Matrices

QUICK RECAP
MATRIX
8 A matrix is any rectangular array of numbers X Identity or Unit Matrix : A square matrix is
or functions in m rows and n columns within said to be identity matrix if all its diagonal
brackets. entries are equal to 1 and rest are zero.
A matrix of m rows and n columns is usually X Zero or Null Matrix : A matrix whose all the
written as elements are zero.
 a11 a12 ......... a1n  EQUALITY OF MATRICES
 a a ......... a2n 
A =  21 22
 8 Two matrices are said to be equal, if their
    
 am1 am2 ......... amn  order is same and their corresponding
m×n
elements are also equal.
The above matrix is also represented by
A = [aij]m×n or, A = [aij]
Order of a Matrix
X A matrix having m rows and n columns has
order m×n.
Types of Matrices
X Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row.
X Column Matrix : A matrix having only one
column.
X Square Matrix : A matrix in which number
of rows is equal to the number of columns.
X Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix whose all
the non-diagonal elements are zero.
1 0 0 
 
Ex. A = 0 2 0  is a diagonal matrix and
0 0 3 
it can also be written as A = diag (1 2 3)
X Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which
all the diagonal elements are equal.
 OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
Operations Definition Properties
Addition of two Let A and B be two (i) Commutative Law : For any two matrices A &
Matrices matrices each of order B, A + B = B + A
m × n. (ii) Associative Law : For any three matrices A, B and
Then, A + B = [aij + bij] C, A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
for i = 1, 2, ..., m and (iii) Existence of Additive Identity : For any matrix
j = 1, 2, ..., n A, if there exists a zero matrix O such that A + O
= A = O + A. Then O is called additive identity.
(iv) Existence of Additive Inverse : For any matrix A,
if there exists a matrix (–A) such that A + (–A) = O
= (–A) + A. Then (–A) is called additive inverse of A.
Mu l t i p l i c at i o n Let A be a matrix of order Let A and B be two matrices each of order m×n.
of a Matrix by a m × n. Then, for any scalar Then, for any scalars k and l, we have
Scalar k, kA = [k ⋅ aij]m × n (i) k(A + B) = kA + kB
(ii) (k + l) A = kA + lA
Multiplication of Let A and B be any two (i) Multiplication of two matrices is not commutative
two Matrices matrices of orders m × n i.e., AB ≠ BA.
and n × p respectively. (ii) Associative Law : For any three matrices A, B, and C
Then AB = C = [cik]m×p • (AB)C = A(BC)
n (iii) Distributive Law : For any three matrices A, B and C,
where cik = ∑ air brk • A(B + C) = AB + AC
r =1
• (A + B)C = AC + BC
(iv) Existence of Multiplicative Identity : For any
square matrix, there exists a matrix I such that
AI = A = IA, where I is called the identity matrix.
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX (ii) Multiplying the elements of a row
(or column) by a non-zero scalar : If
8 The matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of matrix A is called the the elements of ith row (or column) are
transpose of matrix A. It is represented by multiplied by a non-zero scalar k, we
A′ or AT. In other words, if A=[aij]m×n , then write Ri → kRi (or Ci → kCi).
A′ = [aji]n×m (iii) Adding the elements of a row
Properties of Transpose (or column), to the constant times
X For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, the corresponding elements of
(i) (A + B)′ = A′ + B′ another row (or column) : If k times
(ii) (A′)′ = A
the elements of jth row (or column) are
(iii) (kA)′ = kA′, where k is any constant.
(iv) (AB)′ = B′A′ added to the corresponding elements
of the ith row (or column), we write
8 Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij]
Ri → Ri + kRj (or Ci → Ci + kCj).
is called a symmetric matrix, if aij = aji for all
i, j or we say, if A = A′.
INVERTIBLE MATRICES
8 Skew-Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix
A = [aij] is called a skew symmetric matrix, if 8 If A is a square matrix of order m and if there
aji = – aij for all i,j or we say, if A′ = –A. exists another square matrix B of the same
Note : order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is
(i) For any square matrix A with real entries, called the inverse matrix of A and is denoted
A + A′ is a symmetric matrix and A – A′ by A–1. Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists,
is a skew symmetric matrix. is unique.
(ii) A matrix which is both symmetric and
skew symmetric, is zero matrix. Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations
ELEMENTARY OPERATION X Let A is a square matrix of order n. To find
(TRANSFORMATION) OF A MATRIX A–1 using elementary row (or column)
(i) Interchange of any two rows (or operations, write A = IA (or A = AI)and apply
columns) : If ith row (or column) is a sequence of row (or column) operations on
interchanged with jth row (or column), A = IA (or A = AI) till we get, I = BA(or AB).
we write Ri ↔ Rj (or Ci ↔ Cj). The matrix B will be the inverse of A.
 Previous Years’ CBSE
PREVIOUS Board
YEARS MCQS Questions

3.2 Matrix 11. Find the value of a if

 a − b 2a + c   −1 5 
2a − b 3c + d  =  0 13  (Delhi 2013)
VSA (1 mark)
   
