects.
called
operations,
the power to access and modify these objects, among
People perform A person has
6. include ccessing and
accessin modifying objects by i.
which are windows.
7. The operations
selecting, and manipulating.
pointin iv, A person is
allowed to work in a familiar environment and
in a
resulting behaviors. on the data, not the application and
tools.
have standard familiar way, focusing
S All objects
of the system, which most often is
The physical organization
Que 1.6.
What is popularity ofgraphics? V.
unfamiliar, is hidden from view and is not a
distraction.

Answer 22. Continuous visibility of objects and actions

visible.
bore scant resemblance to its Like one's desktop, objects are continuously
1 A graphical screen rlier textbase
earls..
labeled
colleagues. i. Reminders of actions to be performed are also obvious,
buttons replacing complex syntax and command names.
screen possessed a
Whereas the older text-based
screens assumed a three-dimensional look.
one
dimensional graph i. Cursor action and motion occurs in physically
obvious and natural

3 Controls appeared to rise above the screen and move when ae: ways.
visible display of results:
4. Information could appear, and disappear, as needed. 3. Actions are rapid and incremental with
The results of actions are immediately displayed visually on the
5 Text could be replaced by graphical images called icons. These their new and current form.
could represent objects or actions. icons screen in
i. Auditory feedback may also be provided.
6. Selection fields such as radio buttons, boxes, list boxes, and
coexisted with the reliable old text entry field. palette ii. The impact of a previous action is quickly seen, and the evolution of
tasks is continuous and effortless.
7 Objects and actions were selected through use of
pointing
8 Increased computer power enables the user's actions to mechanisms44 Incremental actions are easily reversible:
be reacted to
quickly, dynamically, and meaningfully. . Finally, actions, if discovered to be incorrect or not desired, can be
9 This interface is sometimes referred as WIMP easily undone.
menus, and pointers.
interface: windows, icons
10. Graphic PART-4
presentation is much more effective than other
methods. presentation
11. Properly used, it reduces the Graphical System,Characteristics.
information recoding and requirement for perceptual and mental
loads. reorganization, and also reduces the memory Questions-Answers
12.
Graphies also
can add
greater customization to appeal or charm to the inter-face andpermit Long Apswer Typeand Medium Answer Type Questions
create a unique
Que 1.7.
corporate or organization stye
Describe the concept of direct
Answer manipuiation. Que 1.8. What is graphical system ? Write down its advantages
and disadvantages.
The style of
systems thatinteraction for
possess the graphical systems is called as direct Answer
LThe system is following characteristics: manp ulation GTaphical system design is an approach to designing an entire system, using
It is portrayed as an extension of re ntuitive graphical software and off-the-shelfhardware device to refine
assumed that a the real w vorld:
actions in his or person is already familiar
í
e design, create initial prototypes and even use for the few run of
her
environment ofyinterest. with the objects and deployments.
 Human C o m p u t e r I n t e r f a c e
1-7G (CS/TT-Sen 8 G (CS/IT-Sem-7)
Introduction

Advantages graphical systems:

text: Research characteristics of graphical system.

faster t h a n has Describe the
1. Symbols
recognized
recognized
faster and more accurately than
te
found that
be
symbols can as shape and cole
attributes of icons, such
that the graphicalclassitying objects, elements, e very
or text by some con Answer
system:
graphical
useful forquickly
non haracteristics of
Sophisticated visual presentation:
property interface. It is what
Research has also found that a graphical the visual aspect of the
Faster learning: is
2
learning, and symbols can also be easil
ctorial Visual presentation
representation aids i. on the screen.
people s e e lines,
solving: Visual or spatial representa system permits displaying
3 Faster use and problem sophistication of a graphical
information has been
found to be easier to retain and maninnld of i. The
and icons.
including drawings
leads to faster and more
successful problem solving. Symbols hand of a variety of character fonts,
including
been found to be effective in conveying simple instructions. also ii. It also permits the displaying
different sizes
and styles.
Easier remembering: Because of greater simplicity, it is easier t million or more colors
is possible on s o m e screens
casual users to retain operational concepts.
on The display of 16
iv. of photograph
animation and the presentation
5. Provides context: Displayed objects are visible, praviding a pictureaf Graphics also permit
V.
and motion video.
presented to the
the current context. user
interface elements visually
6 Fewererrors: More concrete thinking affords fewer opportunities for vi. The meaningful
include:
system
errors. Reversibility of actions reduces error rates because it in a graphical
is alwavs or dialog boxes)
possible to undo the last step. Error messages are less frequently needed. a.
Windows (primary, secondary,

7. Increased feeling of control: The user initiates actions and Menus (menu bar, pull
down, pop-up, cascading)
control. This increases user
feels in
confidence and hastens system mastery,
b.
such as programs or
files
C. Icons to represent objects
controls (text boxes, list boxes,
Immediate feedback : The results of actions Assorted screen-based
be seen immediately. Learning is
furthering user goals can d. scroll bar and buttons)
quickened. Ifthe response is not in the combination boxes, settings,
desired direction, the direction can be
changed quickly. Mouse pointer and c u r s o r .
Disadvantages of graphical systems: e.
screen the real world
of the
objective is to reflect visually
on
The
1. Inconsistencies in technique and vii. and clearly possible.
in technique, terminology: Many differences user as realistically, meaningfully, simply,
terminology. look and feel exist among various
system providers, and even among successive graphical 2. Restricted set of interface options what is presented
system. These inconsistencies occur because ofversions of the samne . The array of alternatives
available to the user is
is presented on
implications, product differentiation copyright and legal on the s c r e e n or may
be retrieved through what

knowledge about the interface. considerations, and our

expanding the screen, nothing less, nothing
more.

2.
Working domain is the present: While 3. Pick-and-click interaction:
provide context, they also require the userdirect-manipulation systems i. Elements of a graphical screen upon
which some action is to be
to work in the
3. Not
always familiar: Symbolic
"present. performed must first
identified.
for
as words or
numbers. We have been representations may not be as
familiar . The motor activity required of a person
to identify this element
to
a long time. exposed to words and numbers 10r referred to as pick, the signal
a proposed action is commonly
4 Window
manipulation perform an action as cue.
manipulation times are stillrequirements: Window handling ana
excessive and repetitive. This 1. The primary mechanism for performing this pick-and-click
is most
and
interrupts the decision wastes
5.
Production limitations: The
making needed to perform tasks and time often the mouse and its buttons.
relevant element (pick)
number of symbols that can be
jobs. iv. user the mouse pointer to the
produced using today's The moves

symbols must be technology is still limited. A body of cleary and the action is signaled (click).
hand and mind
produced that are equally
recognizable using differing recognizabie . Pointing allows rapid selection
and feedback. The
technologies. This is legible and equaluy
extremely difficult today seem to work smoothly and efficiently
together.
 1-9G(CSIT-8
Human ComputerInterface
Introduction
1 0 G (CS/TT-Sem-7)

hanism for
mechani:
performing these
vi The
secondary
:the keyboard. Most system permit pick-and-click tohoacti selecti
isth Users:
employees, know a lot
using the
keyboard as
well.
perform i. The users
of intranets, being organization
about the organization,
its structure, its products, and its
culture.

used by customers and others who

know much
V i s u a l i z a t i o n

process that allows Internet sites are

Visualization is a cogitive people to and often care less about it.
information that is dif+cult to perceive.

Presenting specialized graphic portrayals facilitatess

understat less about the
The intranet
organization,
user's characteristics and needs can be much
more

i itates visualization specificallydefined then can those of the general Internet user.

i The best visualization

method for an activity
learn from the data.
rity do
depends
peopleare trying to on
wha Tasks
used for an organization's everyday activities,
The goal is not necessarily to reproduce a realistio. i An intranet is
queries, and communications.
relevant raphical imag
i.
roduceone that conveys the most; including complex transactions,
Efective visualizations can facilitate mental insicht informatio i. The internet is mainly
used to find information, with a

productivity, and more accurate use of data. insights, increas supplementary use being simple
transactions.

Type ofinformation:
5. Object orientation:
eontain detailed information needed for
i Agraphical system consists of objects and actions, . An intranet will
organizational functioning.
i Objects are what people see on screen.
They are manipulated modified.
ted ao i. Information will often be added or
single unit.
more stable information such as
i. i. The internet will usually present
Objects can be composed of sub objects. For example, an or client information, reports.
be a doeument. The document's sub obiect ma marketing and customer
objects may be a paragraph
sentence, word, and letter. Amount of information:
Typically, an intranet site will be much larger than organization's
an
6 Use ofrecognition memory : i
i Continuous Internet site.
visibility of objects ánd actions encourages use to be needed
person's more powerful recognition memory. of i. Massive amounts of information and processes
seem

i to make an organization function.