1. Construct a 2 × 2 matrix A = [aij] whose 12. Find the value of b if
elements are given by aij = |(i)2 – j|. (2020)  a − b 2a + c   −1 5 
2a − b 3c + d  =  0 13  (Delhi 2013)
2. Write the number of all possible matrices of    
order 2 × 2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3. x−y 2 y  1 4 
13. If  =  , then write the
(AI 2016)
 2 y + z x + y  9 5 
3. Write the element a23 of a 3 × 3 matrix A = [aij] value of (x + y + z). (AI 2013C)
|i − j | 2 x + 1 2 y   x + 3 10 
whose elements aij are given by aij = . 14. If  =  , write the
2 y 2 + 1  0 26 
 0
(Delhi 2015)
value of (x + y). (AI 2012C)
4. The elements aij of a 3 × 3 matrix are given by  x x − y  3 1 
1 15. If  =  , then find the
aij = | −3i + j | . Write the value of element 2 x + y 7  8 7 
2
a32. (AI 2014C) value of y. (Delhi 2011C)
5. For a 2 × 2 matrix A = [aij], whose elements 3.4 Operations on Matrices
(i + 2 j)2
are given by aij = , write the value of VSA (1 mark)
4
a21. (Delhi 2012C) 16. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then
6. For a 2 × 2 matrix, A = (aij) whose elements (I – A)3 + A is equal to
(a) I (b) 0
i
are given by aij = , write the value of a12. (c) I – A (d) I + A(2020)
j
 (Delhi 2011)
17. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then find
7. If a matrix has 5 elements, then write all the simplified value of (A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A.
possible orders it can have. (AI 2011) (Delhi 2016)
 −1 0 −1  1 
3.3 Types of Matrices    
18. If [2 1 3]  −1 1 0   0  = A, then write
VSA (1 mark)  0 1 1   −1
the order of matrix A. (Foreign 2016)
 x − y z   −1 4 
8. If  =  , find the value of x + y. 19. Solve the following matrix equation for x:
2 x − y w   0 5  (AI 2014)  1 0
[x 1]  =O (Delhi 2014)
 a + 4 3b   2a + 2 b + 2   −2 0
9. If  = , write the
 8 −6   8 a − 8b  3 4  1 y   7 0 
value of a – 2b. (Foreign 2014) 20. If 2  + =  , find (x – y).
5 x  0 1  10 5 (Delhi 2014)
x⋅y 4  8 w 
10. If  =  , write the value of 21. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then
 z + 6 x + y  0 6  write the value of 7A – (I + A)3, where I is an
(x + y + z). (Delhi 2014C) identity matrix. (AI 2014)
  x LA 1 (4 marks)
22. If (2 x 4)   = O, find the positive value of x.
 −8
(AI 2014C)  2 −1 5 2 2 5
33. Let A =   , B=  ,C= ,
 9 −1 4  1 2 −1 3 4  7 4   3 8 
23. If   = A+   , then find find a matrix D such that CD – AB = O.
 −2 1 3  0 4 9  (Delhi 2017)
the matrix A. (Delhi 2013)
34. Find matrix A such that
 1 −1 2  2 −1  −1 −8
24. If matrix A =   and A = kA, then
−1 1  1 0  A =  1 −2  (AI 2017)
     
write the value of k. (AI 2013)  −3 4   9 22 
 2 −2  2 2 0 1 
25. If matrix A =   and A = pA, then
 −2 2  35. If A =  2 1 3  , find A2 – 5A + 4I and hence
 1 −1 0 
write the value of p. (AI 2013)  
find a matrix X such that A2 – 5A + 4I + X = O
 3 −3 2  (Delhi 2015)
26. If matrix A =   and A = λA, then
 −3 3  36. Three schools A, B and C organized a mela for
write the value of l. (AI 2013) collecting funds for helping the rehabilitation
of flood victims. They sold hand made fans,
1 3   y 0  5 6  mats and plates from recycled material at a
27. If 2  + =  , then write the
 0 x   1 2  1 8  cost of ` 25, ` 100 and ` 50 each. The number
value of (x + y). (Delhi 2013C, AI 2012) of articles sold are given below.
Article/School A B C
28. Simplify : Hand-fans 40 25 35
 cos θ sin θ   sin θ − cos θ  Mats 50 40 50
cos θ   + sin θ  
 − sin θ cos θ   cos θ sin θ  Plates 20 30 40
(Delhi 2012) Find the funds collected by each school
separately by selling the above articles. Also,
2 3   1 −3  −4 6  find the total funds collected for the purpose.
29. If   =  , write the
5 7   −2 4   −9 x  Write one value generated by the above
value of x. (Delhi 2012) situation. (Delhi 2015)
30. Find the value of x + y from the following 37. To promote the making of toilets for women,
an organisation tried to generate awareness
x 5  3 −4   7 6 
equation : 2  + =  through (i) house calls (ii) letters and (iii)
 7 y − 3 1 2  15 14  announcements. The cost for each mode per
(AI 2012) attempt is given below :
(i) ` 50 (ii) ` 20 (iii) ` 40
5 0   4 3 The number of attempts made in three villages
31. If 3 A − B =   and B =   , then find
1 1   2 5 X, Y and Z are given below:
the matrix A. (Delhi 2012C) (i) (ii) (iii)
X 400 300 100
SA (2 marks) Y 300 250 75
32. Find a matrix A such that 2A – 3B + 5C = O, Z 500 400 150
Find the total cost incurred by the
 −2 2 0  2 0 −2
where B =   and C =   . organisation for the three villages separately,
 3 1 4 7 1 6  using matrices. Write one value generated by
 (Delhi 2019) the organisation in the society. (AI 2015)
 1 −1 a 1  2  3 4
38. If A =   and B =   and (A + B) T   −1 2 1 
 2 −1  b − 1 43. If A =  −1 2  and B =   , then
 1 2 3
2 2
= A + B , then find the values of a and b.  0 1 
(Foreign 2015) find AT – BT. (AI 2012)
39. In a parliament election, a political party
hired a public relations firm to promote its 3.6 Symmetric and Skew
candidates in three ways-telephone, house Symmetric Matrices
calls and letters. The cost per contact (in paise)
is given in matrix A as VSA (1 mark)