The "out of sight, out of mind"
7. problem is eliminated i. It has been estimated that intranet site be ten to an hundred can one
Concurrent performance
L
of functions times larger than its corresponding public site.
Graphic systems may do two more
programs may run things at one time. Multiple Hardware and software:
or

primary task, it simultaneously. When system is not busy on a

a i Since intranets exist in a controlled environment, the kinds of
may
multitasking) process background tasks
(cooperauve computers, monitors, browsers, and other software can be restricted
When or standardized.
applications running as truly
are
tasks, the system i. The need for cross-platform compatibilityis minimized or eliminated,
processing power into timeseparate
may divide the
to each application. slices and allocate pur permitting more predictable design.
ii
Data may also be ii. Upgraded communications also permit intranets to run from a
transferred between hundred to a thousand times faster than typical internet access
automatieall on "clipboard" for programs.
automatically swapped between
a
later transfer or be can.

Que programs. iv. This allows the use of rich graphics and multimedia, screen elements
1.10.Describe
internet. the
characteristics ntranet versus the
that contribute to very slow download times for most internet users.

Design philosophy:
Answer i lmplementation on the intranet of current text-based and GUI
Characteristics of an intranet applications will present a user model similar to those that have
existed in other domains.
versus the
interne
 Human ComputerInterface 1-11 G(CsTS Introduction
1 2 G (CS/IT-Sem-7)

a back
swing ba to more traditiona GUI
cause
This will visual
the vis appeal of the des environment where people move between pages
i.
will also
incorporate
Neb, but el th
many of its useless, pronmotional, and distracting featuron The web is
a navigation
not an application environment.

re of information,
GUIhybrids will be richer and m a graphically
rich environment.
ii. The resulting It is also
of web interface.
usability problems in Discuss the popularity
Que 1.11.What
are the
aical system ue 1.13.
ical sya

Answer Answer
of the graphical user interface
revolutionized
in graphical system: While the introduction
computing.
Usability problems interface, the web
has revolutionized
menus and icons. the user scattered across the globe to
communicate,
1. Ambiguous millions of people
It allows and be heard.
Languages that permit
only single-direction mawod
2 information, publish, of Web
2
system. arough access

It allows people
to control much of
the display and the rendering
limits. 3
3. Input and direct manipulation pages.
and colors can be changed, graphics
turned
as typography
4 Highlighting and selection limitations.
4 Aspects such whether or not to transmit
certain data over
decisions made
5. Unclear stepsequences off, and refuse cookies.
channels or whether to accept
or
non-secure much
6. More steps to manage the interface than to perform tasks of computing has the user been given so
Nowhere in the history
7 Complex linkage between and within applications. 5. control.
hosts
reflected this popularity.
The number of Internet
8. Inadequate feedback and confirmation. Web usage has
6.
9. Lack of system anticipation and intelligence. has risen dramatically.
in 1989, 100,000, in
exceeded 1,000; in 1987, 10,000;
10. Inadequate error messages, help, tutorials, and documentation. 7. In 1984, hosts online million.
hosts exceeded one
1990, 300,000; in 1992 of the
Commercialization of the Internet saw even greater expansion
8.
PART-5| growth rate.
annual
Web User Interface, at a 341,634 percent
Popularity, Characteristics, Principles of User 9. In 1993, Internet traffic was expanding million hosts online and
there were nearly 10
Interface. growth rate. In 1996,
40 million connected people.

Que 1.14.What a r e the

characteristics of web u s e r interface?
Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and
Mediunm Answer Type Questios Answer
Characteristics ofa web interface:
some of which are
Que 1.12. web interface possesses a number of characteristics,
Explain web user interface. A
similar to a GUI interface and some are
different.
have
Answer and webinterface design do
1 GUI versus web page design :GUI
similarities:
.Web interface design is the design of navigation and used by people, they are
interactive,
information. It is about the oresentationo
prese a Both are software designs, they are presented through screens,
and
2.
Proper interface content, not data. they are heavily visual experiences
structure and design is largely matter of
a properly balancingthe
of proper
of
they are composed many similar components.
relationships of menus, content, most significant differences.
3.
documents or graphics. and other linked The following paragraphs highlight the other
The design Devices:
goal is to build a
natural, is well
structured, is hierarchy of menus and pages thatfeels
aus
easy to use, and is anthful.
tr
Human Computer Interface

the characteristics of
1-13G(08 Introduction
In GUI design,
fined, andterface devi
1 4 G (CS/IT-Sem-7)

a. modems are wel.