140  Telephone 44. A square matrix A is said to be skew-

  symmetric, if . (2020)
A = 200  House call
150  Letters 0 a −3
The number of contacts of each type made in 45. If the matrix A = 2 0 −1 is skew
two cities X and Y is given in matrix B as b 1 0 
Telephone House call Letters symmetric, find the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’. (2018)
1000 500 5000  City X
B=   0 2b −2
3000 1000 10000  City Y
46. Matrix A =  3 1 3  is given to be
Find the total amount spent by the party in the 3a 3 −1
two cities. What should one consider before symmetric, find values of a and b. (Delhi 2016)
casting his/her vote-party’s promotional
activity or their social activities? 3 5
47. If A =   is written as A = P + Q, where
(Foreign 2015) 7 9 
 1 2  x  P is a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew
40. If 2 x 3     = O, find x.
 −3 0   3  symmetric matrix, then write the matrix P.
(Delhi 2015C) (Foreign 2016)
41. A trust fund, ` 35,000 is to be invested in two 2 4 −6 
different types of bonds. The first bond pays  
48. Express the matrix A = 7 3 5  as the
8% interest per annum which will be given
1 −2 4 
to orphanage and second bond pays 10%
interest per annum which will be given to an sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
N.G.O. (Cancer Aid Society). Using matrix matrix. (AI 2015C)
multiplication, determine how to divide 49. Write a 2 × 2 matrix which is both symmetric
` 35,000 among two types of bonds if the and skew symmetric. (Delhi 2014C)
trust fund obtains an annual total interest of 50. For what value of x, is the matrix
` 3,200. What are the values reflected in this
question? (AI 2015C)  0 1 −2
A =  −1 0 3  , a skew-symmetric matrix?
3.5 Transpose of a Matrix  x −3 0 
  (AI 2013)
VSA (1 mark)
42. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 2, then the order
SA (2 marks)
of the matrix A′ is . (2020) 51. If A and B are symmetric matrices, such that
 AB and BA are both defined, then prove that 56. Find the inverse of the following matrix using
AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.  1 2 −2
 (AI 2019) elementary operations A =  −1 3 0  .
 
52. Show that all the diagonal elements of a skew  0 −2 1 
symmetric matrix are zero. (Delhi 2017)  (Delhi 2019)
3.7 Elementary Operation 57. Using elementary row transformations, find
(Transformation) of a Matrix 2 −3 5 
 
the inverse of the matrix 3 2 −4  .
VSA (1 mark)
1 1 −2 
53. Use elementary column operation C2 → C2 + 2C1
in the following matrix equation:  (AI 2019)

2 1 3 1  1 0 58. Using elementary row transformations, find

 2 0  =  2 0   −1 1   (AI 2016) the inverse of the matrix
1 2 3
54. Use elementary column operation  
A= 2 5 7 .  (2018)
C2 → C2 – 2C1 in the matrix equation  −2 −4 −5
 4 2  1 2  2 0
 3 3 =  0 3  1 1 . (Foreign 2014) 59. Using elementary operations, find the inverse
of the following matrix :
 −1 1 2 
3.8 Invertible Matrices  
 1 2 3 (Delhi 2012)
LA 2 (6 marks)  3 1 1
55. Obtain the inverse of the following matrix 60. Using elementary transformations, find the
using elementary operations : inverse of the matrix.
 2 1 3  1 3 −2 
    (Delhi 2011)
A   1 1 4   (2020)  −3 0 −1  
 3 0 2  2 1 0
 

Detailed Solutions
1. Here, a11 = |(1)2 – 1| = 0, a12 = |(1)2 – 2| = 1, 1
a21 = |(2)2 – 1| = 3 and a22 = |(2)2 – 2| = 2 4. Here, aij = | −3i + j |
2
0 1  1
\ Required matrix =  . ∴ a32 = | −3 ⋅ 3 + 2 | [For i = 3, j = 2]
2
3 2 
1 1 7
2. As matrix is of order 2 × 2, so there are 4 = | −9 + 2 |= |− 7 | =
entries possible. 2 2 2
Each entry has 3 choices i.e. 1, 2 or 3. So, (i + 2 j)2
the number of ways to make such matrices is 5. Here, aij =
4
3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81. (2 + 2 ⋅ 1)2
|i − j | ∴ a21 = =4 [For i = 2, j = 1]
3. Here, aij = 4
2 i 1
|2−3| 1 6. Here, aij = ⇒ a12 = [For i = 1, j = 2]
\ a23 = = [For i = 2, j = 3] j 2
2 2
7. The possible orders are 1 × 5 or 5 × 1. 16. (a) : We have, A2 = A
Now, (I – A)3 + A = (I – A)(I – A)(I – A) + A
 x − y z   −1 4 
8. Here,  =  = (I ⋅ I – I ⋅ A – A ⋅ I + A ⋅ A)(I – A) + A
2 x − y w   0 5  = (I – A – A + A)(I – A) + A
⇒ x – y = – 1, z = 4, 2x – y = 0, w = 5 [Q I ⋅ A = A ⋅ I = A and A2 = A]
Solving these equations for x and y, we get = (I – A)(I – A) + A
x = 1, y = 2 \ x + y = 1 + 2 = 3. = (I ⋅ I – I ⋅ A – A ⋅ I + A ⋅ A) + A
 a + 4 3b   2a + 2 b + 2  = (I – A – A + A) + A = (I – A) + A = I
9. Given,  = 17. Given, A2 = I
 8 −6   8 a − 8b 
By equality of matrices, we get Consider, (A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A
a + 4 = 2a +2, 3b = b +2, – 6 = a – 8b = A3 – I3 – 3A2I + 3AI2 + A3 + I3 + 3A2I + 3AI2 – 7A
= 2A3 + 6AI2 – 7A = 2AA2 + 6AI – 7A
On solving these equations, we get a = 2, b = 1.
= 2AI + 6A – 7A = 2A + 6A – 7A = A
So a – 2b = 0.
 −1 0 −1  1 
x⋅y 4  8 w  
10. Here,  =  18. Given, A = [2 1 3]  −1 1 0   0 
 z + 6 x + y  0 6   0
⇒ x ⋅ y = 8, w = 4 1 1   −1
z + 6 = 0, x + y = 6 1 1
⇒ z = – 6, x + y = 6 = [−2 − 1 1 + 3 −2 + 3]  0 
 = [−3 4 1]  0 