monitors and from the
to be restricted.
design varia design, however, is
different in many aspects
and other similar
Web page newspapers,
such as installed C. books, documents,
Monitor display
capabilitie design of
b.
established and easily considered in the onts and materials.
design are
are design D scTeen differences between print and web page
about The major
In web design, no assumptions er's interface d as follows:
C.
can be made. brieflydescribed
a User devices may range from handheld mechanio Page size: web counterparts.
are generally larger than their
workstations. to highgl-er a.
Printed pages
variable like web pages.
fixed in size, not
b. They a r e also maintained in hard-copy
ii. User focus: of the printed page is
about well-defined The visual impact exists are snapshots of page
GUI systems are applications and C.
the web all that usually
form, while on
a.
transactions and processes. data,abo
areas. and the
web page is substantially degraded,
b. Thorough attention must usually be
addressed to tasks in ne d. The visual impact of
a
of the page because their existence
completion. n e v e r s e e s o m e parts
user may
scroling to bring into view.
C.The webis about information and navigation, an is not known or require
environment sh
people move back and forth in an unstructured way amano m Page layout:
pages of information. is precise with much attention given
a. With the printed page, layout
d Web use is most often characterized to it.
browsing and visual seannie ofan approximation, being negatively
of information to find what information is With web pages layout is more
needed. b. toolkits and the characteristics
ii. Data/ Information: infuence by deficiencies in design
and hardware, particularly screen sizes.
a. GUI data is typically created and used of the user's browser
by known and trusted
b. Sources, people in the user's organization or Page resolution: exceeds that
reputable and reliahe resolution ofdisplayed print characters still
companies and organizations. a.
Today, thecharacters, and reading is still slower than reading
screen
of screen
C. The properties of the
system's data are generally known, and the from a document.
information is typically sharp enough to render type
organized in an understandable and b. The ultimate goal: a screen resolution
meaningful fashion. that screen reading speed reaches that of
dThe web is full crisply enough so

of unknown content typically placed there by otne newspaper reading.

unknown to the user.
e.
Typical users don't put information on the
web (except 1or puu iue 1.15. Describe the principles of user interface.
their own pages).
The reliability and truthfulness of Answer
be found information cainu ways
ascertained and trusted. Principles of user interface design:
Web content is usually highly variable in he An interface must really be just an extension of a person.
2
privacy of the information is
often suspect.
organizatiou This means that the system and its software must reflect a person's
Printed pages versus web capabilities and respond to his or her specific needs.
a.
Research and pages: Itshould be useful, accomplishing some business objectives faster and
experience
centuries has created with pages through these
more efficiently than the previously used method.
for editorial a
fundamen
ental and accepted setof
guidelines
b. style,
Many of the basic element presenta tation, and text
nization. The system must be easy and fun to use, evoking a sense of pleasure
and accomplishment not tedium and frustration.
Can and
are guidelines, clear, com
being applied to Web
omprehensive, and consiste 5
he interface itself should serve as both a connector and a separator: a
page design. Connector in that it ties the user to the power of the computer, and a
 Introduction
Human Computer Interface
1-15 G(CST.Sem 16G 1 6G (CS/IT-Sem-7)

emotional effect for the

the appropriate
separator in that it mininmizes the possibility of the participante must provide
interface
The
one another. ag magn a.
product
and its
market.
business system?
Should
professional,
and secure

5. While the damage the user inflicts on the computeritends to corporate, bad puns of computer games?
be phys Is it a wizardry, and
(a frustrated pounding of the keyboard), the damage caused b.
reflect the fantasy,
it
computer is more psychological (a threat to ne's self-esteem). by t the medium: device on
capabilities of the
with
A match must also reflect the
Que 1.16. Describe the principles established the foundation The interface displayed.
a. be
which it will
device's
f will be greatly
affected by a
graphical interfaces. images
Quality of
screen
capabilities.
b resolution and
color-generation

Answer interface.

the design goals

in creating user
Prineiples established the foundation for graphical interfaces: Describe

1. The illusion Que 1.17.

of manipulable objects:
a. Displayed objects that are selectable and manipulable must h A n s w e r interface are:
created. in creating a
user

Design goals
b. A design challenge is to invent a set of Aesthetically pleasing
displayable objects that a screen
elements.
represented meaningfully and appropriately for the intende Provide meaningful
contrast between

application. 1.
Create groupings.
c. It must be clear that these objects can be .
selected, and how to seled elements and groups.
them must be self-evident. i. Align s c r e e n
three-dimensional representation.
d. Standalone icons easily fulfilled this requirement. The iv. Provide

windows were placed in the borders. handles fo v. Use color and graphics
effectively and simply.

2. Visual order and viewer focus: 2 Compatibility:

a. Attention must be drawn, at the proper time, to the i. Provide compatibility with the following:
relevant elements of the display. important and User compatibility : Design
must be appropriate
and
a.
needs oftheclient. Effective design
user or
b. Effective visual contrast between various components of the compatible with the the
is used to achieve the goal. screen starts with understanding
the user's needs and adopting
user's point of view.
C. Animation is also used to draw attention, as is sound.
The organization of a system
b. Task and job compatibility:
d. Feedback must also be provided to the user. Since the
pointer is should match the tasks a person
must do to perform the job. The
usually the focus of viewer attention, it is a useful mechanism fo should permit easy transition
structure and flow of functions
providing this feedback (by changing shapes).
between tasks.
3. Revealed structure: c. Product compatibility:
The intended user of a new system
is
a. The distance between one's intention and the effect must earlier versions of the new
be often the user of other systems or
minimized. level of knowledge have
system. Habits, expectations, and a
when learning the
b Most often, the distance between intention and effect is
lengthened been established and will be brought to bear
as system power increases. new system.
C. The relationship between intention and effect must be Comprehensibility:
and made as apparent as possible to the user.
tightened
A system should be understandable, flowing in a comprehensible
4 Consistency: Consistency aids learning. Consistency is and meaningful order.
such areas as element location, grammar, font provided in
selection indicators, and contrast and
shapes, styles, and sizes, i. Strong clues to the operation of objects should be presented.
emphasis techniques. steps to complete a task should be obvious. Reading
and
5. Appropriate effect or emotional impact:
1.
The be necessary.
94 digesting long explanations should never
 Human Computer Interface 1-17G (CS/IT-Sem Introduction
18 G (CSIT-Sem-7)

Consistency: A system
should look, act, and operate the
4.
components should: sam Perform rapid prototyping and testing:
throughout. Similar
the same result. Prototyping and testing the product will quickly identify
problems
The same action should always yield
and allow us to develop solutions.
i.
The function of elements should not change.
is still not well
ii. The position of standard elements should not change. . The desigm process is complex and human behavior
understood.
much as necessary: While design
Que 1.18. Why web userinterface design difficult? Modify and iterate the design as
a series of stages, problems
detected in one stage
will proceed through
may force the developer
to revisit a previous stage.
Answer
The software,
1 Web interface design is also more difficult because the main issue Integrate the designm of all the system conmponents:
needs all important
the documentation, the help function, and training are
concern information architecture and task flow, neither of should be developed
easy to standardize.
which i elements of a graphical system or Web site and all
concurrently.
2. It is moredifficult because of the availability of the various
types af
multimedia, and the desire of many designers to use something
because it is available. simply
3 It is more difficult because ill
users are defined, and the user's tools so
variable in nature.
4 Today, then, the Web interface is a victim ofits poor foundation. It is
a vietim ofits
explosive and haphazard growth. also
5. Looking forward, interface design tools will mature,
design guidelines will become increasingly available research-based
(and will be applied)
and knowledge of users and
their needs will expand.
6 Then, the ultimate goal of a Web that
feels natural, is well
and is easy to use will reach fruition. structured
Que 1.19. Explain the five
commandments for
interface. designing user
Answer
Five commandments for designing user interface
:
1. Gain a
complete understanding of
i The users are the
and their users tasks:
customers.
.
Today, people expect a level of
interfaces, including Web sites. design sophistication from all
ii. The product,
system or Web site must be
not those of the
developers.. geared to people's needs,
2. Solicit early and
ongoing user involvement:
Involving the users in design from
conduit to the the
beginning provides a direct
knowledge they possess about
i.
Involvement also allows the jobs, tasks, and needs.
resistance to change, a commondeveloper to confront a
human trait. person's