⇒ x + y + z = 6 – 6 = 0.
 −1  −1
 a − b 2a + c   −1 5 
11. Given,  =  = [– 3 + 0 – 1] = [– 4]
2a − b 3c + d   0 13 \ The order of matrix A = 1 × 1
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get
 1 0
a – b = – 1, 2a – b = 0 19. Given, [x 1]   = O ⇒ [x − 2 0]=[0 0]
On subtraction, we get a = 1.  −2 0 
⇒x–2=0⇒x=2
12. Refer to answer 11.
Now, we get b = 2 3 4  1 y   7 0 
20. We have, 2  + = 
x−y 2 y  1 4  5 x  0 1  10 5 
13.  =   6 8  1 y   7 0 
2 y + z x + y  9 5  ⇒  + = 
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get 10 2 x  0 1  10 5 
x – y = 1, 2y = 4, 2y + z = 9, x + y = 5  7 8 + y   7 0
⇒ y = 2, x = 3, z = 5 ⇒  = 
\ x + y + z = 3 + 2 + 5 = 10. 10 2 x + 1 10 5
On comparing corresponding elements of the
2 x + 1 2 y   x + 3 10  matrices, we get
14. Given,  = 
 0 y 2 + 1  0 26  8 + y = 0 and 2x + 1 = 5 ⇒ y = –8 and x = 2
⇒ 2x + 1 = x + 3, 2y = 10, y2 + 1 = 26 \ x – y = 2 + 8 =10
From first two equations, we get x = 2, y = 5 21. Here A2 = A
which also satisfies y2 + 1 = 26 Now, 7A – (I + A)3
\ x+y=2+5=7 = 7A – (I + A) (I + A) (I + A)
= 7A – (I + A) (I⋅I + I⋅A + A⋅I + (A⋅A))
 x x − y  3 1 
15. Given,  =  = 7A – (I + A) (I + A + A + A)
2 x + y 7  8 7  (Q I⋅A = A⋅I = A and A2 = A)
⇒ x = 3, x – y = 1, 2x + y = 8 ⇒ x = 3, y = 2. = 7A – (I + A) (I + 3A)
Also, 2x + y = 8 is satisfied by x = 3 and y = 2 = 7A – (I⋅I + I⋅(3A) + A⋅I + A⋅(3A))
\ x = 3 and y = 2. = 7A – (I + 3A + A + 3A) = 7A – I – 7A = – I.
  x 2 3   1 −3  −4 6 
22. Here, (2 x 4)   = O 29. Given,   = 
 −8 5 7   −2 4   −9 x 
⇒ 2x ⋅ x + 4 ⋅ (–8) = 0  2 − 6 −6 + 12   −4 6 
⇒ 2x2 – 32 = 0 ⇒  = 
⇒ x2 = 16 = 42 ⇒ x = 4 5 − 14 −15 + 28   −9 x 
which is the required positive value of x.  −4 6   −4 6 
⇒  =  ⇒ x = 13
 9 −1 4  1 2 −1  −9 13  −9 x 
23. A =  − 
 −2 1 3  0 4 9  x 5  3 −4   7 6 
30. Given, 2  + = 
 9 − 1 −1 − 2 4 − (−1)  8 −3 5   7 y − 3 1 2  15 14 
⇒ A=  =
 −2 − 0 1 − 4 3 − 9   −2 −3 −6 2 x 10  3 −4   7 6 
⇒  + = 
14 2 y − 6  1 2  15 14 
 1 −1 2
24. Here, A =   and A = kA 2 x + 3 6  7 6
 −1 1  ⇒  = 
 15 2 y − 4  15 14 
 1 −1  1 −1  1 −1
⇒    = k  ⇒ 2x + 3 = 7, 2y – 4 = 14
 −1 1   −1 1   −1 1  ⇒ 2x = 4, 2y = 18 ⇒ x = 2, y = 9
 2 −2   1 −1 \ x + y = 2 + 9 = 11
⇒   = k 
 −2 2   −1 1  5 0   4 3
31. Here, 3 A − B =  ,B= 
 1 −1  1 −1 1 1   2 5
⇒ 2  =k ⇒k =2
 −1 1   −1 1  5 0   4 3 
\ (3 A − B) + B =  + 
25. Refer to answer 24. 1 1   2 5 
26. Refer to answer 24. 5 + 4 0 + 3  9 3 
⇒ 3A =  = 
1 3   y 0  5 6 
27. Given, 2  + =   1 + 2 1 + 5  3 6 
 0 x   1 2  1 8  3 1  3 1 
⇒ 3A = 3   ⇒ A= 
2 6   y 0  5 6 
⇒  + =  1 2  1 2 
 0 2 x   1 2  1 8  x y z
32. Let A =  [ B and C are 2 × 3
2 + y 6  5 6   p q r 
⇒  =   matrices]
 1 2 x + 2  1 8 
Given, 2A – 3B + 5C = O
⇒ 2 + y = 5, 2x + 2 = 8 ⇒ y = 3, x = 3 1
⇒ 2A = 3B – 5C ⇒ A = [3B − 5C] ...(i)
\ x+y=6 2
 cos θ sin θ   sin θ − cos θ   −2 2 0  2 0 −2
28. cos θ   + sin θ   Now, 3B − 5C = 3   − 5 
 − sin θ cos θ   cos θ sin θ   3 1 4  7 1 6 
 cos2 θ cos θ sin θ   sin2 θ − cos θ sin θ   −6 6 0  10 0 −10
=  +  
 − sin θ cos θ cos2 θ   sin θ cos θ sin2 θ 
= − 
 9 3 12 35 5 30 
 cos2 θ + sin2 θ cos θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ   −16 6 10 
=  = 
 − sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ cos2 θ + sin2 θ   −26 −2 −18
1 0   −8 3 5 
=   From (i), we get A =  .
0 1   −13 −1 −9
33. We have, Substituting a = 1 in (i), we get c = 3
2 −1 5 2 2 5  and substituting b = –2 in (ii), we get d = 4
A=  , B=  , C=   1 −2 
3 4  7 4 3 8 So, A =  
a b  3 4 
Let, D =   35. A2 – 5A + 4I
c d 2 0 1  2 0 1 
Now, CD – AB = O   
= 2 1 3 2 1 3
2 5  a b  2 −1  5 2  0 0 
\   − 7 4  = 0 0   1 −1 0   1 −1 0 
3 8  c d  3 4     
2 0 1  1 0 0 
2a + 5c 2b + 5d   10 − 7 4 − 4  0 0    
⇒  − =  −5  2 1 3  + 4  0 1 0 
3a + 8c 3b + 8d  15 + 28 6 + 16 0 0  1 −1 0   0 0 1 
 2a + 5c − 3 2b + 5d  0 0
⇒  =   5 −1 2  10 0 5   4 0 0 
3a + 8c − 43 3b + 8d − 22 0 0      
On comparing the corresponding elements of the
=  9 −2 5  − 10 5 15  +  0 4 0 
matrices, we get  0 −1 −2   5 −5 0   0 0 4 
2a + 5c – 3 = 0 ...(i) and 3a + 8c – 43 = 0 ...(ii)  9 −1 2  10 0 5   −1 −1 −3 
Also, 2b + 5d = 0 ...(iii) and 3b + 8d – 22 = 0...(iv)      
=  9 2 5  − 10 5 15  =  −1 −3 −10 
Solving (i) and (ii), we get a = –191, c = 77
Solving (iii) and (iv), we get b = –110, d = 44  0 −1 2   5 −5 0   −5 4 2 
2 2
 −191 −110 Since, A – 5A + 4I + X = O ⇒ X = – (A – 5A + 4I)
\ D=
 77 44  1 1 3
 
\ X = 1 3 10 
 2 −1  −1 −8 
34. Given that,  1 0  A =  1 −2   5 −4 −2 
   
 −3 4   9 22  36. The number of articles sold by each school
can be written in the matrix form as
 2 −1  −1 −8   40 25 35 

Let X =  1 0   and Y =  1 −2  
X =  50 40 50 

 −3 4   9 22   20 30 40 
3×2 3×2
The cost of each article can be written in the
As order of X is 3 × 2, then A should be of order
matrix form as Y = [25 100 50]
2 × 2, so that we get Y matrix of order 3 × 2.
The fund collected by each school is given by
a b 
Let A =    40 25 35 
c d  
YX = [25 100 50]  50 40 50 
 2 −1  −1 −8   20 30 40 
a b 
Now,  1 0  
 =  1 −2 
 c d    = [7000 6125 7875]
 −3 4   9 22  Therefore, the funds collected by schools A, B and
C are ` 7000, ` 6125 and ` 7875 respectively
 2a − c 2b − d   −1 −8 
 Thus, the total fund collected
⇒  a+0 b + 0  =  1 −2  = ` (7000 + 6125 + 7875) = ` 21000
 −3a + 4c −3b + 4d   9 22  The situation highlights the helping nature of the
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get students.
2a – c = –1 ...(i), 2b – d = –8 ...(ii), 37. Let ` A, ` B and ` C be the cost incurred by the
a=1 ...(iii) and b = –2 ...(iv) organisation for villages X, Y and Z respectively.
Then we get the matrix eq. as a – 1 = 0 ⇒ a = 1 and b = 4
 400 300 100   50   A  Also, (1 + a)2 = a2 + b – 1 and (2 + b) (a – 1)= ab – b
     satisfied by a = 1 and b = 4
300 250 75   20  =  B  Therefore, a = 1 and b = 4.
 500 400 150   40  C 
39. The total amount spent by the party in
 A   400 × 50 + 300 × 20 + 100 × 40 
    two cities X and Y is represented in the matrix
⇒  B  =  300 × 50 + 250 × 20 + 75 × 40  equation by matrix C as,
C  500 × 500 + 400 × 20 + 150 × 40  C = BA
20, 000 + 6, 000 + 4, 000  30, 000  140 
 X  1000 500 5000   
= 15, 000 + 5, 000 + 3, 000  = 23, 000  ⇒  =
Y 3000 1000 10000
 200 
        150 
 25, 000 + 8, 000 + 6, 000  39, 000   
\ A = ` 30,000; B = ` 23,000 and C = ` 39,000  X   1000 × 140 + 500 × 200 + 5000 × 150 
⇒  = 
These are respectively the costs incurred by the Y  3000 × 140 + 1000 × 200 + 10000 × 150 
organisation on villages X, Y and Z respectively.  990000 
The value generated by the organisation in the =  
society is cleanliness. 2120000 
⇒ X = 990000 paise, Y = 2120000 paise
1 −1 a 1 
38. We have, A =   and B =   \ X = ` 9900 and Y = ` 21200
2 −1 b −1 i.e., Amount spent by the party in city X and Y is
1−1 a 1  1 + a 0  ` 9900 and ` 21200 respectively. One should
Consider, (A + B) =  + =
2−1 b −1 2 + b −2 consider about the social activities of a political
party before casting his/her vote.
1 + a 0  1 + a 0 
Now, (A + B)2 =     1 2  x 
2 + b −2 2 + b −2 40. Here, 2 x 3    =O
  −3 0   3 
(1 + a)2 0   (1 + a)2 
=  =   x + 6
(2 + b)(1 + a − 2) 4  (2 + b)(a − 1) 4  ⇒ [2 x 3]   =O
 −3x 
1 −1 1 −1 ⇒ 2x (x + 6) + 3 (–3x) = 0 ⇒ 2x2 + 12x – 9x = 0
Now, consider A2 =   
2 −1 2 −1 ⇒ 2x2 + 3x = 0 ⇒ x(2x + 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, .
−3
1 − 2 −1 + 1  −1 0  2
= 41. Trust fund = ` 35,000.
= 
2 − 2 −2 + 1  0 −1 Let ` x be invested in the first bond and then
a 1  a 1  a2 + b a − 1 ` (35,000 – x) will be invested in the second bond.
and B 2 =    =  Interest paid on the first bond = 8% = 0.08
b −1 b −1 ab − b b + 1 Interest paid on the second bond = 10% = 0.10
 −1 0  a2 + b a − 1 Total annual interest = ` 3,200.
2 2
\ A +B = +  0.08 
 0 −1 ab − b b + 1 \ In matrices,[x 35, 000 − x]   = [3, 200]
0.10 
a2 + b − 1 a − 1
=   ⇒ x × 0.08 + (35,000 – x) × 0.10 = 3,200
 ab − b b  8 10
⇒ x× + (35, 000 − x ) × = 3, 200
It is given that (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 100 100
 (1 + a)2 ⇒ 8x + 3,50,000 – 10x = 3,20,000
0  a2 + b − 1 a − 1
\  =  ⇒ 2x = 30,000 ⇒ x = 15,000
(2 + b)(a − 1) 4   ab − b b  \ ` 15,000 should be invested in the first bond
By equality of matrices, comparing the and ` 35,000 – ` 15,000 = ` 20,000 should be
corresponding elements, we get invested in the second bond.
The values reflected in this question are : On comparing the corresponding elements of the
(i) Spirit of investment. −2 3
matrices, we get a = and b = .
(ii) Giving charity to cancer patients. 3 2
(iii) Helping the orphans living in the society.  3 5 3 7 
42. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 2, then the order 47. Given, A =   ⇒ A′ =  
7 9  5 9 
of the matrix A′ is 2 × 3.
1
Q P is symmetric matrix. So, P = ( A + A′ )
 3 4 2
T    −1 2 1 
43. Given, A =  −1 2  and B =  
 1 2 3 1   3 5  3 7  
 0 1  \ P =  + 
2  7 9 5 9  
 −1 1 
1 3 + 3 5 + 7  1  6 12 3 6
⇒ B =  2 2
T
=   =   =  
  2 7 + 5 9 + 9 2 12 18 6 9
 1 3 
3 6 
 3 4   −1 1   4 3  Hence, the matrix P =  
\ T T     
A − B =  −1 2  −  2 2  =  −3 0 
 6 9 
48. We know that a square matrix A can be written
 0 1   1 3   −1 −2 
as
44. A square matrix A is said to be skew- 1 1
symmetric, if A′ = –A. A = ( A + AT ) + ( A − AT )
2 2
45. A square matrix A is said to be skew 1
symmetric matrix if A = –A′...(i) Out of which ( A + AT ) is symmetric and
1 2
0 a −3  0 2 b ( A − AT ) is skew symmetric matrix.
    2
Now, A = 2 0 −1 ∴ A′ =  a 0 1 \ For the given matrix
b 1 0   −3 −1 0 2 4 −6  2 7 1
  T  
A = 7 3 5  , A =  4 3 −2 
From (i), A + A′ = O
1 −2 4   −6 5 4 
0 a −3  0 2 b 
     4 11 −5
⇒ 2 0 −1 +  a 0 1 =  
T
b 1 0   −3 −1 0 \ A + A =  11 6 3  and
 −5 3 8 
 0 2 + a b − 3
  0 −3 −7 
⇒ a + 2 0 0  =O T  
A − A = 3 0 7 
b − 3 0 0  7 −7 0 
⇒ a + 2 = 0 & b –3 = 0 1 1
\ a = –2 & b = 3 Hence, A = ( A + AT ) + ( A − AT )
2 2
 0 2b −2  2 11 / 2 −5 / 2   0 −3 / 2 −7 / 2 
46. Given, A =  3 1 3  
=  11 / 2 3
 
3 / 2  + 3 / 2 0 7/2 


3a 3 −1  −5 / 2 3 / 2 4  7 / 2 −7 / 2 0 
... A is symmetric. First of which is symmetric and the second is
\ A′ = A skew symmetric matrix.
 0 3 3a   0 2b −2 
    0 0 
⇒ 49.   is a 2 × 2 symmetric as well as skew
 2b 1 3  =  3 1 3
 0 0 
 −2 3 −1 3a 3 −1 symmetric matrix.
  0 1 −2   1 1 4  0 1 0 
     
50. The matrix A =  −1 0 3  is skew-  2 1 3  1 0 0  A
symmetric.  x −3 0   3 0 2  0 0 1 

 0 −1 x   0 −1 2  Applying R2 → R2 + 2R1, R3 → R3 + 3R1, we get

     1 1 4  0 1 0 
\ A′ = − A ⇒  1 0 −3 =  1 0 −3
   
 −2 3 0   − x 3 0   0 1 5   1 2 0  A
⇒ x=2  0 3 14  0 3 1 
51. Given, A and B are symmetric matrices Applying R1 → (–1)R1 and R2 → (–1)R2, we get
∴ A ′ = A and B ′ = B 1 1 4   0 1 0 
Now, ( AB − BA)′ = ( AB)′ − (BA)′    
0 1 5    1 2 0  A
= ( B ′A ′ ) − ( A ′ B ′ ) 0 3 14   0 3 1 

= (BA − AB) [ A′ = A and B ′ = B] Applying R3 → R3 + 3R2, we get

= -(AB - BA) 1 1 4   0 1 0 
Thus, ( AB − BA)′ = −( AB − BA)    
0 1 5    1 2 0  A
Hence,(AB – BA) is a skew symmetric matrix. 0 0 1  3 3 1 
52. Let A = [aij] be a skew symmetric matrix Applying R1 → R1 – R2, we get
Then, aji = – aij ∀ i, j 1 0 1   1 1 0 
⇒ aii = – aii ∀ i ⇒ 2aii = 0 ⇒ aii = 0 ∀ i    
⇒ a11 = a22 = a33 = ...... = ann = 0 0 1 5   1 2 0  A
0 0 1  3 3 1 
2 1 3 1  1 0
53. We have,  = Applying R1 → R1 + R3, we get
 2 0   2 0   −1 1 
1 0 0   2 2 1 
On applying C2 → C2 + 2C1, we get    
0 1 5   1 2 0  A
2 5 3 1  1 2  0 0 1  3 3 1 
 2 4  =  2 0   −1 −1 
Applying R2 → R2 – 5R3, we get
 4 2  1 2  2 0 1 0 0   2 2 1 
54. We have,  =    
 3 3  0 3  1 1 0 1 0   14 13 5 A
Applying C2 → C2 – 2C1, we get 0 0 1  3 3 1 

 4 −6  1 2  2 −4 Applying R3 → (–1)R3, we get

 3 −3 =  0 3  1 −1 1 0 0   2 2 1 
   
 2 1 3 0 1 0   14 13 5 A
  0 0 1   3 3 1
55. We have, A =  1 1 4 
 3 0 2   2 2 1 
–1  
Hence, A = 14 13 5
We know that A = IA
 3 3 1
 2 1 3 1 0 0 
     1 2 −2
\  1 1 4   0 1 0  A
 
 3 0 2  0 0 1  56. A =  −1 3 0
 0 −2 1
Applying R1 ↔ R2, we get 
Since, A = IA Applying R1 ↔ R3, we get
1 1 −2  0 0 1
 1 2 −2 1 0 0    
∴  −1 3 0 = 0 1 0 A 3 2 −4  = 0 1 0 A
    2 −3 5  1 0 0
 0 −2 1 0 0 1
Applying R2 → R2 + R1, we get Applying R2 → R2 – 3R1, R3 → R3 – 2R1, we get
 1 2 −2  1 0 0  1 1 −2 0 0 1 
       
0 5 −2  = 1 1 0  A 0 −1 2  = 0 1 −3 A
0 −2 1 0 0 1  0 −5 9  1 0 −2

1 Applying R3 → R3 – 5R2, we get
Applying R2 → R2 , we get 1 1 −2 0 0 1 
5
   
 1 2 −2   1 0 0  0 −1 2  = 0 1 −3 A
 2 1 1  0 0 −1 1 −5 13 
0 1 − = 0 A
 5 5 5  Applying R1 → R1 + R2, we get
0 −2 1  0 0 1
1 0 0  0 1 −2
Applying R1 → R1 – 2R2, R3 → R3 + 2R2, we get    
 6 3 2  0 −1 2  = 0 1 −3 A
 1 0 − 5   5 − 5 0 0 0 −1 1 −5 13 
   1  Applying R2 → R2 + 2R3, we get
0 1 − 2  =  1 0 A
 5 5 5  1 0 0  0 1 −2
 1 2 2     
0 0   1 0 −1 0  = 2 −9 23  A
 5 5 5  0 0 −1 1 −5 13 
Applying R3 → 5R3, we get
6 3 2  Applying R2 → (–1) R2 and R3 → (–1) R3, we get

 1 0 − 5   5 − 5 0 1 0 0  0 1 −2 
       
0 1 − 2  =  1 1 
0 A 0 1 0 =  −2 9 −23 A
 5 5 5  0 0 1  −1 5 −13
0 0 1  2 2 5
  0 1 −2 
6 2 −1  
Applying R1 → R1 + R3 , R2 → R2 + R3 , we get Hence, A =  −2 9 −23
5 5
1 0 0   3 2 6   −1 5 −13
0 1 0  = 1 1 2  A
     1 2 3
0 0 1 2 2 5  
58. A =  2 5 7
3 2 6  −2 −4 −5
 
Hence, A −1 = 1 1 2
  Since, A = IA
2 2 5
 1 2 3 1 0 0 
2 −3 5    
⇒  2 5 7  = 0 1 0  A
57. Let A = 3 2 −4  .  −2 −4 −5 0 0 1
 1    
1 −2
Applying R2 → R2 – 2R1, R3 → R3 + 2R1, we get
We know, A = IA
2 −3 5  1 0 0 1 2 3  1 0 0 
       
∴ 3 2 −4  = 0 1 0 A 0 1 1 =  −2 1 0 A
1 1 −2  0 0 1 0 0 1  2 0 1
   
Applying R1 → R1 – 2R2, we get  1 −1 1
1 0 1  5 −2 0 −1  
Hence, A =  −8 7 −5
   
0 1 1 =  −2 1 0 A  5 −4
 3
0 0 1  2 0 1
  
 1 3 −2 
Applying R1 → R1 – R3, R2 → R2 – R3, we get  
60. Consider A =  −3 0 −1 
1 0 0  3 −2 −1 2 1 0
     
0 1 0 =  −4 1 −1 A
We have A = IA
0 0 1   2 0 1
    1 3 −2   1 0 0 
 3 −2 −1    
−1    −3 0 −1  =  0 1 0  A
∴ A =  −4 1 −1  2 1 0  0 0 1
   
 2 0 1
 Applying R2 → R2 + 3R1 and R3 → R3 –2R1, we get
59. We have A = IA  1 3 −2   1 0 0 
 −1 1 2  1 0 0    
     0 9 −7  =  3 1 0  A
⇒  1 2 3 = 0 1 0  A  0 −5 4   −2 0 1 
 3 1 1 0 0 1    
    R
Applying R2 → R2 + R1, R3 → R3 + 3R1, we get Applying R2 → 2 , we get
9
 −1 1 2   1 0 0  −2   1
    1 3 0 0
 0 3 5 =  1 1 0  A    
 0 4 7  3 0 1  0 1 −7 / 9  =  1 / 3 1 / 9 0  A
     0 −5 4   −2 0 1 

Applying R2 → R2 – R3, we get
Applying R3 → R3 + 5R2, we get
 −1 1 2   1 0 0   1 3 −2   1 0 0
       
 0 −1 −2  =  −2 1 −1 A
 0 4 7   3 0 1  0 1 −7 / 9  =  1 / 3 1 / 9 0  A
     0 0 1 / 9   −1 / 3 5 / 9 1 
   
Applying R1 → R1 + R2, we get
Applying R3 → 9R3, we get
 −1 0 0   −1 1 −1  1 3 −2   1 0 0
       
 0 −1 −2  =  −2 1 −1 A  0 1 −7 / 9  =  1 / 3 1 / 9 0  A
0 4 7 3 0 1 0 0
     1   −3 5 9 
Applying R3 → R3 + 4R2, we get
Applying R1 → R1 – 3R2, we get
 −1 0 0   −1 1 −1  1 0 1 / 3   0 −1 / 3 0
       
 0 −1 −2  =  −2 1 −1 A  0 1 −7 / 9  =  1 / 3 1 / 9 0A
 0 0 −1  −5 4 −3 0 0
     1   −3 5 9 
Applying R2 → R2 – 2R3, we get 1 7
Applying R1 → R1 − R3 , R2 → R2 + R3 , we get
 −1 0 0   −1 1 −1 3 9
   
 0 −1 0  =  8 −7 5 A  1 0 0   1 −2 −3 
 0 0 −1  −5 4 −3    
     0 1 0  =  −2 4 7  A
Applying R1 → (–1)R1, R2 → (–1)R2, R3 → (–1)R3  0 0 1   −3 5 9 
   
1 0 0   1 −1 1   1 −2 −3
⇒ 0 1 0  =  −8 7 −5 A

\ A −1 =  −2 4 7 
     
0 0 1   5 −4 3   −3 5 9 